Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Raw and Roasted Salt-Dried Sardines (<i>Sardinella Brasiliensis</i>)

The proximate composition and fatty acid profile of five lots of samples of raw and roasted salt-dried sardines (Sardi-nella brasiliensis) bought locally in Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil were determined. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between samples of raw and roasted sardines, both in relation to moisture, total lipids, proteins, and ashes. The major fatty acids in raw and roasted sardine samples were docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22: 6n-3, 35.98%, 12.46%);palmitic acid (16: 0, 37.59%;24.18%), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20: 5n-3, 6.62%;2.95%), respec-tively. The ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid (PUFA/SFA) were 1.32 and 0.33, and the n-6/n-3 ratios were 0.07 and 0.13 in raw and roasted sardines, respectively. The results showed that roasting increased the SFA and reduced the PUFA in sardines, which still were rich in PUFA and remained a low-cost and nutritionally healthy food.

A recruitment forecasting model for the Pacific stock of the Japanese sardine (<i>Sardinops melanostictus</i>) that does not assume density-dependent effects

This study developed a recruitment forecasting model based on a new concept of the stock recruitment relationship. No density-dependent effect in the relationship was assumed in the model, which showed that fluctuations in recruitment and spawning stock biomass of Japanese sardine in the northwestern Pacific can be explained mainly by environmental factors and the effects of fishing. The February Arctic Oscillation (AO) and sea surface temperature over the southern area of the Kuroshio Extension (30 - 35°N and 145 - 180°E;KEST) were used as the environmental factors. The recruitment forecasting model is proposed: The values for recruitment (), spawning stock biomass, (), in year t, forecast by this model accurately reproduced those estimated by tuning virtual population analysis (VPA), and the pattern of variability in the stock recruitment relationship was also reproduced well. In conclusion, a density-dependent effect does not necessarily have to be included to explain the large variations in recruitment and the spawning stock biomass of the Japanese sardine.

A Stock-Recruitment Relationship Applicable to Pacific Bluefin Tuna and the Pacific Stock of Japanese Sardine

This study shows that the stock-recruitment relationship (SRR) for Pacific bluefin tuna and the Pacific stock of Japanese sardine can be expressed by the same SRR model. That is, (environmental factors), where Rt and St-1 denote the recruitment in year t and spawning stock biomass in year t - 1, and f(.) is a function that evaluates the effect of environmental factors in year t. The simulations showed that when the fluctuation in environmental factors cyclically changed, 1) the shape of the apparent SRR assumed clockwise loops for the shorter maturity age of fish, and 2) the apparent SRR comprised scattered anticlockwise loops for the longer maturity age of fish. These features coincided well with those observed. This finding gives us a new paradigm in SRR, which is far different from the concept that has predominated in the field for more than 60 years.

Prevalance and pathology of gastric tumours in Indian oil sardine(Sardinella longiceps)from Parangipettai coastal waters,southeast coast of India

Objective:To carry out the survey of prevalence of gastric tumour in Sardinella longiceps of Parangipettai coastal waters,south east coast of India for a period of one year.Methods:Fish samples were directly collected from fishermen and also from auction yard.The prevalence of gastric tumour,gross pathology,radiography,histopathology,morphometric and meristic characters were investigated.Results:A total of 31 stomach tumour infected individuals were collected during the study period.The gross morphology showed distended abdomen and the radiograph exhibited enlargement of stomach.Autopsy of the infected fish exhibited reddish multilobed tumourous growth on the stomach.Histologically,the tumour lesions were characterized by the differential rate of glandular epitheloid and mesenchymal cells,polymorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei and mitotic activity.No evidence of local invasion and distinct metastases were observed in these cases.Conclusions:The tumours were diagnosed as gastric adenoma,myofibroblastoma,lipoma and fibrosarcoma.Among them myofibroblastoma is highly prevalent.

Inhibition of BACE1, the β-secretase implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, by a chondroitin sulfate extract from Sardina pilchardus

The pharmaceutical and anticoagulant agent heparin,a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of carbohydrates,has previously been identified as a potent inhibitor of a key Alzheimer’s disease drug target,the primary neuronalβ-secretase,β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1).The anticoagulant activity of heparin has,however,precluded the repurposing of this widely used pharmaceutical as an Alzheimer’s disease therapeutic.Here,a glycosaminoglycan extract,composed predominantly of 4-sulfated chondroitin sulfate,has been isolated from Sardina pilchardus,which possess the ability to inhibit BACE1(IC50[half maximal inhibitory concentration]=4.8μg/mL),while displaying highly attenuated anticoagulant activities(activated partial thromboplastin time EC50[median effective concentration]=403.8μg/mL,prothrombin time EC50=1.3 mg/mL).The marine-derived,chondroitin sulfate extract destabilizes BACE1,determined via differential scanning fluorimetry(ΔTm–5°C),to a similar extent as heparin,suggesting that BACE1 inhibition by glycosaminoglycans may occur through a common mode of action,which may assist in the screening of glycan-based BACE1 inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease.

Java无状态系统的优化实践

Java无状态系统越来越成为系统API平台间无缝连接的主要方式,例如跨平台REST API,SOAP调用等;但平台间的安全性和性能根据业务的要求都有着一定的标准,事无巨细,对某一复杂逻辑重要单API的优化需要经过从测试分析到检查瓶颈,到优化方法一系列过程,从而反推到设计问题,例如架构的选择和表结构设计等。

多种阅读模式在英语教学中的运用

英语阅读在英语教学中具有举足轻重的地位,提高学生的英语阅读能力也就成了英语教学的一个重要的组成部分。首先介绍了几种英语阅读的理论,并根据这些理论以及自己多年的教学经验总结出了SARDINS阅读模式,并对这一模式进行了阐述。

Illusion of a Density-Dependent Effect in Biology

Population changes are believed to be controlled by multiple factors, including an important density-dependent effect. This paper reviews the literature on this topic and shows that this density-dependent effect does not exist. This paper also gives a typical example in which no density-dependent effect was detected in the stock-recruitment relationship in Japanese sardines. The recruitment was found to be determined in proportion to the spawning stock biomass and to be affected by environmental factors. This simple mechanism is applicable not only in fish species but also in insects such as Thrips imaginis in Australia. The reason that many biologists have not become aware that the density-dependent effect does not exist is discussed using a metaphor. This paper proposes a new concept in the study of population change. The new concept proposed here will replace the currently used basic concept that has been assumed to be correct for more than 50 years.

Ant species diversity in ciliary forest and gallery forest areas in central Brazil

Ants make up an important group of insects of the Cerrado in terms of biomass, number of individuals, and ecological impact. The main goals of this study were to quantify the species richness and species diversity of the family Formicidae in two riparian Cerrado physiognomies: Ciliary Forest and Gallery Forest, and to evaluate the effectiveness of two collection techniques for these organisms. The study was conducted during the dry season, comprising the months of May to October 2012, in the municipality of Quirinópolis, Goiás State, Brazil. Samples were made using two capture techniques: sardine baits and pitfall traps. Manual collection was employed to extend the range of faunistic composition of the ants. We collected 24 species of ants in the Gallery Forest and 23 in the Ciliary Forest. The genus Megalomyrmex was the most representative, being present in 49.46% of the samples, and secondly the genus Pheidole, with 15.36% of the total individuals captured. From a total of 10,917 individuals, 9140 were captured using the bait technique, 1738 with traps, and 39 individuals through manual collection. Similar results were found in the Cerrado of Paineiras, with 45 ant species distributed in 16 genera belonging to 5 subfamilies.

Chitooligosaccharides from squid pen prepared using different enzymes:characteristics and the effect on quality of surimi gel during refrigerated storage

Chitooligosaccharides(COS)from squid pen produced using amylase,lipase and pepsin were characterized.COS produced by 8%(w/w)lipase(COS-L)showed the maximum FRAP and ABTS radical scavenging activity than those prepared using other two enzymes.COS-L had the average molecular weight(MW)of 79 kDa,intrinsic viscosity of 0.41 dL/g and water solubility of 49%.DPPH,ABTS radical scavenging activities,FRAP and ORAC of COS-L were 5.68,322.68,5.66 and 42.20μmol TE/g sample,respectively.Metal chelating activity was 2.58μmol EE/g sample.For antibacterial activity,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)of COS-L against the targeted bacteria were in the range of 0.31–4.91 mg/mL and 0.62–4.91 mg/mL,respectively.Sardine surimi gel added with 1%(w/w)COS-L showed the lower PV,TBARS and microbial growth during 10 days of storage at 4°C.COS-L from squid pen could inhibit lipid oxidation and extend the shelf-life of refrigerated sardine surimi gel.