Decay characters of charges on an insulator surface after different types of discharge

In an insulating system including solid and gas dielectrics, discharge type has a strong impact on charge accumulation at the interface between two dielectrics, and hence charge decay. In order to clarify the influence, a surface charge measurement system was constructed, and three types of discharge, i.e. surface discharge, and low intensity and high intensity coronas, were introduced to cause surface charge accumulation. The decay behavior of surface charges after different types of discharge was obtained at various temperatures. It was found that total surface charges monotonically decreased with time, and the decay rate became larger as temperature increased. However, after a surface discharge or a high intensity corona, surface charge density in the local area appeared to fluctuate during the decay process. Compared with this, the fluctuation of surface charge density was not observed after a low intensity corona. The mechanisms of surface charge accumulation and decay were analysed. Moreover, a microscopic physical model involving charge production, accumulation, and decay was proposed so that the experimental results could be explained.

Correlation between surface charge and creepage discharge on polymeric dielectrics under high-frequency high-voltage stress

In the present work,creepage discharge characteristics,i.e.amplitudes,phases,and repetitiveness,and surface charge dynamic behaviors under a 20 kHz high-frequency sinusoidal waveform high-voltage electrical stress were captured in a discharge chamber with temperature and humidity control.The results showed that the creepage discharges mostly occurred in the positive half phase,whose maximum amplitude increased with the development of discharge.The inception voltage of the creepage discharge is independent of the frequency of the external electrical stress.Once the discharge occurred,there were a large number of positive and negative particles ionized by a high electric field.Because of the much higher velocity of electrons than positive ions,the energetic discharge-produced electrons are likely to disperse away along the surface and be accumulated through adsorption,collision,and reactions.Moreover,the positive ions join the high-conductive discharge channel and disappear though the ground electrode.Thus,after high-frequency creepage discharge,only negative charges remained on the dielectric surface,as measured.Particularly,the creepage discharges mostly occurred in the positive half phase,owing to the reverse electric field induced by the accumulated negative charges.With the development of creepage discharge,some large-amplitude discharges began to occur in the positive-peak-phase region.The research concluded that the synergistic effect of negative surface charges and large-amplitude discharges eroded the dielectrics and excited the streamer to creep toward the ground electrode until flashover along the surface.Therefore,the correlation between high-frequency creepage discharge and surface charge is preliminarily revealed.

Electrical modeling of dielectric barrier discharge considering surface charge on the plasma modified material

We present the variations of electrical parameters of dielectric barrier discharge(DBD)when the DBD generator is used for the material modification,whereas the relevant physical mechanism is also elaborated.An equivalent circuit model is applied for a DBD generator working in a filament discharging mode,considering the addition of epoxy resin(EP)as the plasma modified material.The electrical parameters are calculated through the circuit model.The surface conductivity,surface potential decay,trap distributions and surface charge distributions on the EP surface before and after plasma treatments were measured and calculated.It is found that the coverage area of micro-discharge channels on the EP surface is increased with the discharging time under the same applied AC voltage.The results indicate that the plasma modified material could influence the ignition of new filaments in return during the modification process.Moreover,the surface conductivity and density of shallow traps with low trap energy of the EP samples increase after the plasma treatment.The surface charge distributions indicate that the improved surface properties accelerate the movement and redistribution of charge carriers on the EP surface.The variable electrical parameters of discharge are attributed to the redistribution of deposited surface charge on the plasma modified EP sample surface.

Measurement of cathode surface temperature using the method of CCD imaging in arc discharge

A two-wavelength pyrometry device using ordinary array CCD (charge coupled device) to collect the ra- diation data in the horizontal and vertical directions has been developed for measuring the cathode surface temperature during the arc discharge. Analyses of experimental results show that the device can make the measurement of the cathode surface temperature feasible. The cathode surface temperatures measured are lower than the melting point of tungsten (3653 K), and the arc current, cathode diameter, and the cathode length are the main influencing factors of the cathode surface temperature.

Measurement of surface charges on the dielectric film based on field mills under the HVDC corona wire

The ion flow field on the ground is one of the significant parameters used to evaluate the electromagnetic environment of high voltage direct current（HVDC） power lines.HVDC lines may cross the greenhouses due to the restricted transmission corridors.Under the condition of ion flow field,the dielectric films on the greenhouses will be charged,and the electric fields in the greenhouses may exceed the limit value.Field mills are widely used to measure the groundlevel direct current electric fields under the HVDC power lines.In this paper,the charge inversion method is applied to calculate the surface charges on the dielectric film according to the measured ground-level electric fields.The advantages of hiding the field mill probes in the ground are studied.The charge inversion algorithm is optimized in order to decrease the impact of measurement errors.Based on the experimental results,the surface charge distribution on a piece of quadrate dielectric film under a HVDC corona wire is studied.The enhanced effect of dielectric film on ground-level electric field is obviously weakened with the increase of film height.Compared with the total electric field strengths,the normal components of film-free electric fields at the corresponding film-placed positions have a higher effect on surface charge accumulation.

Surface charge characteristics in a three-electrode surface dielectric barrier discharge

The surface charge characteristics in a three-electrode surface dielectric barrier discharge(SDBD)are experimentally investigated based on the Pockels effect of an electro-optical crystal. The actuator is based on the most commonly used SDBD structure for airflow control, with an exposed electrode supplied with sinusoidal AC high voltage, a grounded encapsulated electrode and an additional exposed electrode downstream supplied with DC voltage. The ionic wind velocity and thrust can be significantly improved by increasing DC voltage although the plasma discharge characteristics are virtually unaffected. It is found that the negative charges generated by the discharge of the three-electrode structure accumulate on the dielectric surface significantly further downstream in an AC period compared to the actuator with a two-electrode structure. The negative charges in the downstream region increase as the DC voltage increases.In addition, the DC voltage affects the time required for the positive charge filaments to decay.The positive DC voltage expands the ionic acceleration zone downstream to produce a greater EHD force. The amplitude of the DC voltage affects the electric field on the dielectric surface and is therefore a key factor in the formation of the EHD force. Further research on the surface charge characteristics of a three-electrode structure has been conducted using a pulse power to drive the discharge, and the same conclusions are drawn. This work demonstrates a link between surface charge characteristics and EHD performance of a three-electrode SDBD actuator.

Simulation Studies of Rib Structure Effect on Discharge Characteristics of Plasma Display Panel

To investigate the effect of the rib structure on the discharge characteristics of the plasma display panel, the potential distribution, particles density distribution and ions incident angle distribution were examined by simulation of a two-dimensional particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision, with two kinds of rib structure： the stripe rib structure and the Waffle rib structure. The results showed that the distribution of electric potential at the corner of the discharge cell was almost the same for these two rib structures while in the centre there was a difference between these two rib structures. The striation phenomenon could be observed in both cases. The distribution of density also indicated that the striation phenomenon was accompanied by the firing of discharge, and the Waffle rib structure might reduce the density humps. In the cell with a stripe rib structure, the profiles of the surface charge density along the sustained dielectric layer presented a better fluctuating distribution than that in the cell with a Waffle rib structure. The spatial potential and particle density in the discharge bulk showed that the Waffle ribs could weaken the striation phenomenon, which could be explained by the decrease in the particle numbers in the discharge cell. The simulation results of the ion incident angle showed that most ions impacted the sustained dielectric layer in the normal stripe rib cell with an incident angle in the range of 6° to 19° while with the Waffle rib structure the incident angle of most ions was in the range of 4° to 19°. The Waffle rib structure did not affect the angle distribution of incident ions significantly.

Effect of Barrier Materials on Discharge Properties in Air at Low Pressure

Dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) is widely investigated in order to obtain uniform low-temperature plasma.Many studies have proved that some barrier materials,especially electrets,can improve the uniformity of discharge.It is regarded as an available way to get atmospheric pressure glow discharge(APGD).In this paper,discharge forms with 4 different barrier materials(alumina,quartz,PTFE and PET) are investigated,and the transition of discharge form depending on the air pressure are recorded to estimate the influence of barrier materials on discharge.By using electrets as barrier materials,homogeneous discharges can be obtained in a more wide pressure range.Under the same experimental conditions,discharges with electrets are more uniform or have larger uniform areas due to the storage and desorption of charges on the surface of electrets.The electrons deposited in the surface layer can be released on next half cycle when the polarity of the applied voltage changes,and provide a number of seed electrons,which makes the discharge more homogeneous.The capacitance and the permittivity of barrier materials have no effect on the discharge form directly.

Experimental Research of ZnO Surface Flashover Trigger Device of Pseudo-Spark Switch

Pseudo-spark switch（PSS） is one of the most widely used discharge switches for pulse power technology.It has many special characteristics such as reliability in a wide voltage range,small delay time,as well as small delay jitter.In this paper,the measuring method for the initial plasma of ZnO surface flashover triggering device of PSS is studied and the results of the measurement show that the electron emission charge is mainly influenced by trigger voltage,gas pressure and DC bias voltage.When the bias voltage increases from 2 kV to 6 kV with the gap distancc fixed at 3 mm,the electron emission charge changes from 2 μC to about 6μC.When the gap distance changes from 3 mm to 5 mm with the bias voltage fixed at 2 kV,the electron emission charge increases from 1.5 μC to 2.5μC.When the gap distance is 4 mm,the hold-off voltage of PSS is 45 kV at gas pressure of 2 Pa,the minimum operating voltage is less than 1 kV.So,the operating scope is from 2.22%to 99%of its self-breakdown voltage.The discharging delay time decreases from 450 ns to 150 ns when the trigger pulse voltage is 1 kV and the discharging voltage is changed from 1 kV to 12 kV.When the trigger pulse voltage is 6 kV,the discharging delay time is less than 100 ns and changes from 100 ns to 50 ns,and the delay jitters are less than30 ns.

Improving the surface flashover performance of epoxy resin by plasma treatment:a comparison of fluorination and silicon deposition under different modes

This work treats the Al_(2)O_(3)-ER sample surface using dielectric barrier discharge fluorination(DBDF),DBD silicon deposition(DBD-Si),atmospheric-pressure plasma jet fluorination(APPJ-F)and APPJ silicon deposition(APPJ-Si).By comparing the surface morphology,chemical components and electrical parameters,the diverse mechanisms of different plasma modification methods used to improve flashover performance are revealed.The results show that the flashover voltage of the DBDF samples is the largest(increased by 21.2%at most),while the APPJ-F method has the worst promotion effect.The flashover voltage of the APPJ-Si samples decreases sharply when treatment time exceeds 180 s,but the promotion effect outperforms the DBD-Si method during a short modified time.For the mechanism explanation,firstly,plasma fluorination improves the surface roughness and introduces shallow traps by etching the surface and grafting fluorine-containing groups,while plasma silicon deposition reduces the surface roughness and introduces a large number of shallow traps by coating Si Oxfilm.Furthermore,the reaction of the DBD method is more violent,while the homogeneity of the APPJ modification is better.These characteristics influence the effects of fluorination and silicon deposition.Finally,increasing the surface roughness and introducing shallow traps accelerates surface charge dissipation and inhibits flashover,but too many shallow traps greatly increase the dissipated rate and facilitate surface flashover instead.

电容屏破损缺陷局部放电过程规律特征及仿真分析

油纸电容式变压器套管因性能好、成本低而被广泛采用。当电容屏存在边缘破损工艺缺陷时易发生局部放电,进而会改变油纸绝缘性能,缩短套管使用寿命,严重时危及电网设备安全运行。为研究电容屏破损局部放电过程变化规律,明确放电发展阶段,该文搭建了缺陷套管放电实验模型分析局放过程中相位谱图、放电量等参数发展规律,并基于实验规律及流体漂移扩散理论、固体双极电荷传输理论,建立了末屏缺陷针板沿面放电过程仿真模型,结合仿真中电荷形态变化、放电时间及油纸界面电荷密度分布对电容屏破损放电过程进行阶段划分:放电初始阶段,铝箔尖端电荷聚集发生电晕放电;放电发展阶段,尖端处带电粒子在电场作用下向油纸发展,小部分达到油纸界面产生沿面放电;放电破坏阶段,经过长时间沿面放电进入油纸发生预击穿,电场强度更大使带电粒子能量更高,冲击油纸表面造成油纸表面纤维素断裂炭化形成通道。仿真结果与实验结论相对应,证明了仿真的有效性。该文的研究成果进一步阐明了油纸套管电容屏工艺缺陷局部放电的过程及机理。

等离子体改性提高染污硅橡胶绝缘沿面性能

表面积污后电荷消散速率减慢与憎水性丧失是降低硅橡胶(SIR)复合绝缘子沿面绝缘性能的重要因素。文中采用常压脉冲滑动弧等离子体发生装置,对人工涂污高温硫化(HTV)硅橡胶进行不同时间(0~3 min)的表面改性。利用表面电位测量系统和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)研究等离子体处理对染污硅橡胶试样表面电荷运动特性、憎水性及化学成分的影响,测试处理前后染污试样的表面介电性能。研究结果表明:不同时间下的等离子体处理均可加快试样表面电荷消散速率,处理过程中引入大量浅陷阱,陷阱能级深度和陷阱电荷密度均下降,减弱了试样表面捕获电子的能力,抑制电荷积聚;试样体积电阻率几乎不受等离子体处理影响,但表面电阻率的减小使电荷更易沿试样表面运动消散;等离子体处理后,试样干燥和湿润条件下的沿面耐压均获得提升。等离子体处理使试样在短时间内恢复憎水性,处理时间越长,憎水性改善越明显;等离子体处理后更多的硅氧烷小分子迁移至污层表面使憎水性提高。

卫星柔性热控薄膜材料充放电效应试验

针对柔性热控薄膜材料导电/绝缘多层复合、微纳尺寸厚度的结构特点,采用10~70 KeV电子辐照的方法开展了kapton基二次表面镜薄膜材料充放电特性的测试试验,获得了表面充电电位、静电放电频次等关键参数,并采用蒙特卡罗方法研究了辐照电子在多层薄膜材料内的输运规律。研究结果表明由于kapton基二次表面镜薄膜结构的特殊性,当辐照电子能量为10 KeV时未发生静电放电现象,随着电子能量不断增加,薄膜材料的表面充电电位幅值与静电放电频次呈先上升后下降的变化规律,且在电子能量为25 KeV时空间充放电效应最为显著。

基于粉尘图的静电放电脉冲作用下PMMA沿面流注发展机理研究

气—固界面的静电放电现象是绝缘表面电荷积聚的诱因以及沿面闪络故障的先导,也严重威胁着绝缘结构的可靠性。为进一步揭示静电放电机理及其影响因素,文中使用粉尘图法对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯绝缘表面积聚电荷进行表征,并改变电压幅值以及电极结构模拟不同的运行环境,探究绝缘表面电荷分布和流注发展过程。实验结果表明:受反向放电的影响,正、负极性下的电荷斑图形貌以及外径均存在明显的区别,使绝缘沿面流注发展过程存在极性效应;电压以及电极结构的不同导致了电场分布的变化,最终也会影响流注发展过程以及电荷积聚过程。粉尘图也为分析绝缘材料沿面电荷分布和流注发展过程提供了更加直观的图形化数据。

忆阻Morris-Lecar神经网络的同步行为研究

本文研究电磁感应系数和膜表面电荷尺寸对忆阻Morris-Lecar(ML)神经网络动力学行为的影响。以电荷尺寸为参数研究忆阻ML神经网络的放电行为,发现增大电荷尺寸会抑制神经元放电频率和幅度,神经元随着时间的推移进入静息状态。以电磁感应系数和电荷尺寸作为变量研究神经网络的同步行为。固定电荷尺寸,增大电磁感应系数,神经网络由混沌变得有序;电磁感应系数是决定神经网络同步的关键因素,当电磁感应系数K>3.2时,能更有效地诱导和增强同步。引入同步因子和标准差分别对网络的同步程度和神经元放电程度进行量化。实验结果表明,电磁感应系数可以有效调节神经网络的同步行为,具有控制神经网络的放电模式和网络同步的作用。

卫星BCDR模块双向LLC谐振变换器拓扑研究

研究了双向LLC谐振变换器,该拓扑作为功率变换器,适用于卫星充放电调节器中。通过对该变换器的结构、原理进行分析,提出了一种同步整流控制方法和同步等宽变频控制方法相结合的策略,通过PSIM实现了双向LLC谐振变换器应用于卫星充放电调节器的仿真,双向最大输出功率为4 kW,适应了卫星充放电要求的电压范围,实现了充放电模式切换、恒压恒流充电模式切换以及Taper充电模式,解决了传统LLC谐振变换器及控制方法存在的能量无法双向流动、存在循环功率、开关损耗偏大等问题。

基于充电抑制膜的航天器不等量电位控制方法

航天器在空间环境中飞行时,其表面的不同介质材料表面与等离子体环境相互作用后形成的不等量充电电位达到放电阈值(107 V/m)后,将有可能发生静电放电(ESD)。充电抑制膜是一种基于不等量电位梯度场发射原理的防护材料,当其上下表面电位差达到发射阈值后,充电抑制膜将发射电子从而对航天器结构不等量电位起到减缓作用。文章介绍了真空条件下充电抑制膜场电流发射特性,分析了充电抑制膜场电子发射对航天器表面不等量电位的控制效果,为航天器表面电位控制及减缓提供方法和依据。

防爆锂离子电源电池管理系统分析与应用

电池的最高表面温度等于环境温度和温升之和,防爆锂离子蓄电池电源标准规定单体电池和电池组的工作温度不超过60℃,由于季节变化环境温度变化较大,对应的温升也有很大差别。高温环境下,锂离子电池的温升余量非常有限。为了研究温升与放电倍率的关系,搭建了电池放电试验装置,研究了放电倍率对三元锂离子电池表面温升的影响,结果表明:4C放电条件下温升为36.5℃,5C放电条件下温升为47.4℃,6C放电条件下温升为58.1℃。同时对比了其他三元锂电池的温升试验,试验结果一致性较好。对电池的各项参数进行实时监控,限制充放电倍率降低电池的温升和最高表面温度,防止电池热失控是电池管理系统的核心。提出BMS要综合考虑温度保护和过流保护,避免以“小马拉大车”大倍率放电方式配置电池,对保证电池的安全运行十分必要。

绝缘特性对正极性脉冲下表面静电放电的影响

绝缘材料表面的静电放电现象会对电力设备以及通讯系统运行造成严重的影响,研究介质表面的静电放电特性及其影响因素有助于理解绝缘材料与表面静电放电的关系,对于绝缘材料的优化设计也具有重要的参考价值。为此使用静电放电枪在绝缘材料表面触发静电放电,利用粉尘图法复现了绝缘材料表面的电荷分布,通过二值化处理方法定量表征流注的发展程度,研究了绝缘材料的相对介电常数、表面电阻率和厚度等因素对表面静电放电的影响。结果表明:正极性静电放电下,绝缘材料表面的放电斑图形貌呈现梅花状;材料类型会对流注的发展产生不同的影响;绝缘材料表面电阻率减小会加快表面电荷的消散;绝缘材料越厚,沿面流注通道越长。因此,绝缘材料性能的变化导致介电常数、电荷注入方式、电荷附着效应等的变化,从而影响表面电荷的积聚形式和放电方式,最终使绝缘材料表面静电放电过程发生变化。

空气中沿面流注放电表面电荷分布特性的仿真研究

绝缘子表面积聚的电荷会畸变电介质表面电场进而引发沿面闪络。为研究空气氛围中绝缘介质表面在沿面流注放电发展过程中动态电荷积聚情况,在自主开发的二维流体沿面放电仿真模型中增加化学反应体系,模拟了正负极性沿面放电在起始及发展过程中流注自身特性以及介质表面电荷分布特性的演化过程。研究发现施加电压为负极性时,介质表面始终累计负电荷,沿面流注头部累积电荷量极高,流注头部后方界面处电场极性反转,正离子向介质表面运动;施加电压为正极性时,沿面流注头部累积正电荷,尾部电子朝介质表面扩散,介质表面总电荷量为负值。