星载轻型平板SAR天线热控设计与验证

AS-01卫星搭载的平板SAR天线总的热耗密度可达720 W/m^(2),且天线工作期间,要求有源设备温度处于-20~50℃范围,全阵面温差不超过12℃。针对此要求提出一种以导热均温为主的轻量化热控方案:基于准被动热控设计的原则,选择吸收−发射比η=1.4的阵面热控涂层及多层隔热等措施实现所需目标温度范围;采用导热垫和相变热管双侧导热安装等方式强化天线整体均温导热;针对极端低温工况增加主动热控辅助设计。对SAR天线热控进行仿真分析和全尺寸的热平衡试验,地面验证了各项热控措施的有效性和正确性;最终的在轨飞行表明,天线在轨平均温度10℃左右,T/R模块全阵面温差不超过8.9℃,天线热控在轨工作稳定。

基于波束优化赋形方法的斜视星载SAR模糊抑制研究

距离模糊和方位模糊会严重影响星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)的成像质量。现有的利用天线波束赋形来抑制模糊的方法在雷达正侧视成像时取得了优异的效果,但并不适用于雷达斜视的情况。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于平面阵列天线波束赋形的星载SAR二维模糊(距离和方位模糊)抑制方法。使用距离-方位模糊综合的模糊比(Ambiguity to Signal Ratio,ASR)指标来替代距离模糊比及方位模糊比,结合对不同斜视情形下天线波束变化的分析,充分考虑包含镜像模糊区在内的所有模糊区,建立了模糊比-天线权重优化模型。以模糊能量为目标函数、天线方向图掩模作为约束确立二次锥(Quadratic Cone Programming,QCP)优化问题,求解得到阵元幅度相位分布。仿真结果表明,所提方法可以通过调节模糊区对应的旁瓣幅值,灵活地抑制SAR斜视成像的距离和方位模糊,进而提高星载SAR的成像质量。

分布式星载干涉SAR相位同步

主星与辅星之间雷达载波的相位同步是分布式星载干涉合成孔径雷达需要解决的重要问题之一。为实现星间相位同步,该文提出一种基于连续波对传的相位同步方法。首先,采用连续波信号对传能够获得更高的同步信号信噪比,能够提升相位同步重复频率,避免插值处理;其次,相位同步工作在中频,能够简化系统天线配置;同时,采用GPS驯服晶振使频率源一致性优于10-10。地面验证试验结果显示,该方法同步后剩余相位误差为1.68°(1σ),具有良好的同步性能。

ENLARGING SAR PATCH-MAPPING AREA BY ANTENNA BEAM SCAN

The approach for enlargement of SAR patch mapping area by antenna beam scan is investigated, which serves for moderate fine-resolution mapping of medium-sized terrain patches. The scanning angular velocity and the scanning angular scope are determined respectively. The angular velocity of the scanning antenna is controlled to scan over just one azimuth 3 dB beam width in the time interval during which the radar platform moves over one synthetic aperture length determined from the desired cross-range resolution, radar wavelength, nominal slant range, and squint angle. The scanning angular scope is mainly determined by the azimuth width of the terrain patch, nominal slant range, squint angle, platform velocity, and azimuth beam width. Finally, the related experimental results of an airborne SAR are presented. The linear range-Doppler algorithm is employed in image formation after motion compensation is conducted to remove the effect of transnational motion of the radar platform relative to the map center.

星载SAR缝隙波导天线环境适应性设计与验证

针对星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)长寿命、高可靠的需求,从天线的类型选择、构型设计和实现途径等方面介绍了某大型星载SAR平面相控阵天线的技术路线,确定采用真空钎焊技术的整块缝隙波导天线为研究对象;从机电热全面分析其在空间力学环境、热环境、真空环境和带电粒子辐射环境下的适应性设计关键技术和难点,如:通过合理减重、结构分块和布局优化等设计,解决天线的刚强度问题;对天线全流程工艺进行控制以获得满足热控要求的阳极氧化膜;采用游离设计减小天线在高低温环境下的热变形;通过合理确定电场最强处两个金属面的间距来消减天线在真空环境下的微放电现象;通过选择聚酰亚胺材料作为射频连接器的介质支撑来提高天线的抗辐射能力。环境试验和在轨验证结果证明,该缝隙波导天线设计合理,环境适应性良好,能够稳定正常工作。

分布式InSAR卫星的天线相位中心研究

从天线相位中心的定义出发,针对分布式干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)卫星基线获取过程中涉及到的“小型宽波束”全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)天线和“大型窄波束”SAR天线,首先,研究了两型天线的相位中心特性,之后,开展了天线相位中心对基线的影响分析,明确了分布式InSAR卫星相位中心的研究重点在于双星间天线相位中心准确度和稳定度的一致性控制;结合工程研制,最后,给出了两型天线相位中心不同的控制措施。文章的研究工作对分布式InSAR卫星系统的研制具有借鉴意义。

Topology Structure Synthesis and Analysis of Spatial Pyramid Deployable Truss Structures for Satellite SAR Antenna

Many attentions for structural synthesis are paid to planar linkages and parallel mechanisms, while design novel pyramid deployable truss structure（PDTS） of satellite SAR mainly depends on experience of designer. To design novel configuration of PDTS, a two-step topology structure synthesis and analysis approach is proposed. Firstly, a conceptual configuration of PDTS is synthesized. Weighted graph and weighted adjacency matrix are established to realize topological description for PDTS. Graph properties are then summarized to distinguish differentia between PDTS and other type structures. According to graph properties, a procedure for synthesis conceptual configuration of PDTS is presented. Secondly, join relationship of components in a PDTS is analyzed. Kinematic chain and corresponding incidence/adjacency matrix are employed to analyze join relationship of PDTS. Properties and simplified rules of kinematic chain are extracted to construct kinematic chain. A procedure for construction kinematic chain of PDTS is then established. Finally, with this two-step approach all 11 rectangular pyramid deployable structures whose folded state is planar are discovered and their kinematic chains are constructed. Based on synthesis results, a novel deployable support structure for satellite SAR is designed. The proposed research can be applied to obtain some novel PDTSs, which is of great importance to design some novel deployable support structures for satellite SAR antenna.

Antenna Design and SAR Analysis on Human Head Phantom Simulation for Future Clinical Applications

Background: The rapid development of a variety of devices that emit Radiofrequency Electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) has sparked growing interest in their interaction with biological systems and the beneficial effects on human health. As a result, investigations have been driven by the potential for therapeutic applications, as well as concern for any possible negative health implications of these EM energies [1-4]. Recent results have indicated specific tuning of experimental and clinical RF exposure may lead to their clinical application toward beneficial health outcomes [5]. Method: In the current study, a mathematical and computer simulation model to analyze a specific RF-EMF exposure on a human head model was developed. Impetus for this research was derived from results of our previous experiments which revealed that Repeated Electromagnetic Field Stimulation (REMFS) decreased the toxic levels of beta amyloid (Aβ) in neuronal cells, thereby suggesting a new potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Throughout development of the proposed device, experimental variables such as the EM frequency range, specific absorption rate (SAR), penetration depth, and innate properties of different tissues have been carefully considered. Results: RF-EMF exposure to the human head phantom was performed utilizing a Yagi-Uda antenna type possessing high gain (in the order of 10 dbs) at a frequency of 64 MHz and SAR of 0.6 W/Kg. In order to maximize the EM power transmission in one direction, directors were placed in front of the driven element and reflectors were placed behind the driven element. So as to strategically direct the EM field into the center of the brain tissue, while providing field linearity, our analysis considered the field distribution for one versus four antennas. Within the provided dimensions of a typical human brain, results of the Bioheat equation within COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.2a software demonstrated less than a 1 m°K increase from the absorbed EM power.

基于空时滤波的多通道SAR抗欺骗干扰算法

干扰机通过“截获⁃调制⁃转发”的方式对雷达实施欺骗干扰,导致成像图中形成难以分辨的假目标,严重影响目标识别。针对直达波欺骗干扰难分辨和去除的问题,本文基于多通道合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)信号与干扰模型,提出了一种SAR欺骗干扰的检测与抑制方法。首先通过分置相位中心天线(Displaced Phase Center Antenna,DPCA)方法对消静止场景目标,分离出干扰信号;然后采用沿航迹干涉(Along⁃Track Interferometry,ATI)方法估计出干扰信号的空间位置;利用获取的干扰信号先验信息,基于干扰信号与目标信号在空时二维分布差异,采用基于零点约束的最小二乘误差方向图合成的空域滤波方法联合多普勒滤波抑制干扰。仿真实验表明,本文方法能有效检测和抑制欺骗干扰,同时不损失真实场景信息。

BEAM BROADENING SYNTHESIS FOR SAR ANTENNA ARRAY BASED ON PROJECTION MATRIX ALGORITHM

A new beam broadening synthesis technique for Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) antenna array, namely Projection Matrix Algorithm(PMA) is presented. The theory of PMA is introduced firstly, and then the iterative renewed manner is improved to resolve the unbalance problem under amplitude and phase control. In order to validate the algorithm correct and effective, an actual engineering application example is investigated. The beam synthesis results of 1.0~4.5 times broadening under the phase only control and the amplitude and phase control using improved PMA are given. The results show that the beam directivity, the beam broadening, and the side-lobe level requirements were met. It is demonstrated that the improved PMA was effective and feasible for SAR application.

一种机载SAR数据点目标辐射定标方法

针对机载平台姿态时变造成的天线波束指向不稳定而导致辐射精度下降的问题,提出了一种新的天线方向图定标方法。该方法基于sinc函数模型,考虑了飞机飞行过程中横滚角的影响,能够有效改善飞机姿态不稳导致辐射精度下降的问题。文章根据点目标响应能量计算、天线方向图定标和定标常数计算等关键步骤开展辐射定标研究,采用多波段机载SAR系统获取的C波段和X波段SAR数据对该方法的有效性进行了验证。积分法和峰值法的对比分析结果表明,结合本文新的天线方向图模型,积分法得到的相对和绝对辐射精度均优于峰值法,说明积分法提取点目标能量与本文改进的天线方向图模型结合的辐射定标方法能够满足高分辨率机载SAR数据辐射定标处理的要求。

Numerical Modeling and Computer Simulation of a Meander Line Antenna for Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment, a Feasibility Study

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a brain disorder that eventually causes memory loss and the ability to perform simple cognitive functions;research efforts within pharmaceuticals and other medical treatments have minimal impact on the disease. Our preliminary biological studies showed that Repeated Electromagnetic Field Stimulation (REFMS) applying an EM frequency of 64 MHz and a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.4 - 0.9 W/kg decrease the level of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ), which is the most likely etiology of AD. This study emphasizes uniform E/H field and SAR distribution with adequate penetration depth penetration through multiple human head layers driven with low input power for safety treatments. In this work, we performed numerical modeling and computer simulations of a portable Meander Line antenna (MLA) to achieve the required EMF parameters to treat AD. The MLA device features a low cost, small size, wide bandwidth, and the ability to integrate into a portable system. This study utilized a High-Frequency Simulation System (HFSS) in the design of the MLA with the desired characteristics suited for AD treatment in humans. The team designed a 24-turn antenna with a 60 cm length and 25 cm width and achieved the required resonant frequency of 64 MHz. Here we used two numerical human head phantoms to test the antenna, the MIDA and spherical head phantom with six and seven tissue layers, respectively. The antenna was fed from a 50-Watt input source to obtain the SAR of 0.6 W/kg requirement in the center of the simulated brain tissue layer. We found that the E/H field and SAR distribution produced was not homogeneous;there were areas of high SAR values close to the antenna transmitter, also areas of low SAR value far away from the antenna. This paper details the antenna parameters, the scattering parameters response, the efficiency response, and the E and H field distribution;we presented the computer simulation results and discussed future work for a practical model.

A 37 GHz Millimeter-Wave Antenna Array for 5G Communication Terminals

This work presents,design and specific absorption rate(SAR)analysis of a 37GHz antenna,for 5th Generation(5G)applications.The proposed antenna comprises of 4-elements of rectangular patch and an even distribution.The radiating element is composed of copper material supported by Rogers RT5880 substrate of thickness,0.254 mm,dielectric constant(εr),2.2,and loss tangent,0.0009.The 4-elements array antenna is compact in size with a dimension of 8mm×20mm in length and width.The radiating patch is excited with a 50 ohms connector i.e.,K-type.The antenna resonates in the frequency band of 37 GHz,that covers the 5G applications.The antenna behavior is studied both in free space and in the proximity of the human body.Three models of the human body,i.e.,belly,hand,and head(contain skin,fat,muscles,and bone)are considered for on-body simulations.At resonant frequency,the antenna gives a boresight gain of 11.6 dB.The antenna radiates efficiently with a radiated efficiency of more than 90%.Also,it is observed that the antenna detunes to the lowest in the proximity of the human body,but still a good impedance matching is achieved considering the−10 dB criteria.Moreover,SAR is also being presented.The safe limit of 2 W/kg for any 10 g of biological tissue,specified by the European International Electro Technical Commission(IEC)has been considered.The calculated values of SAR for human body models,i.e.,belly,hand and head are 1.82,1.81 and 1.09 W/kg,respectively.The SAR values are less than the international recommendations for the three models.Furthermore,the simulated and measured results of the antenna are in close agreement,which makes it,a potential candidate for the fifth-generation smart phones and other handheld devices.

Higher Order OAM Mode Generation Using Wearable Antenna for 5G NR Bands

This paper presents a flexible and wearable textile array antenna designed to generate Orbital Angular Momentum(OAM)waves with Mode+2 at 3.5 GHz(3.4 to 3.6 GHz)of the sub-6 GHz fifth-generation(5G)New Radio(NR)band.The proposed antenna is based on a uniform circular array of eight microstrip patch antennas on a felt textile substrate.In contrast to previous works involving the use of rigid substrates to generate OAM waves,this work explored the use of flexible substrates to generate OAM waves for the first time.Other than that,the proposed antenna was simulated,analyzed,fabricated,and tested to confirm the generation of OAMMode+2.With the same design,OAM Mode−2 can be generated readily simply by mirror imaging the feed network.Note that the proposed antenna operated at the desired frequency of 3.5 GHz with an overall bandwidth of 400 MHz in free space.Moreover,mode purity analysis is carried out to verify the generation of OAM Mode+2,and the purity obtained was 41.78%at free space flat condition.Furthermore,the effect of antenna bending on the purity of the generated OAM mode is also investigated.Lastly,the influence of textile properties on OAM modes is examined to assist future researchers in choosing suitable fabrics to design flexible OAM-based antennas.After a comprehensive analysis considering different factors related to wearable applications,this paper demonstrates the feasibility of generating OAMwaves using textile antennas.Furthermore,as per the obtained Specific Absorption Rate(SAR),it is found that the proposed antenna is safe to be deployed.The findings of this work have a significant implication for body-centric communications.

5G手机天线作用于人体头部的SAR分析

研究一种工作在4种频段下的5G手机天线作用于成人头部所产生的电磁辐射。在COMSOL仿真软件中建立内嵌天线的手机模型以及三层球形模型,代表成年人的头皮、颅骨和大脑。模拟计算人体头部大脑层电磁辐射的比吸收率(Specific Absorption Ratio,SAR)。仿真结果表明,当天线工作频率为900 MHz、手机离头部距离为5 mm时,成年人大脑层SAR值最大,为0.222 W·kg^(-1)。所有仿真计算结果所得SAR值均低于国际非电离辐射防护委员会(International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection,ICNIRP)的规定限值。

加载人工磁导体的双频柔性可穿戴天线

该文研究了一种加载人工磁导体(AMC)的双频柔性可穿戴天线,天线的谐振频率为3.5 GHz和5.8 GHz。天线由双频单极子天线和4×4阵列的双频人工磁导体构成,均采用柔性材料作为介质基板。天线尺寸为0.70λ_(0)×0.70λ_(0)×0.05λ_(0)(λ_(0)为3.5 GHz时的自由空间波长)。人工磁导体的介质基板为3层结构,增加了相位响应,使用双环开槽结构延长电流路径长度,实现了双频的宽带同相位反射。人工磁导体的引入有效降低天线的背向辐射,从而降低比吸收率(SAR),同时提高天线的增益。仿真结果表明,该天线性能受结构变形和人体载荷的影响较小。在工作频段内天线的阻抗带宽分别为7.5%和4.0%;峰值增益分别为7.86 dBi和8.06 dBi。在3.5 GHz和5.8 GHz的比吸收率分别为0.2 W/kg和0.06 W/kg,均小于美国联邦通信委员会标准。为了验证仿真结果,对天线进行加工测试,实测与仿真结果基本一致。实验结果表明,加载人工磁导体的天线具有良好的鲁棒性和增益以及较低的比吸收率,适用于可穿戴无线通信系统。

航天器可展SAR天线结构综述

论述了航天器径向肋式、缠绕肋式、构架式和环形桁架式四种抛物面可展SAR天线结构的研究现状,分析了四种抛物面可展SAR天线结构的特点,分别对航天器翼式、桁架式和薄膜式三种平面可展SAR天线结构进行了综述,指出了航天器可展SAR天线结构轻质、大收纳比和高精度的发展趋势,提出了航天器可展SAR天线实现展开高精度需攻克的关键技术,旨在为航天器可展SAR天线结构的创新发展提供参考。

多天线干扰机对抗InSAR双通道干扰对消的研究

干扰机运动能给双通道干扰对消带来困难,但连续运动的干扰机只在一定范围内有较好的干扰效果。旋转干扰机具有运动的重复性,该文分析了旋转运动的干扰机对InSAR双通道干扰对消的影响,针对旋臂过长不易实现的问题,提出用分布式的多干扰发射天线通过分时发射模拟旋转干扰机的方法,仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。

机载SAR发展概况

机载 SAR具有提供高分辨率成像的能力 ,这种能力不受气象条件和太阳照射的限制 ,因此得到了广泛应用。本文简要说明机载 SAR的特点 ,主要介绍世界上一些机载 SAR的现状、性能及主要参数。根据机载 SAR发展过程及现状 ,讨论机载

环境一号C星SAR天线设计与分析

环境一号C星SAR天线采用了构架式可展开网状抛物面反射器,天线构型复杂,在轨展开步骤多,天线展开可靠性及在轨电气性能等都是设计难点。该文阐述了天线总体、结构和电气方面的设计研究,并从力学和热角度进行了实际工况的分析。环境一号C星在轨成功展开及良好的SAR成像质量表明了天线在机电热及可靠性设计方面满足型号工程的使用要求,为集中式网状抛物面SAR天线的设计研究提供了宝贵经验。