Porosity Distribution Characteristics and Geological Analysis of Brine Storage Medium in the Qaidam Basin, Western China

Underground brine is an unusual water resource that contains abundant mineral resources. It is distributed widely in the Qaidam Basin, western China, a hyperarid inland basin located in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Pores in the brine storage medium act as storage space and transmission channels of underground brine. Therefore, the porosity of brine storage medium determines its ability to store brine. In this study, Mahai Salt Lake was used as the research area as a modern saline lake located in the north area of the Qaidam Basin. A total of 100 porosity samples were collected from eight sampling points in two profiles of the research area at sampling depths of 1.30–314.78 m. The porosity distribution characteristics and influencing factors in brine storage medium were analysed according to the measured porosity data. Based on analysis of the pore structure characteristics, the brine storage medium contains intercrystalline pores, unlike conventional freshwater storage mediums. Moreover, the primary salt rock is susceptible to dissolution by lighter brine, facilitating the formation of secondary porosity. Due to the formation of secondary pores, a porosity greater than 20% remains even at buried depths greater than 100 m. Based on the geological statistical analysis, due to the geographic location, salt formation time, and depositional environment, the porosity values of Mahai Salt Lake do not exhibit a wider distribution, but also show more extreme values than a nearby salt lake. Based on the porosity characteristics by depth, due to the presence of secondary pores, flooding, stratigraphic static pressure, and other factors, porosity shows fluctuations with increasing depth.

Heterogeneous geological conditions and differential enrichment of medium and high maturity continental shale oil in China

Based on the comparison of basic geological conditions and enrichment characteristics of shale oil plays, the heterogeneity of source and reservoir conditions and differential enrichment of medium-high maturity continental shale oil plays in China have been confirmed.(1) Compared with the homogeneous geological settings and wide distribution of marine shale oil strata in North America, the continental medium and high maturity shale oil plays in China are significantly different in geological conditions generally;continental multi-cyclic tectonic evolution forms multiple types of lake basins in multi-stages, providing sites for large-scale development of continental shale oil, and giving rise to large scale high-quality source rocks, multiple types of reservoirs, and diverse source-reservoir combinations with significant heterogeneity.(2) The differences in sedimentary water environments lead to the heterogeneity in lithology, lithofacies, and organic material types of source rocks;the differences in material source supply and sedimentary facies belt result in reservoirs of different lithologies, including argillaceous and transition rocks, and tight siltstone, and complex source-reservoir combination types.(3) The heterogeneity of the source rock controls the differentiation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion, the diverse reservoir types make reservoir performance different and the source-reservoir configurations complex, and these two factors ultimately make the shale oil enrichment patterns different. Among them, the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion capacity of high-quality source rocks affect the degree of shale oil enrichment. Freshwater hydrocarbon source rocks with TOC larger than 2.5% and saline hydrocarbon source rocks with TOC of 2% to 10% have a high content of retained hydrocarbons and are favorable.(4) High-abundance organic shale is the basis for the enrichment of shale oil inside the source. In addition to being retained in shale, liquid hydrocarbons migrate along laminae, diagenetic fractures, and thin sandy layers, and then accumulate in laminae of argillaceous siltstone, siltstone, and argillaceous dolomite, and dolomitic siltstone suites, etc. with low organic matter abundance in the shale strata, resulting in differences in enrichment pattern.

DOUBLE-MEDIUM CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIAL IN UNIAXIAL TENSION AND COMPRESSION

Based on elasto-plasticity and damage mechanics, a double-medium constitutive model of geological material under uniaxial tension and compression was presented, on the assumption that rock and soil materials are the pore-fracture double-medium, and porous medium has no damage occurring, while fracture medium has damage occurring with load. To the implicit equation of the model, iterative method was adopted to obtain the complete stress-strain curve of the material. The result shows that many different distributions （uniform distribution, concentrated distribution and random distribution） of fractures in rock and soil material are the essential reasons of the daedal constitutive relations. By the reason that the double-medium constitutive model separates the material to be porous medium part, which is the main body of elasticity, and fracture medium part, which is the main body of damage, it is of important practical values and theoretical meanings to the study on failure of rock and soil or materials containing damage.

Study on the scales of heterogeneous geologic bodies in random media

In order to study the scale characteristics of heterogeneities in complex media, a random medium is constructed using a statistical method and by changing model parameters （autocorrelation lengths a and b）, the scales of heterogeneous geologic bodies in the horizontal and the vertical Cartesian directions may be varied in the medium. The autocorrelation lengths a and b represent the mean scale of heterogeneous geologic bodies in the horizontal and vertical Cartesian directions in the randQm medium, respectively. Based on this model, the relationship between model autocorrelation lengths and heterogeneous geologic body scales is studied by horizontal velocity variation and standard deviation. The horizontal velocity variation research shows that velocities are in random perturbation. The heterogeneous geologic body scale increases with increasing autocorrelation length. The recursion equation for the relationship between autocorrelation lengths and heterogeneous geologic body scales is determined from the velocity standard deviation research and the actual heterogeneous geologic body scale magnitude can be estimated by the equation.

金坛盆地始新统阜宁组四段页岩油地质条件

为评价以金坛盆地为代表的苏南新生代残留盆地非常规油气勘探潜力,以金坛盆地J9井钻井、岩心、测井及分析测试资料为基础,开展阜宁组四段岩石沉积特征、有机地球化学特征、矿物组成特征、储层特征等地质条件分析。研究结果表明:金坛盆地阜四段形成于浅湖—半深湖为主的半封闭—封闭咸化沉积环境,具有泥页岩厚度大(深凹带大于250 m)、总有机碳(TOC)含量偏低(平均为1.02%)、热演化成熟度(R_(o))中低(介于0.81%~0.85%)的特征,具备一定的成烃物质基础。阜四段泥页岩发育裂缝、孔隙两类储集空间,具备良好的储集性能,同时脆性矿物含量较高,有利于后期的压裂改造。结合已有钻孔油气显示情况,认为苏南地区茅山构造推覆带前排的金坛盆地阜四段具备中低成熟度页岩油勘探潜力。

深层碳酸盐岩强非均质储层双重介质三维地质建模——以普光气田飞仙关组—长兴组储层为例

普光气田碳酸盐岩储层具有地层埋深大、礁滩相发育、基质物性差、天然裂缝广泛发育、储层非均质强等特征,开展此类强非均质储层双重介质的三维地质建模具有很大的挑战。为此,将储层建模对象划分为基质与裂缝2大介质,基于单井解释数据与地震波阻抗数据体,通过井-震结合、逐级相控、多趋势融合概率体约束建立基质模型;按照分尺度、分期次建模思路,通过融合成因-地质-地震,综合构造应力场、距断层远近和裂缝地震敏感属性,采用熵权法联合专家经验评价的方式,多元融合构建裂缝空间展布约束体;在该约束体约束下,以离散裂缝网络建模方法构建裂缝模型。对融合后的基质-裂缝双重介质模型开展气藏数值模拟,各井历史拟合率最高可达90%,拟合误差控制在20%以内,模型拟合精度较高。

关中地区中深层地埋管换热器长期运行性能研究

我国关中地区地热资源丰富,中深层地热能供暖技术具有广阔的应用前景,而地质参数是影响中深层地埋管供暖系统性能的决定性因素。针对陕西关中地区中深层地埋管供暖性能展开研究,通过梳理关中地区咸阳市兴平市、咸阳市渭城区、西安市高陵区、西安市鄠邑区、西安市长安区5个典型区域的地质参数,结合典型地埋管结构参数,对长期运行下的换热器性能及热作用半径变化规律进行模拟计算。结果表明,不同地区换热器运行之初的性能变化较为显著,但均在经过5 a左右运行后趋于稳定。地埋管深度从2000 m增至2500 m时,出口水温有着明显的提升,同一时刻下出口水温的涨幅可达8%,各采暖季末的出口水温随深度增加的变化更为显著。由于长期运行,年平均取热功率呈现下降趋势,20 a内的总降幅为11%~12%;随着换热器埋深的增加,取热功率涨幅可达41.41%~53.23%。热作用半径受埋深的影响不显著,不同埋深管道运行20 a后的井底最大热作用半径均在50 m左右;土壤温度受与换热器距离及运行时长的影响更大,距离20 m以内的土壤温度呈现明显的波动下降趋势,而距离在60 m以外的土壤温度在20 a的运行期内降幅很小。此外,由于具有大厚度新近系张家坡组(N2z)和新近系蓝田-灞河组(N2l+b)的地质条件,西安市鄠邑区、高陵区以及咸阳市兴平市等地区地埋管的出口水温、取热功率较高,更适宜开展中深层地热能供暖利用。研究成果有望为关中地区中深层地热能高效利用提供参考。

新疆东天山康古尔一带金矿地质特征及成矿机制

新疆康古尔一带的金矿床位于塔里木板块北缘的东天山秋格明塔什—黄山韧性剪切带南缘,是新疆的重要金成矿区。二叠纪早中期,在SN向推覆韧性剪切和右行走滑韧-脆性剪切基础上,地壳快速抬升在韧性变形构造上叠加脆性破裂,一系列张性断裂成为主要容矿构造;同构造期侵位的中酸性浅成斑岩体(如石英斑岩)提供了充足的成矿热源和部分水源及成矿物质来源;康古尔一带金矿矿化型式各不相同,既有产于构造破碎带中的蚀变岩型金矿、石英脉金矿,也有产于火山角砾岩筒中的脉状金矿,还有产于斑岩体边缘或产于岩体内部的斑岩型金矿;但成矿流体的物理化学特征均具中低温、低盐度、中低压力的特点;金矿的形成分为2个热液成矿阶段,其中晚期阶段是金的主要形成阶段。本文对该区金的成矿物理化学环境进行了讨论,并总结了成矿机制,认为康古尔一带金矿形成于统一的岩浆热液成矿系统,成矿作用与区域构造的脆性构造活动同步发生,金矿成矿时段大致在二叠纪晚期(263 Ma—243 Ma);下一步找矿工作应在有利的物化探异常中预测和寻找不同地质产状的中低温浅成热液型金矿。

宁国市万家中型水库库区工程地质评价

以宁国市万家中型水库库区为研究对象,分析了库区的基本地质条件,并进一步对库区存在的主要工程地质问题进行评价。分析得出:库区位于低山、剥蚀浅丘地貌,沿河两岸山体斜坡冲沟较发育,地形较破碎,库区地层岩性为震旦系上统、寒武系、奥陶系下统沉积岩以及第四系松散堆积物,库区无区域性断裂通过,规模相对较大的断层有6条,在此基础上通过岩性、构造、水文地质条件进一步分析了水库岸坡稳定情况、蓄水后产生永久渗漏的可能性以及水库诱发地震的可能性,为水库修建提供了详细的依据,并奠定了基础保障。

百把寨水库坝址工程地质条件分析及坝型比选

为降低百把寨水库工程建设风险和确保工程安全运行,充分发挥其经济与社会效益,针对水库工程可选坝址的地质构造、岩土性质、水文条件等,深入探究了上、下两处坝址的坝基、边坡和防渗条件等,推荐选择上坝址为宜;同时通过技术、经济、环境影响、运行管理等方面对重力坝、拱坝和面板堆石坝三种坝型进行工程适宜性分析,推荐采用砌石重力坝。该工程的分析论证可供类似中型水库工程坝址坝型比选参考。

Distribution and exploration direction of medium-and large-sized marine carbonate gas fields in Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the analysis of the basic characteristics of medium-and large-sized marine gas fields in Sichuan Basin, combined with the division of major reservoir forming geological units in the marine craton stage and their control on key hydrocarbon accumulation factors, the distribution law of medium-and large-sized marine carbonate gas fields in the basin was examined and the exploration direction was pointed out. Through the analysis of the periodic stretching-uplifting background, it is concluded that five large scale paleo-rifts, three large scale paleo-uplifts, five large scale paleo erosion surfaces were formed in the marine craton stage of Sichuan Basin, and these geological units control the key reservoir forming factors of medium and large sized gas fields:(1) Large-scale paleo-rifts control the distribution of high-quality hydrocarbon generation centers.(2) The margin of large-scale paleo-rifts, high position of paleo-uplifts and paleo erosion surfaces control the distribution of high-quality reservoirs.(3) Large-scale paleo-rifts, paleo-uplifts, paleo erosion surfaces and present tectonic setting jointly control the formation of many types of large and medium-sized traps.(4) Natural gas accumulation is controlled by the inheritance evolution of traps in large geological units. Based on the comparative analysis of the distribution characteristics of medium-and large-sized gas fields and large geological units, it is proposed that the superimposition relationship between single or multiple geological units and the present structure controls the distribution of medium-and large-sized gas fields, and the "three paleo" superimposed area is the most advantageous. According to the above rules, the main exploration fields and directions of medium-and large-sized marine carbonate gas fields in Sichuan Basin include periphery of Deyang-Anyue paleo-rift, eastern margin of Longmenshan paleo-rift, margins of Kaijiang-Liangping oceanic trough and Chengkou-western Hubei oceanic trough, the high part of the subaqueous paleo-uplifts around Central Sichuan, paleo erosion surfaces of the top boundary of Maokou Formation in eastern and southern Sichuan Basin, paleo erosion surfaces of the top boundary of the Leikoupo Formation in central and western Sichuan Basin.

隧道超前地质预报检波器耦合介质理论及试验研究

隧道超前地质预报是隧道施工中的重要部分,其准确性影响着隧道施工安全。为提高隧道超前地质预报的准确性,对隧道超前地质探测中检波器耦合介质开展针对性研究具有重要意义。本文通过对隧道检波器耦合结构开展理论建模,探讨了耦合介质在检波器与围岩耦合过程中发挥的作用。在此基础上,选用工业黄油、石蜡、石膏、环氧树脂以及黏质土5种耦合介质进行了现场耦合试验。最后,根据理论建模结果采用数值模拟手段对不同耦合介质的耦合过程进行了分析,并就介质厚度对耦合效果的影响进行了探讨。结果表明:材料的耦合效果与其固化强度呈正相关关系,基于理论公式的数值模拟结果很好地验证了试验结论;耦合介质厚度影响耦合效果的主要因素在于厚度过大会引起地震波损耗,厚度过小会产生较大的谐振现象。研究成果可服务于工程实际应用,进一步提高隧道超前地质预报的准确性。

辽宁西部地区地质灾害风险评价

地层岩性、地质构造、地形地貌、降水及人类活动是影响辽宁西部地区地质灾害发育程度的主要因素。在以上因素共同作用下,辽西地区地质灾害呈现特征是发育程度较低,以小型崩塌为主,少量分布采空区地面塌陷及沟谷滑坡和泥石流。通过对辽西地区开展地质灾害风险评价,发现研究区域内存在6处地质灾害中风险区,分别位于阜新市海州矿区、医巫闾山、凌海北部、凌海中部、凌海班吉塔乡和建昌东南绥中西南部。中风险区占区域总面积约5%,其余地区均为地质灾害低风险区。本课题的开展对辽西地区今后地质灾害预防有一定促进意义。

甘南州迭部县洛达铁矿查居矿段矿体特征浅析

查局矿段位于查局矿区中部,矿区位于秦岭东西构造带白龙江复背斜的北翼于泥盆系地层之中,主要矿种为铁矿,主要含矿地层为中泥盆统第四分层,矿段共有十个矿层,其中主要有Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ矿体,矿石类型为赤铁矿富矿。主要矿体均赋存于厚层灰岩中,控矿断裂构造常沿两者之界面或邻近界面处通过,加之矿液对灰岩之交代作用所致,认为该矿床为中温热液型矿床。

贵州名茶都匀毛尖的品质与环境的相关性

为探讨环境因素对都匀毛尖品质的影响,通过对都匀哨脚茶园的地理位置、地形地貌、气候、基岩、土壤、水文等环境因素的分析,揭示了都匀毛尖与环境因素的相关性。结果表明:哨脚茶园的地质土壤、降雨、光照等环境条件均有利于茶树生长和茶叶品质的形成。该区茶叶应该向优质、绿色方向发展。其他类似环境区可作为优质都匀毛尖的种植区。

非均匀地质体散射波特征初探

对于复杂非均匀介质,可以利用地震散射波来研究其分布和性质。对散射波的基本概念进行了阐述;利用统计学方法对复杂非均匀介质进行了描述,构造了二维随机介质模型,其自相关长度a和b分别描述了水平和深度方向非均匀异常的平均尺度;利用有限差分法分别对不同自相关长度和不同主频的模型进行了正演模拟, 结果表明,散射波清晰可见,随着自相关长度和主频的改变,随机介质表现出不同的散射特征;抽取单道地震记录,对散射波特征及其振幅特征进行了分析,结果表明,散射波分布于整个地震记录,振幅随相关长度改变表现出不同的特征。

裂缝性深层火山岩气藏数值模拟研究

大庆升平气田为深层裂缝性火山岩气藏,由于开发井少,对地质情况了解不是很清楚。如何根据现有的地质资料建立地质模型是气藏数值模拟的关键。根据地震相干体,预测出裂缝的分布,引入等效介质理论,建立了地质模型。利用Eclipse软件中的VFPi模块,将井底流压折算成井口的压力,并对SS2和SS1 2口生产井进行井口压力的历史拟合。在历史拟合的基础上,进行了井网的优选和采气速度的优选,并对方案进行了预测。从已钻几口井的试气试采情况看,和预测结果比较吻合。

地质灾害防治领域重大科技问题讨论

本文在简要介绍国土资源部地质灾害防治领域的中长期科技发展规划前期研究起草工作过程的基础上,从地质灾害监测预警预报关键科技问题研究、地质灾害危险性评价和风险评估与土地利用、重大地质灾害治理与应急处置关键技术研究3方面,论述了地质灾害防治领域的中长期规划前期研究的关键科技问题、瓶颈制约和解决这些难题的若干重大科研计划。

中国陆相中高成熟度页岩油非均质地质条件与差异富集特征

基于页岩油基本地质条件和富集特征的对比研究,明确了中国陆相中高成熟度页岩油源储条件的非均质性与差异化富集特征。研究认为:①相比北美页岩油大面积分布的较为均质的源储等有利条件,中国陆相中高成熟度页岩油形成地质条件总体上差异明显,陆相多旋回构造演化形成了多期多类型湖盆,不仅为陆相页岩油规模发育提供场所,也形成了规模优质源岩、多类型储集体以及复杂多样的源储组合,呈现出显著的非均质特征;②不同沉积水体环境的差异导致源岩岩性、岩相和有机母质类型的非均质性,物源供应和沉积相带的差异形成泥质岩、过渡岩性、致密粉砂岩等多样的储集体以及复杂的源储组合类型;③源岩的非均质性控制了生排烃的差异化、储集类型的多样性决定了储集性能的差异化和源储匹配的复杂性,最终决定了富集规律的不同,优质源岩生排烃差异能力影响页岩油富集程度,淡水烃源岩TOC值大于2.5%、咸化烃源岩TOC值为2%~10%时,滞留烃量高,相对有利;④高丰度有机质泥页岩是源内页岩油富集的物质基础,液态烃除在页岩内滞留外,沿纹层、成岩缝、砂质薄层等多种运移路径运聚富集在源内泥质粉砂纹层、粉砂岩、泥质白云岩、白云质粉砂岩等低有机质丰度页岩层系,呈现出富集规律的差异化特征。

单轴作用下岩土材料的双重介质本构模型

基于弹塑性力学和损伤力学理论,将岩土材料视为孔隙_裂隙双重介质,假设孔隙介质不发生损伤,而裂隙介质随应变的增加发生损伤,建立了单轴作用下岩土类材料的双重介质本构模型隐式表达式,并利用Newton迭代法得出了材料的全程应力_应变曲线.分析结果表明,岩土材料中裂隙空间展布的多态性(均匀展布、集中展布和随机展布)是岩土材料本构关系千变万化的根本原因.由于双重介质本构模型将岩土材料的弹性主体(孔隙介质部分)和损伤主体(裂隙介质部分)分化开来,对于研究岩土或含损伤材料的破坏具有实用价值和理论意义.