Optimum Distribution of Two Different Phase Change Materials between Various Components of Roof Air-Conditioned Room, Suitable to Reduce Annual Energy Consumption

Obviously, the outside annual climate change caused either by a major solar input during the hottest period or by a temperature drop during the coldest period leads to discomfort in inside buildings. This effect can be reduced by storing heat transmitted in phase change materials (PCM) as latent heat, in order to ensure a good situation of thermal comfort during all months of the year. In this work, thermal behavior of two roofing systems is studied. One roof is constituted only by usual materials in building. In the other, two phase change materials (PCM) are introduced according to three configurations. Study is interested to assess incorporation effect of two PCMs within the roof and to evaluate the optimum locations to reduce the energy consumption of air-conditioned room. Mono-dimensional numerical model validated analytically and experimentally, is used to carry out a parametric analyzes to determine characteristics of the layers in which the roofs are formed regardless of external climate effect. Numerical calculations are performed for three configurations of roof. Results show that insertion of phase change materials in roof provides best energy consumption saving regardless annual climate change. Generally, the three configurations lead to different results, depending on the combination of PCMs. This difference becomes less important when selection of PCMs take account the thermal comfort level and temperatures of hottest and coldest periods.

The Application of Solid Waste in Thermal Insulation Materials: A Review

As socioeconomic development continues,the issue of building energy consumption has attracted significant attention,and improving the thermal insulation performance of buildings has become a crucial strategic measure.Simultaneously,the application of solid waste in insulation materials has also become a hot topic.This paper reviews the sources and classifications of solid waste,focusing on research progress in its application as insulation materials in the domains of daily life,agriculture,and industry.The research shows that incorporating household solid waste materials,such as waste glass,paper,and clothing scraps into cementitious thermal insulation can significantly reduce the thermal conductivity of the materials,leading to excellent thermal insulation properties.Insulation materials prepared from agricultural solid waste,such as barley straw,corn stalk,chicken feather,and date palm fibers,possess characteristics of lightweight and strong thermal insulation.Industrial solid waste,including waste tires,iron tailings,and coal bottom ash,can also be utilized in the preparation of insulation materials.These innovative applications not only have positive environmental significance by reducing waste emissions and resource consumption,but also provide efficient and sustainable insulation solutions for the construction industry.However,to further optimize the mix design and enhance the durability of insulation materials,continuous research is required to investigate the mechanisms through which solid waste impacts the performance of insulation materials.

Calculating Method for Influence of Material Flow on Energy Consumption in Steel Manufacturing Process

From the viewpoint of systems energy conservation, the influences of material flow on its energy consumption in a steel manufacturing process is an important subject. The quantitative analysis of the relationship between material flow and the energy intensity is useful to save energy in steel industry. Based on the concept of standard material flow diagram, all possible situations of ferric material flow in steel manufacturing process are analyzed. The expressions of the influence of material flow deviated from standard material flow diagram on energy consumption are put forward.

Obsolescence optimization of electronic and mechatronic components by considering dependability and energy consumption

Nowadays, rapid technological progress influences the dependability of equipments and also causes rapid obsolescence. The mechatronic and electronic equipment components are mostly affected by obsolescence. A new challenger unit possesses identical functionalities, but with higher performances. This work aims to find the optimal number of components which should be replaced by new-type units, under budgetary constraints. In this work, the new challenger unit is characterized by lower energy consumption and the optimization steps are based on genetic algorithm (GA). The result shows the importance of this type of replacement in order to economize energy consumption and to deal with obsolescence.

Influence of decorative materials on cooling load of residential apartments

The influence of a polyvinyl chloride（PVC）-panel on the cooling load of a residential apartment in Mashad,Iran,is analyzed by the DeST-h software.And the summer natural ventilation of the residential apartment is investigated to determine the wind speed into the apartment through the computational fluid dynamics software.The evaluation results of the indoor wind velocity show that most parts of the apartment are comfortable.The cooling load of the penthouse can be decreased about 10.5% or 6.5% when an air layer exists or does not exist between the ceiling and the PVC-panel,respectively,indicating that the existence of the air layer can decrease the cooling load.However,the effect of the increase in the air layer＇s thickness on the decrease in the cooling load is obvious.Adding a thin layer of air between the ceiling and the PVC-panel is a good step toward sustainable buildings.

石膏基复合相变储能材料的研究进展

建筑能耗、工业能耗和交通能耗是能源消耗的主要方式。其中,建筑能耗约占能源消耗的40%,建筑能耗的持续上升会增加碳排放和加速化石能源的消耗,因此,如何提升建筑材料的保温节能性能逐渐成为建筑材料领域的研究热点。储热技术不仅可以降低建筑能耗,还可以减少环境污染。相变储能材料具有优异的储放热能力,是实现热能储存以及温度控制的重要技术手段,在建筑节能领域具有广阔的应用前景。该文主要综述了石膏基相变储能材料的研究进展;根据石膏基相变材料的不同,分析归纳了石膏基有机相变材料和石膏基复合相变材料;介绍了浸渍法、多孔材料吸附法、微胶囊法等制备石膏基复合相变储能材料的方法和机理及影响石膏基相变储能材料的因素;展望了石膏基相变储能材料的研究方向。

感应加热卷烟烟具用电磁屏蔽材料

本研究采用COMSOL有限元软件仿真能量转换效率随屏蔽材料磁导率的变化规律,结果表明,当μ″=0时,μ'越大,能量转换效率越高;当μ″≠0,则存在μ'与μ″的最佳匹配值。根据仿真结果,选取合适的屏蔽材料,在感应加热卷烟烟具保持谐振状态,且发热体温度满足要求的基础上,采用功率分析仪测试烟具1个工作循环的能耗。测试结果表明:在240~320 kHz频率范围内,采用铁氧体材料,μ'越高,效果越优。当μ'为220时,可将1个工作循环能耗由978.14 J降至833.40 J,能量转转效率提升14.80%。采用纳米晶材料,当μ=2064-j349时,性能最优,1个工作循环能耗可降至811.30 J,能量转换效率提升17.06%,随μ'及μ″的进一步提高,能耗逐渐增大,此规律与仿真结果一致。因此,通过合理选择电磁屏蔽材料可提高感应加热卷烟烟具的能量转换效率。

数模联动的多特征工件加工能耗预测方法研究

在实际切削加工过程中材料去除率是不断变化的,现有将其视为恒量的能耗建模方法难以实现能耗准确预测。为了提高切削过程能耗预测精度,提出了一种基于材料去除率的数模联动加工能耗预测方法。首先,基于切削过程刀具与工件的接触关系分析了切入、完全切入和切出阶段材料去除率变化规律,并对相应的加工能耗特性进行了分析;其次,提出了数据驱动的刀具切入,切出阶段加工能耗预测方法,以及模型驱动的完全切入阶段加工能耗预测方法,实现加工过程能耗准确预测;最后,利用实验案例验证了所提模型及方法的有效性,为今后研究能耗预测精度奠定了基础。

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANALYSIS FOR STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

The engineering community has been striving to design more sustainable buildings in an attempt to reduce both environmental impact and energy use during all phases of design,construction and operation.Design professionals currently have very limited guidance or tools to incorporate life-cycle and sustainability concepts into their designs.After reviewing the capabilities and limitations of four current life cycle analysis(LCA)computer programs,this research has selected the Athena Impact Estimator v4.0 to perform parametric studies of structural members made up of different construction materials.The energy consumption values are calculated and compared for columns,beams,concrete suspended slabs,precast double-tee sections and various other floor types.While Athena did offer some insights based on its LCA results,this research has concluded that existing LCA and sustainability analysis programs have too few options to meet the current needs of design professionals.A more accurate,sophisticated whole-building LCA tool needs to be developed to assess sustainable properties of design alternatives and to produce the most sustainable structural systems.

安徽省典型超低能耗居住建筑外墙材料全生命周期碳排放测算

通过调研安徽省的超低能耗居住建筑,总结出常用的保温形式和保温材料,结合实际项目,得出7种典型外墙构造。从全生命周期角度,对这7种外墙构造在建材生产阶段、建材运输阶段、外墙施工阶段、外墙维护阶段、外墙拆除阶段的碳排放量进行测算。结果表明:建材生产阶段的碳排放量占比最大,达到总碳排放量的70%以上;装配式比非装配式的总碳排放量降低6%左右;内外复合保温外墙的总碳排放量最大,比“夹心保温+外保温外墙”的碳排放量高18%以上,比外保温外墙的碳排放量高11%以上;不同的保温材料和墙体材料对外墙的总碳排放量影响较小。通过分析比较,得出碳排放最优的外墙构造,从建材角度为降碳提供依据和方法。

聚酰胺(PA6)液相增粘反应技术的研究与开发

聚酰胺(PA6)作为重要的工程塑料之一,由于具有拉伸强度高、弹性模量大、耐磨损、自润滑和耐高温等特性,因此在汽车工业、电子行业、机械设备、海洋工程等行业得到广泛应用。本文主要针对聚酰胺(PA6)通过水解开环及固相增粘技术工艺存在反应效率低,工艺流程长,能耗高、分子量分布不均匀等缺点,通过PA6液相增粘反应技术小试试验研究,研究不同温度、停留时间及真空度下等条件下的增粘效果,其主要流程是缩聚反应完成之后的熔融物料直接进入液相增粘反应器中,通过双轴同向差速叶片连续搅拌不断的进行表面更新,同时低聚物、溶剂等小分子在更新表面溢出并被外部负压系统带走,完成增粘反应。聚酰胺(PA6)液相增粘反应技能耗显著降低,产品质量稳定,产品综合竞争力显著提高。

nfluence of envelope insulation materials on building energy consumption

In this paper, the influence of different external wall insulation materials on the energy consumption of a newly built apartment in Germany is investigated. Three types of insulation materials commonly used in Germany including mineral fiber, polyurethane, and vacuum insula- tion panel are chosen for the case studies. An energy analysis model is established to clarify the primary energy use for production of the insulation materials and for building space heating. The calculation results show that the energy consumption for insulation material production increases with the insulation thickness, whereas the energy use for space heating decreases with the insulation thickness. Thus, there exists an optimum thickness to get the lowest total energy consumption for each kind of insulation material. The ascending order of the total energy consumption of the three materials is mineral fiber, polyurethane, and vacuum insulation panel. However, the optimum insulation thicknesses for the three insulation materials show a verse order at a certain heat transfer coefficient of the base envelope. The energy payback time （EPT） is proposed to calculate the payback time of the primary energy use for insulation material production. Mineral fiber has the shortest time, followed by poly- urethane and vacuum insulation panel. The EPTS is 10, 19 and 21 years, respectively when the heat transfer coefficient of the base envelope is 0.2 W/（m2.K）. In addition, the simulated results show that the theoretical value and the simulated value are basically identical.

电子功能材料生产过程节能技术规范金属材料标准分析

为响应国家绿色低碳要求,支撑金属功能材料行业发展,钢铁研究总院牵头制定《电子功能材料生产过程节能技术规范 第1部分:金属材料》,介绍了该标准制定的背景,重点分析了本次标准制订的术语定义、产品分类、考核评价要求等内容,结合产品应用及产业现状,提出相关建议,从而有效指导行业使用该标准,推动行业技术进步,提高行业的高质量发展水平。

A survey of decorative materials on the energy consumption of mid-rise residential buildings in Mashad,Iran

Polyvinylchloride(PVC)panel is one of the most favorite decorative materials that has been popularly applied as finishing of ceiling in residential buildings.It is about five years that the people incline to redecorate the ceiling of old buildings with PVC panel in big cities of Iran,such as Mashad.In this study,the influence of ceiling PVC panel on the cooling and heating loads of studied apartment were determined by software DeST-h.In addition,the summer natural ventilation of the mentioned apartment is investigated by determining the wind speed into the apartment through the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)software.The evaluation of environment indoor wind velocity showed that most of the apartment space is a comfortable zone.The results of studied building analyses demonstrated that using PVC panel on the ceiling can decline the energy consumption of the penthouse(fifth level)of the investigated building,which is about 3.7%and 7%for studied methods of without and with air layer,respectively.In addition,although the existence of air layer can decline the cooling and heating loads,the increase in air layer thickness did not show significant decrease on building energy consumption.However,the PVC panel is expensive and is not suitable to be used for ceiling thermal insulation,but adding a thin layer of air between ceiling and PVC panel can be a good step toward sustainable building,when the people are inclined to utilize it as a decorative ceiling.

考虑切削能耗和表面质量的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料加工工艺参数优化决策

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)二次加工能耗与质量的影响要素相比于传统材料加工更为复杂,导致现有相关经验公式难以适用。基于此,以CFRP二次加工的切削力分析为切入点,对考虑能耗和质量的CFRP加工工艺参数优化决策问题开展研究。首先分析纤维方向角对CFRP加工形式的影响,推导了切削力模型;然后建立了以切削三要素和纤维方向角为变量,以切削能耗和表面粗糙度为目标的多目标优化模型,并提出了多样化突变驱动的粒子群优化算法(DM-PSO)与层次分析法(AHP)集成的工艺参数优化决策方法;最后通过铣削试验设计验证了上述模型和方法的可行性和优越性。

建筑节能降耗系统相变储能砂浆特性

相变储能材料能够有效降低建筑系统的能耗,将研制的新型相变复合材料掺入到砂浆中制备出相变储能砂浆,重点考察了相变复合材料掺量对砂浆力学性能(表观密度、吸水率、抗压强度、抗折强度和软化系数)和热学性能(导热系数和比热容)的影响。结果表明:随着相变储能砂浆中新型相变复合材料掺量的逐渐增大,试样的吸水率逐渐增大,其余各项参数均逐渐减小。当新型相变复合材料的掺量达到30%时,砂浆试样的表观密度为2 007.6 kg·m^(-3),软化系数为0.87,吸水率为11.65%,导热系数为0.97 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),抗压强度为25.8 MPa,抗折强度为5.7 MPa,比热容为0.85 k J·kg^(-1)·K^(-1),砂浆试样的力学性能和热学性能均能满足相关标准的要求。研究的新型相变复合材料可以应用于建筑节能降耗系统中,达到降低建筑能耗的目的。

矿化养护碱激发固废胶凝材料性能与环境影响的综合评价

CO_(2)矿化养护固废胶凝材料可实现固废的多样化、减量化消纳,同时固定封存CO_(2),具有双重减碳效益。为综合考虑材料的力学性能、固碳效果与环境影响,选取抗压强度、固碳率、固碳程度、碳化效率、碳排放和能源消耗为评价指标,设计11组配合比试件进行综合性能的量化分析和评分。结果表明,与标准养护相比,矿化养护碱激发固废胶凝材料的抗压强度和整体固碳效果有显著提升。固废具有优异的减排和降耗优势,但碱激发剂的使用对环境影响较大。当粉煤灰、赤泥和钢渣质量比为7∶2∶1,水固比、碱胶比和水玻璃模数分别为0.28、0.26、1.2时,矿化养护碱激发固废胶凝材料的综合性能最优。CO_(2)矿化养护技术与固废资源化利用相结合可释放巨大的固碳潜能,是推动减污、降碳协同增效的重要举措。

建筑节能设计在工业建筑设计中的运用分析

对建筑工程项目节能设计的可行性进行分析,从水资源节约、土地资源节约、材料节约、保温节能、自然环境利用几方面对建筑节能设计在工业建筑设计中的运用表现进行阐述,并从总体布局设计和房区设计两方面对建筑节能设计在工业建筑设计中的运用途径进行分析探讨。

冰鲜展示台用甘露醇相变蓄冷剂的性能研究

为满足相变蓄冷冰鲜展示台的使用要求,选择甘露醇复合溶液作为相变蓄冷材料,其无毒、无害、相变温度为-5.5℃、相变潜热为295.7 J/g。在25℃下实验对比添加蓄冷材料前后运行过程中台面温度波动及耗电量的变化,从而分析系统的节能性和经济性。结果表明:在环境温度25℃下,在统计制冰耗电量基础上,与不制冷冰鲜展示台相比,使用蓄冷材料的冰鲜展示台能够延缓冰融化速度,结合峰谷分时电价机制后耗电量平均降低了37.6%,每年减少用冰13.14吨,节约电费1102元,减少二氧化碳排放1.12吨,项目投资回收期为0.8年。

机械设备在绿色建筑材料和建筑施工技术中应用

通过研究建筑业绿色建材,并结合机械设备在施工中的应用,对绿色建材进行分类与分析,论述了绿色建材在节能减排、环保方面的优越性。同时,对建筑结构、外墙及屋顶防水材料的具体应用进行了探讨。研究结果表明:利用机械设备,采用绿色建材,可有效提高建筑节能与环境效益,推动建筑业的可持续发展;在此基础上,建议建筑业采用绿色建材,加大研发力度,推广绿色建材。