STAPHYLOCOCCAL SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME: RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF 82 CASES

Objective To explore distinctive clinical manifestations and appropriate treatment, and assess prognosis of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome （SSSS）. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of the data of 82 cases of SSSS hospitalized at Xinhua Hospital during the period from May 1993 to September 2003. Results The disease in all the 82 patients occurred in their first decade （mean 2.5 years）. Possible predisposing factors were found in 48 （58. 5% ）. Fever was present in 78 （95. 1% ）. Radial spokes of crusting around mouth were present in 80 （ 97. 6% ）. Erythema began on the face, especially around the mouth and eye in 63 （ 76. 8% ）. The course was acute in all cases and the eruptions quickly spread to the whole body within one day to two days. Of the 82 cases of SSSS, 47 were complete form of SSSS, 27 were abortive form of SSSS, and 8 were between the two forms. Staphylococcus aureus with positive staphylocoagulase was isolated from the possible primary infection sites including pharynx, eyelid, conjunctiva, nose, ear, and skin in 18 of 31 patients. Microbiological cultures of bullae and little pustulae developed after the onset were negative in 16 cases. All the 82 patients completely recovered after receiving antibiotic therapy （ ceftriaxone, oxacillin） alone or in combination with human immunoglobulin （IVIG） therapy. Additional IVIG therapy was used in those patients who had systemic involvements such as pneumonia, fever higher than 38. 5℃ or leukocytosis. Conclusion SSSS is a spectrum disease. Besides abortive and complete forms, presenting between the two forms a new form might be appeared in 8 cases who developed both scarlatiniform rash and flaccid bullae. The abortive form and complete form are usually misdiagnosed clinically. Radial spokes of crusting around mouth seem to be characteristic manifestation of SSSS. All the patients in this study had favorable prognosis after receiving prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Neonatal Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome:A Case Report

Objective:To summarize the clinical features,diagnosis,and treatment of neonatal staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome(SSSS).Methods:The clinical data with SSSS was analyzed,and the related literature was reviewed.Results:The acute onset of the disease was characterized by generalized erythema,epidermis exfoliation,skin non-touch,radial chapping around the mouth,and positive Nissl sign.The culture of binocular secretions and neck exudates showed Staphylococcus aureus and was diagnosed as SSSS.According to the results of drug sensitivity of secretions and exudates,vancomycin was selected for anti-infective treatment,and skincare and symptomatic support were given simultaneously.The child was cured and discharged after ten days of treatment.Conclusion:SSSS belongs to neonatal acute and critical illness.Improving etiological examination and timely targeted anti-infective treatment is the key to correct diagnosis and recovery.

Changes of Liver Microsomal Drug-metabolizing System and Lipoperoxidation Activity in Scalded Rats and the Effects of Silybin

The dynamic changes of liver microsomal drug-metabolizing system (MDMS) andlipoperoxidation were studied in scalded rats. The effects of treatment with vitamin E and silybinwere also evaluated. The results showeed that liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content, and p-nitroanisole demethylase (P-NOD) and aniline hydroxylase (AH) activity decreased markedlypostburn. On the contrary, liver lipoperoxide and mierosomal lipoperoxidation increased significantlyafter scalding. Both the increase of liver lipoperoxide and mierosomal lipoperoxidation and the de-crease of MDMS activity were prevented by vitamin E and silybin treatments.

Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene and modified atmosphere packaging on fruit quality and superficial scald in Yali pears during storage

The Yali pear（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.） is susceptible to superficial scald during prolonged cold storage and at shelf life. This study investigated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene（1-MCP） and modified atmosphere packaging（MAP） on changes of fruit quality and superficial scald during cold storage and at shelf life in Yali pear. Compared with MAP, the combination of MAP and 1-MCP（MAP＋1-MCP） treatment reduced the carbon dioxide and ethylene content inside the packaging bag. The 1-MCP, MAP, and MAP＋1-MCP treatments reduced the superficial scald index, malondialdehyde content, O2^-· production rate and relative conductivity and inhibited the accumulation of α-farnesene and conjugated trienes in the peel. 1-MCP and MAP＋1-MCP treatments maintained a higher phenolic content and enhanced the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the fruit, while reduced activities of lipoxygenase and polyphenol oxidase in the peel preceding the onset of superficial scald. Comprehensive analysis indicated that the MAP＋1-MCP treatment is the most effective method tested for improving the quality of Yali pears during cold storage and at shelf life.

Inhibitory Effects of 1-MCP and DPA on Superficial Scald of Dangshansuli Pear

Dangshansuli pear is one of crisp pears and has a non-climacteric respiratory pattern. Dangshansuli pear fruits were treated with 1 000 or 2 000 μL L-1 diphenylamine （DPA） for 1 min, or with 0.5 μL L-1 1-methylcyclopropene （l-MCP） for 12 h before cold storage at （2±0.5）℃ for up to 210 d. Incidences of superficial scald and related physiological indexes were investigated during storage. The results showed that superficial scald occurred in control fruit with a rate of over 90% after 210 d at cold storage plus 10 d at room temperature. Treatments with 1 000 and 2 000 μL L-1 DPA and 0.5 μL L-1 l-MCP inhibited the accumulation of a-farnesene, conjugated trienes, total phenolic contents, and malondialdehyde （MDA） during storage. The treatments also decreased leakage of cell membrane and the activity of polyphenol oxidase （PPO） in the peel. These results indicate that 1-MCP and DPA treatments inhibit and postpone the occurrence of superficial scald of Dangshansuli pears remarkably in cold storage and post-storage shelf life, respectively, while the mechanisms were different. The results above may provide a theoretical evidence for the agriculture production.

Antiaging activity of low molecular weight peptide from Paphia undulate

Low molecular weight peptide (LMWP) was prepared from clam Paphia undulate and its antiaging effect on D-galactose-induced acute aging in rats, aged Kunming mice, ultraviolet-exposed rats, and thermally injured rats was investigated. P. undulate flesh was homogenized and digested using papain under optimal conditions, then subjected to Sephadex G-25 chromatography to isolate the LMWP. Administration of LMWP significantly reversed D-galactose-induced oxidative stress by increasing the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), and by decreasing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). This process was accompanied by increased collagen synthesis. The LMWP prevented photoaging and promoted dermis recovery and remission of elastic fiber hyperplasia. Furthermore, treatment with the LMWP helped to regenerate elastic fibers and the collagen network, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the serum and significantly decreased MDA. Thermal scald-induced inflammation and edema were also relieved by the LWMP, while wound healing in skin was promoted. These results suggest that the LMWP from P. undulate could serve as a new antiaging substance in cosmetics.

Descriptive epidemiological study of burn admissions to the Burns Intensive Care Unit of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi-Ghana, 2009–2016

Objective: To determine the trends in burn admissions, and aetiology, severity and mortality of patients admitted to the Burns Intensive Care Unit of the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital from May 2009 to April 2016 (7 years). Methods: Patients' data used in this longitudinal and retrospective study were accessed from the records of the Reconstructive Plastic Surgery and Burns Unit. Processed data were depicted in tables and figures as appropriate. Univariate and multivariate analysis and Pearson's rank correlation were used in comparing relevant groups. Data analysis was conducted using Excel version 2013 and SPSS version 17.0. Results: A total of 681 patients, with a male to female ratio of 1.1:1.0, were analysed. The average annual incidence was 97.28 with a progressive decline in incidence. Mortality rate was 24.2%. Majority of the patients were children less than 10 years (43.5%) with scalds as the main aetiology in this group. Open flame was the major aetiology of burns (49.9%). Majority of the patients spent less than 10 days on admission (67.1%). Mean total body surface area was 30.54%. There was correlation between TBSA and disposition, total body surface area and aetiology and number of days in the Burns Intensive Care Unit, total body surface area and aetiology, and aetiology and number of days in the Burns Intensive Care Unit. Conclusions: Children below 10 years were the main victims. There was a shift from scald to open flame burns in this current study. Mean total body surface area and mortality rate have increased. There is urgent need for prevention campaign of flame burn and first aid education on intensive burns.

Review of the initial treatment and avoidance of scald injuries

Scald injuries,which describe burns to living tissue from hot liquids,are a very common injury that occur across geographical,social,economic,and national boundaries.Despite their ubiquitous nature,a complete understanding of the conditions which are required to cause scald burns is not yet available.In addition,clear guidance to medical practitioners is available through various guidelines however in actual situations,the extent of the burn is not fully known and this lack of knowledge complicates care.Here,a comprehensive review is made of the available knowledge of temperatures and scald durations which lead to skin-burn injuries.The range of volumes and liquid temperatures are typical of those found in heated consumer beverages.This review can help medical practitioners design initial treatment protocols and can be used by manufacturers of hot-liquid products to avoid the most severe burns.Next,within the context of this ability to quantify burn depths,a review of current burn treatment guidelines is given.Included in this review is a visual recognition of the extent of burns into the dermal layer as well as decision guidelines for selection of patients which would benefit from referral to a dedicated burn center.It is hoped that by bringing together both the quantified burn-depth information and current treatment guidelines,this review can be used as a resource for persons in the medical,manufacturing,beverage service,and other industries to reduce the human impact of scald injuries.

N型和Q型钙离子通道在海马突触传递中的作用

Ｎ型和Ｑ型钙离子通道在海马突触传递中的作用Ｎ型钙通道和一种药理学特性独特的Ｑ型钙通道被鉴定为支持海马ＣＡ３区与ＣＡＩ区神经元间突触传递的主要钙通道类型，而Ｌ型和Ｐ型钙通道对上述突触传递几乎没有贡献。发现于小脑颗粒细胞的Ｑ型钙通道据认为是由。；。一亚基...

Effect of nonpeptide NK1 receptor antagonist L-703,606 on the edema formation in rats at early stage after deep partial-thickness skin scalding

Objective:To investigate the effect and the relevant potential mechanism of nonpeptide neurokinin 1(NK1) receptor antagonist L-703,606 in the edema formation after burn injury. Method:1.-703,606 treatment was performed in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats at early stage after deep partial-thickness skin scalding.One hundred and fifty two adult male SI) rats were used in the study and randomly divided into sham scald(SS,n=8),scald control(SC,n=48),and L-703,606 treatment(IT,n=48) groups.The rats in SC and LT groups were subjected to 20%total body surface area(TBSA) deep partial-thickness skin scalding.Modified Evans blue extravasation, tracing electron microscopy by lanthanum nitrate and mean water content assay were employed to observe and detect the changes of vascular permeability,ultrastructure and edema formation in adjacent tissue to the wounds and in the jejuna of rats at early stage(72 h) after scald.Results: The pathological increase of vascular permeability in the periwound tissue and jejunum of rats in LT group were significantly lower than that in SC group(P【0.01),and recuperated earlier. Meanwhile,the changes of water contents of corresponding tissues in LT group were lighter than those in SC group(P【0.01).The ultrastructural changes of the microvessels in the peri-wound tissue of LT group showed that the junctions between microvascular endothelium cells were more narrow than those of SC group,moreover,and the number of opening and the engorgement and cavitation of the vascular endothelium cells decreased,the areosis and edema in perivascular tissue lightened,and the precipitation of the high eletron density lanthanum tracing agent in the interspace of the tissue decreased significantly in LT group.Conclusions:It is concluded that nonpeptide NK1-receptor antagonist L-703,606 could lighten the vascular permeability and edema formation in the periwound tissue and jejunum,and accelerate the normalization process of pathological changes in the tissues of rats after scald.

Changes of Selenium Metabolism Glutathione Peroxidase Activity and Lipid Peroxides Content in Severely Scalding-injured Rats

The changes of sclenium metabolism, glutathione peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidescontent in the tissues of rats suffering from 30% TBSA full thickness scalding were observed in thefirst 7 days after injury. It was found that selenium content in the rat tissues decreased remarkably af-ter injury, which in turn resulted in serious reduction of glutathione peroxidasc activity and significantincrease of lipid peroxides in the scrum, crythrocytcs and liver. However the muscular tissue showedno significant changes. These facts imply that after burn injury, the body is in a state of selenium deficiency, the lossof selenium might be responsible for the reduction of anti - peroxidation ability of glutathioneperoxidase, and conscqucntly there is an increase of lipid peroxides in the tissues. Only the musculartissue is insensitive to lipid peroxidation. It is believed that the reduction of anti-peroxidation abilityof glutathione peroxidasc after bum injury might be one of the main causes to intensify, the injury re-suiting from free radicals.

Effects of insulin receptor tyrosine protein kinase on insulin resistance after scalding in rats

After the rats were inflicted with 30% TBSA full thickness scalding on their back, the changes of insulin receptor tyrosine protein kinase (IRTPK) were studied on the 4th day postscalding with the phosphorylation of exogenous substrates stimulated with hepatic and muscular plasma membrane in order to explore the possible molecular mechanism of insulin resistance after thermal injury. It was found that insulin resistance appeared in the early stage postscalding while the basic value of phosphorylation of exogenous substrates stimulated with hepatic and muscular plasma membrane was increased and the activity of IPTPK to insulin stimulation was greatly suppressed as compared with the control. These facts suggest that the impaired responses of IRTPK to insulin stimulation may affect the down-stream signal transmission of the insulin receptors and then the signal coupling pathwayfor glucose transmembranous transportation and glycogen synthesis mediated by IRTPK is obstructed and insulinresistance develops.

The role of interleukin-6 in protein degradation of skeletal musclesearly after severe scalding in mice

Objective:To observe the dynamic changes of interleukin--6(IL--6) and its effects on catabolism ofthe skeletal muscle protein in the early stage after scalding. Methods: After a model of Balb/C mice inflictedwith 18%-- 20% TBSA full--thickness skin scald on the back and one hindleg was established, the proteincatabolic rate (TNR) and the level of 11.M6 in soleus muscle and serum were determined and the effects of IL6 on TNR of normal mice and those of 11.--6 antiserurn on TNR of the scalded mice wee observed during thefirst week after scalding. Results: The level of IL--6 was significantly increased and maintained during thefirst three days. TNR of the scalded leg was elevated to the peak on the 3rd day and then decreased graduallywhile that of the unscalded leg was increased only on the 2nd day after scalding. TNR was significantlyincreased when IL--6 was injected to the normal mice and IL--6 antiserum could significantly inhibit the. increased TNR of the scalded mice when it was injected intraperitoneally. Conclusion: The increase of IL--6 isrelated with local inflammatory response in the early stage after scalding and the high level of IL--6 canincrease the catabolic rate of muscle protein.

Changes of the binding capacity of insulin receptors and activities of adenylate cyclase in hepatocytes after scalding in rats

In order to investigate the effects of transmembranous conduction of signals on insulin resistance after scalding,the changes of the binding capacity of insulin receptors in the cell membrane of hepatocytes and the activities of adenylate cyclase were observed in rats after they were inflicted with 30% TBSA full thickness scalding. It was found that the maximum binding capacity of insulin receptors was significantly decreased after scalding but the average affinity increased. The sensitivity of insulin inhibition on the activity of adenylate cyclase was significantly reduced but there was no apparent difference of the maximum inhibition activity. These findings suggest that the impairment of transmembranous conduction of insulin signals across the cell membrane of hepatocytes after scalding can result in abnormal metabolism of glucose and consequently insulin resistance.

The Quarantine Disease Sugarcane Leaf Scald Found in Xinping Sugarcane Area in Yunnan Province

[Objectives]This study was conducted to clarify the pathogens causing suspected sugarcane leaf scald symptoms in sugarcane plants found in the Xinping sugarcane area of Yunnan in 2019.[Methods]The XAF1/XAR1 specific primers of Xanthomonas albilineans were used to detect 8 suspected samples from Xinping County,Yunnan Province.[Results]The specific band 600 bp in size was detected.The sequencing results showed that the sequences detected were all 608 bp,and were 100%identical.The BLAST search results showed that the obtained sequence was 100%identical to the nucleotide sequence of X.albilineans GPE PC73 strain(GenBank accession number:FP565176)from France,and they were located in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree.According to the field symptom diagnosis and molecular identification results,the sugarcane disease in Xinping,Yunnan was confirmed to be the quarantine disease sugarcane leaf scald caused by X.allbilineasn.[Conclusions]The pathogens were identified by molecular biological identification methods,providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of leaf scald disease in the future.

Scald Burns in Children. An Analysis with Special Attention to the Roma Ethnic Group in East Slovakia

Objectives: A retrospective analysis of scald burns in children in a region with a significant prevalence of Roma ethnicity living in poor socioeconomic situation. Patients: During 3 year period 273 children were admitted to the Clinic of Burns and Reconstructive Surgery of our hospital;201 of them were with scald burns accounting for 73.6% of all pediatric burn admissions. More than half (58.7%) of the 201 children with scald burns were of Roma ethnicity. Results: The average BSAB of the children with scald burns was 10.8%;mean length of hospital stay 11.5 days. 58.7% of the children with scald burns was of Roma ethnicity. The non-scald admissions of children had a similar pattern but these children were older and with an even higher prevalence of Roma patients (75%), a slightly lower average BSAB (9.8%) and a significantly longer need of hospital treatment (average 15.7 days). Conclusion: The frequency of scald burn injuries in very young Roma children in our region is very high. Prevention of scald burns is possible only through targeted and well-organized education of this vulnerable population.

Liver Dysfunction in Sternness Burn Injury in Association to Age Estimate: A Conceivable Role of Antioxidant Biomarker and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha

Background: Burn injuries represent one of the greatest public health problems that induce significant patient morbidity and mortality. Scalds are the most common cause of burn injuries which is known to have long term grave consequences on general health. Aim: The current study was performed to identify the age of scald burn from histopathological changes and TNF-α immunoexpression. As well, study the probable relation between the scald age and the hepatic function impairment. Materials and Methods: A total number of 40 adult male albino rats were used in the study. Eight kept as control group I. Thirty-two rats were exposed to scald injury involving 20% of total body surface area (TBSA). Histopathological examination for the scald area, liver, and skin TNF-α immunohistochemistry was performed. Liver function tests and liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) were also determined. The study was carried out after 2, 7 days, 1 and 3 months of scald incidence. Results: Progressive histopathological changes and elevated liver enzymes were observed in the early scald ages while manifestations of healing and improvement in liver parameters, started to occur after 1 and 3 months of scald infliction in comparison with the other periods. There was a highly significant (P Conclusion: Overall, the results showed the ability to identify the age of scald injury using routine histopathological examination. Also, scald injury involving 20% of TBSA may cause long term impairment of hepatic function. Moreover, the proinflammatory results revealed that TNF-α may consider as mediators in the post-burn pathophysiological process. Furthermore, our results declare a significant correlation between MDA levels and the degree of burn complications, including shock and remote organ damage.

Measurement of β-1,3 Glucanase Activity in Permeabilized Discs of Leaves of Healthy and Scald-Diseased Plants

Leaf discs of five cultivars of sugarcane exhibiting different degree of susceptibility to leaf scald were used to measure β-1,3 glucanase activity before and after experimental infection with Xanthomonas albilineans. Leaf discs were permeabilized with iso-propanol to facilitate the uptake of the enzyme substrate by intact tissues and to improve the enzyme assay. Bacterial infection significantly enhances β-1,3 glucanase activity of sensitive cultivars whereas significantly decreased that of the resistant one. Low concentrations of salicylate increase the hydrolase activity whereas jasmonic acid do not act as an elicitor of the enzyme and β-1,3 glucanase, such as laminarin, significantly inhibits the production of β-1,3 glucanase. Thus, the enzyme must be considered as a sensitivity factor induced by the pathogen.

Experimental study on the relationship between traumatic stress and tumor growth,proliferation,and metastasis

Objective This study aimed to investigate the relationship between traumatic stress and tumor growth,proliferation,and metastasis.Methods A scalding method was used as an injurious factor to induce traumatic stress in Wistar rats.The rats were randomly divided into three groups—the control group,mild-scald group,and severe-scald group,with 14 rats in each group.Wistar rats were used to subculture the Walker-256 cell line for the generation of tumor ascites.Tumor cells from the ascites were cultured and used to establish a rat subcutaneous xenograft model.After 7 days,the mild-burn group and the severe-burn group were subjected burns to 10%and 15%of their backs,respectively.Blood was taken from the tail vein of rats at different times to detect changes in blood cortisol,IL-1β,and TNF-αlevels.Pathological specimens were collected 14 days later,and immunohistochemistry was performed to examine vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF),proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA),E-cadherin,and vimentin.Results Cortisol,IL-1βand TNF-αlevels were significantly higher in the scalding groups than in the control group.Tumor examination was performed after 14 days.The changes in tumor size showed that the tumor volume in the control group(0.593±0.195 cm3)and the mild-scald group(0.782±0.344 cm3)were not significantly different.However,the tumor volume was significantly larger in the severeburn group(1.806±0.838 cm3)than in the control and the mild-burn groups(P<0.05).Tumor tissue immunohistochemistry showed that the percentage of cells expressing PCNA in the control group,mildscald group,and severe-scald group was 57.1%,71.4%and 85.7%,respectively,and the differences among the groups were statistically significant.The number of VEGF-positive cells in the mild-and severescald groups was significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.05).The number of E-cadherinpositive cells in the tumor tissues was significantly lower in the severe-scald group than that in the control and mild-scald groups.Vimentin showed the opposite trend in the tumor tissue,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion Different degrees of a traumatic response in tissues caused by scalding can cause a corresponding stress response in the body.The release of inflammatory mediators;increase in VEGF,PCNA and vimentin in the tumor tissue;and decrease in E-cadherin lead to a change in tumor tissue growth and metastasis.Traumatic stress is associated with tumor growth,proliferation,and metastasis.

Effects of shenmai injection on expression of TNF-α mRNA in peritoneal macrophages of scald mice

Objective To explore the effect of shenmai injection (SI) on expression of TNF-α mRNA in peritoneal macrophages (pMΦs) of scald mice.Methods BALB/c mice were inflicted with 11% of body surface area Ⅲ degree scald and injected intraperitoneally (ip) with SI daily for 5 days, and expression of TNF-α mRNA in pMΦs was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR.Results In scald mice, the expression of TNF-α mRNA in pMΦs increased significantly, but it was reduced obviously (P<0.01) after SI administration, while the livability was increased markedly (P<0.05).Conclusions For scald mice, the cause of death at early stage might be related to the high expression of TNF-α mRNA in pMΦs and the use of SI can decrease the death rate.