Research Progress of Paederia scandens(Lour.)Merr in Modern Pharmacy

Paederia scandens(Lour.)Merr.is a traditional Chinese medicine,which mainly has the functions of analgesia,detoxification,anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsant.Modern studies show that the main chemical constituents of this plant are iridoids and volatile oil,which have biological activities such as analgesia,anti-inflammatory,hepatoprotection,renoprotection and antibacterial.This review highlights the chemical constituents and biological activities of P.scandens based on studies published in last decades and provides the references for the further development and utilization of this medicinal plant.

Antioxidant and antipyretic studies on Pothos scandens L

Objective:To investigate Pothos scandens for the in vitro antioxidant and antipyretic activity. Methods:Preliminary phylochemicals,total phenolics and flavonoid contents were analyzed in leaf,stem and root samples.In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by different assays such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） radical scavenging,2,2’-azinobis -3-ethylbenzolhiazoline-6-sulphonic acid（ABTS+） radical scavenging,ferric-reducing antioxidant power（FRAP） assay,phosphomolybdenum reduction assay,metal chelating activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity,hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide scavenging assay.The antipyretic activity of root methanol extract was studied by pyrexia induced by brewer’s yeast on Wistar albino rats at concentration of 200 and 400 mg/kg using paracetamol as standard drug.Results:The total phenolics and tannin content were found to be higher in elhanol extract of stem,whereas total flavonoid content was higher in acetone extract of root.The methanol extract of root showed highest free radical scavenging activity in assays namely ABTS assay（8 221.5μM TE/g extract）,FRAP assay[514.4 mM Fe（Ⅱ）/g extract],hydrogen peroxide （60.3%） and nitric oxide scavenging assays（58.7%）.The DPPH assay and superoxide radical assay results revealed that the ethanol extract of root has remarkable free radical scavenging capacity(IC50 0.284 mg/mL and 70.84%).The antipyretic studies on methanol extract of root showed significant reduction of temperature in pyrexia induced rats at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses. Conclusions:These findings justify that Pothos scan/km can be a valuable natural antioxidant and antipyretic source which seemed to provide potential nutraccuticals for human health.

A new iridoid glycoside from Paederia scandens

A new glycoside named 6β-O-β-D-glucosylpaederosidic acid(1) was isolated from Paederia scandens and its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence,together with four known iridoids,paederoside(2),paederosidic acid(3),paederosidic acid methyl ester(4),and deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester(5).Compound 5 was isolated from this plant for the first time.

Protective effect of Tetracera scandens L.leaf extract against CCl_4-induced acute liver injury in rats

Objective:To investigate the protective potential of ethanolic extracts of Tetracera scandens L.(T.scandens) against CCl_4 induced oxidative stress in liver tissues.Methods:Dried leaf powder of T.scandens was extracted with ethanol and concentrated to yield a dry residue.Rats were administered with 100 mg/kg of ethanolic extracts orally once daily for one week.Animals were subsequently administered with a single dose of CCl_4(I mL/kg body weight,intraperitoneal injection).Various assays,such as serum levels of alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,lipid peroxidation,protein oxidation(carbonyl protein group),tumor necrosis factor alpha,catalase,superoxide dismutase,and glutathione peroxidase,were used to assess damage caused by CCl_4 and the protective effects of the ethanol extract on liver tissues.Results:Hepatotoxicity induced by CCl_4 was evidenced by a significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase level,lipid peroxidation,protein carbonyl group,and tumor necrosis factor alpha,as well as decreased activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes(catalase.superoxide dismutase.and glutathione peroxidase).Treatment with ethanolic T.scandens extracts prevented all of these typically observed changes in CCl_4-treated rats.Conclusions:Our findings indicate that T.scandens has a significant protective effect against CCl_4 induced hepatotoxicity in rat.which may be due to its antioxidant properties.

Effect of Humulus scandens for Traditional Fiber Sources on Digestion,Diarrhea,and Performance of Growing Rabbits

This work was to determine which concentration of a mixture of fresh Humulus scandens （HS） and fresh alfalfa could be included in diets for rabbits. The fresh forage of three experimental diets is composed of 100% alfalfa, 50% alfalfa ＋ 50% HS, 100% HS, respectively. 30 rabbits [（1.42 ± 0.056） kg] were used to determine nutrient digestibility. A feeding trial was carried out using 90 weaning rabbits [35 d of age; （512±6.5） g]. Increasing content of HS in the diet did not affect digestibility of DM （dry matter）, CF （crude fiber）, CP （crude protein）, GE （gross energy）, and EE （ether extract）. But diarrhea decreased markedly （P〈0.01） compared with the diets that had no HS. ADF1 （average daily feed intake） increased by 4.3% （P 〈 0.05） and 3.6% （P 〈 0.05） when rabbits fed the diet with 100% HS of fresh forage compared with the diets containing 0 and 50% HS, respectively. Feed efficiency improved significantly （P 〈 0.05） by 2.07 and 5.30% when rabbits fed 0 and 50% HS of fresh forage, respectively, compared with 100% HS. There was no effect on ADG （average daily weight gain）. In conclusion, the mixture （50：50） of HS and alfalfa constitutes an alternative source of fiber for fattening rabbits and prevents diarrhea effectively.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of Melanthera scandens

Objective:To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of leaf extract of Melanthera scandens(M.scandens).Methods:The crude leaf extract(39-111 mg/kg)of M.scandens was investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using various experimental models.The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated using carragenin,egg-albumin induced oedema models,while acetic acid,formalin-induced paw licking and thermal-induced pain models were used to evaluate the antinociceptive property.Results:The extract caused a significant(P<0.05-0.001)dose-dependent reduction of inflammation and pains induced by different agents used.Conclusions:The leaf extract possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects which may be mediated through the phytochemical constituents of the plant.

Formulation and evaluation of herbal gel of Pothos scandens Linn

Objective:To formulate Pothos scandens Linn(P.scandens) leaf extract in to a gel and investigate their burn wound healing activity.Methods:Ethanolic extract of dried leaves of P. scandens were subjected to priliminery phytochemical evaluation and wound healing activities studies.Different gel formulations of ethanolic extract of P.scandens(4%w/v) were prepared using polymers carbopol 934 and carbopol 940 bv varying their concentration.These formulations were evaluated for physical parameters,drug content.pH,viscosity,extrudability.spreadability. primary skin irritation,pharmacological activity and stability.Results:Wound healing studies of ethanolic extract revealed that P.scandens treated animals were found to epithelise in 22 days while the solvent control and the untreated rats epithelise within 35 and 40 days respectively. The formulation with 1.5%w/w carbopol 934 was found to be more promising as it shows better physicochemical characteristics,higher pharmacological activity and stability compared to other formulations.Conclusions:P.scandens alcoholic extract shows significant improvement in burn wound contraction and hence this is a promising candidate in burn wound healing.

Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of ethanolic leaf extract and fractions of Melanthera scandens

Objective:To evaluate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemie activities of ethanolic leaf extract and Fraction of Melanthera scandens(M.scandens) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Methods:M.scandens leaf extract/fractions(37-111 mg/kg) were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 14 days and blood glucose levels(BGL) of the diabetic rats were monitored at intervals of 7 hours for acute study and 14 days lor prolonged study.Lipid profiles of the treated diabetic rats were determined after the period of treatment.Results:Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats with the extract/fractions caused a significant(P<0.001) reduction in lasting bloodglucose levels(BGL) ol the diabetic rats both in acute study and prolonged Irealnient(2weeks).The activities of the extract and fractions were more than that of the reference drug,glibenclamide.The extract/fractions exerted a significant reduction in the levels of serum total cholesterol,triglycerides,LDL and VLDL of extract with increases in HDL.levels of the diabetic rats.Conclusions:These results suggest that the leaf extract/fractions(AM.scandals possesses antidiabetic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats and this justifies its use in ethno medicine and can be exploited in the management of diabetes.

System Position and Divergent Time of Based on ITS Sequence <i>Humulus scandens</i>

This article mainly studied Humulus scandens’ ITS sequence, its system position and its divergent time. ITS is 624 bp with a GC percentage content of 57.21%. It only has the variation in 585 (C changes T), systematic position in Humulus lupulus (GenBank: EF136401) and Humulus scandens (GenBank: FJ980285), Humulus lupulus (GenBank: DQ005990), with Humulus scandens (GenBank: FJ980285), Humulus lupulus (GenBank: DQ005990) has the near sibship. Humulus in Moraceae family system position between Cudrania tricuspidata and Artocarpeae, support the Cannabiodeae promotion for Cannabinaceae. The divergent time of Humulus is 70.88 mya in Moraceae, Humulus scandens and Humulus lupulus (GenBank: EF136401) is 12.78 mya, with Humulus scandens (GenBank: FJ980285), Humulus lupulus (GenBank: DQ005990) is 1.10 mya. In the Moraceae branch’s molecular systematics research, the suitable choice is to choose Humulus scandens as Moraceae’s outgroup.

Effects of Different Drying Methods on Content of Paederosidic Acid in Paederia scandens

[Objectives]To establish a method to simultaneously determine the content of paederosidic acid in Paederia scandens dried by four different methods.[Methods]Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC)was adopted.The chromatographic column:Thermo SCIENTIFIC Hypersil GOLD Dim.(mm);mobile phase:acetonitrile-0.1%phosphoric acid aqueous solution;gradient elution;column temperature:30℃;flow rate:1 mL/min;detection wavelength:236 nm;injection volume:10μL.[Results]The linear range of the detection injection volume of paederosidic acid was 0.64-9.60μg(R=0.9992);the limit of quantity(LOQ)was 5.10 ng,and the limit of detection(LOD)was 1.36 ng;the RSD of the precision,stability and reproducibility test was all less than 3%;the sample recovery rate was 98.87%,RSD<3.00,n=6.The results show that the content of paederosidic acid in the shade-dried P.scandens is the highest,and the order of the content is P.scandens(dry in shade)>P.scandens(dried at 50℃)>P.scandens(dried at 60℃)>P.scandens(dried at 70℃).[Conclusions]This method is sensitive,reliable and reproducible,and can be used to simultaneously determine the content of paederosidic acid in P.scandens dried by four different methods.

Prevalence of sensitization to weed pollens of Humulus scandens,Artemisia vulgaris,and Ambrosia artemisiifolia in northern China

Objective:Weed pollens are common sources of allergens worldwide.The prevalence of weed pollen sensitization is not yet fully known in China.The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sensitization to weed allergens from Artemisia,Ambrosia,and Humulus in northern China.Methods:A total of 1144 subjects(aged from 5 to 68 years) visiting our clinic from June to October 2011 underwent intradermal testing using a panel of 25 allergen sources.Subjects with positive skin responses to any pollen were further tested for their serum concentrations of IgE antibodies against Artemisia vulgaris,Ambrosia artemisiifolia,and Humulus scandens,and against the purified allergens,Art v 1 and Amb a 1.Results:Of 1144 subjects,170 had positive intradermal reactions to pollen and 144 donated serum for IgE testing.The prevalence of positive intradermal responses to pollens of Artemisia sieversiana,Artemisia annua,A.artemisiifolia,and H.scandens was 11.0%,10.2%,3.7%,and 6.6%,respectively.Among the intradermal positive subjects,the prevalence of specific IgE antigens to A.vulgaris was 58.3%,to A.artemisiifolia 14.7%,and to H.scandens 41.0%.The prevalence of specific IgE antigens to the allergen Art v 1 was 46.9%,and to Amb a 1 was 11.2%.The correlation between the presence of IgE antibodies specific to A.vulgaris and to the Art v 1 antigen was very high.Subjects with A.artemisiifolia specific IgE also had A.vulgaris specific IgE,but with relatively high levels of A.vulgaris IgE antibodies.There were no correlations between the presence of IgE antibodies to H.scandens and A.vulgaris or to H.scandens and A.artemisiifolia.Conclusions:The intradermal prevalence of weed pollen sensitization among allergic subjects in northern China is about 13.5%.Correlations of specific IgE antibodies suggest that pollen allergens from Artemisia and Humulus are independent sources for primary sensitization.

UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis of iridoid glycosides and metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration of Paederia scandens extracts

A rapid and validated UPLC-MS method was developed for investigating the absorbed components of Paederia scandens(Lour.) Merrill(P.scandens) in rat plasma.The bioactive constituents in plasma samples from rats administrated orally with P.scandens extract were analyzed by Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS).Four prototype compounds were identified in rat serum as potential bioactive components of P.scandens by comparing their retention times and mass spectrometry data or by mass spectrometry analysis and retrieving the reference literatures.Glucuronidation after deglycosylation was the major metabolic pathway for the iridoid glycosides in P.scandens.These results showed that the methods had high sensitivity and resolution and were suitable for identifying the bioactive constituents in plasma after oral administration of P.scandens.providing helpful chemical information for further pharmacological and mechanistic researched on the P.scandens.

A new ursane-type triterpenoid saponin from the aerial parts of Clematoclethra scandens subsp. actinidioides

A new ursane-type triterpenoid saponin, 2a,3a,24-trihydroxyurs-12,20（30）-dien-28-oic acid fl-D-glucopyranosyl ester （1）, together with six known triterpenoid saponins, was isolated and characterized from the aerial parts of Clematoclethra scandens subsp. actinidioides.

Chemical Diversity Investigation of Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Qianliguang(Senecio scandens)and Related Species by UHPLC-QTOF-MS

Objective: Qianliguang(Senecio scandens) is a common Chinese medicinal herb. Qianliguang-containing herbal proprietary products are registered as over-the-counter remedies in China and exported to Western countries. The presence of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids(PAs)has raised concerns about the safety of using Qianliguang and its products. The present study aims at investigation of different types of PAs present in Qianliguang collected from representative locations in China.Methods: In this study, a simple but specific UHPLC-QTOF-MS method for the determination of toxic PAs was developed, based on the characteristic fragment ions specific to different types of PAs. It was successfully applied for the identification and distinguishing of PAs present in Qianliguang and related Senecio species growing in different locations of China.Results: Significant diversity of the PA types and quantities were revealed among the samples tested. The estimated total amounts of toxic PAs in three of the samples exceed the toxic limits of PA intake restricted by WHO, demonstrating the timely and highly demand for regulating both types and quantities of PAs present in Qianliguang.Conclusions: This study provides the methodology for simultaneous identification and quantification of PAs present in herbs without requiring corresponding standards, which could be further used for more systematic investigations of the PA distribution in Qianliguang and other PA-containing herbs.

Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of Floscopa scandens Lour

OBJECTIVE: To explore the total phenolic and flavonoid content, enzymatic, non-enzymatic antioxidant properties, anti-inflammation and anticancer activities of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Floscopa scandens(F. scandens).METHODS: Non-enzymatic antioxidant activity was examined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, nitric oxide scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, superoxide scavenging assay and metal chelating assay. Enzymatic antioxidant ability was screened for the antioxidant enzymes such as ascorbate oxidase, peroxidase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase. The anti-inflammatory property was proved with the inhibition of protein denaturation and protease inhibitory assays. In vitro anticancer activity was assessed by cell viability assay.RESULTS: Methanol extract contained high amount of phenols(198.41 mg catechol equivalent/gram extract) and flavonoids(101.70 mg quercetin equivalent/gram extract) showed higher activity than hexane and ethyl acetate extracts in all experiments. Fresh plant showed considerable enzymatic antioxidant activity.CONCLUSION: The results revealed that the methanol extracts of F. scandens could be used as a potential source of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer bioactive compounds.

Analysis of total proteins in pollen of Humulus scandens Lour in Wuhan Region of China by two-dimensional electrophoresis

Total proteins in the pollen of Humulus scandens Lour,one of the most popular aeroallergens in China,were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis in the current study.The proteins were extracted by Trichloracetic acid(TCA)method,and then separated by isoelectric focusing as the first dimension and SDS-PAGE as the second dimension.The spots of proteins were visualized by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue.After analysis with software(ImageMaster 2D),122 different proteins were detected;isoelectric point(pI),Molecular weight(MW)and relative volume of each protein in the pollen were also discovered.This is the first high-resolution,two-dimensional protein map of the pollen of Humulus scandens Lour in China.Our finding has built a solid foundation for identification,characteriza-tion,gene cloning and standardization of allergenic proteins in the pollen of Humulus scandens Lour for further studies.

粤东鸡矢藤挥发油的GC-MS及抑菌性分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取新鲜鸡矢藤[Paederia scandens(Lour.)Merr.]全草挥发油,采用GC-MS研究其化学成分,同时采用牛津杯法研究了挥发油的抑菌活性。结果表明,从鸡矢藤挥发油中初步鉴定了25种化学成分,包括(E)-3-己烯-1-醇(31.95%)、(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇(21.35%)、β-芳樟醇(16.66%)、n-正己醇(11.34%)、3-(Z)-己烯-1-(醇)乙酸酯(5.58%)、叶绿醇(1.49%)和2-茨醇(1.33%)等。鸡矢藤挥发油抑菌试验结果表明,鸡矢藤挥发油可抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、青霉、黑根霉菌等菌株的生长,但对大肠杆菌和黑曲霉生长的抑制作用不明显。

营养生长期葎草对干旱胁迫应对机理的性别差异分析

通过设置4个水分梯度,对营养生长期葎草[Humulus scandens(Lour.)Merr.]进行干旱胁迫处理后,测定其雌、雄单株总含水量及根、茎、叶的水分分配比例,分析雌、雄单株叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)、丙二醛(MDA)、叶绿素、可溶性糖、脯氨酸等物质含量的差异。结果表明,雄株的总含水量及根、茎、叶的含水量均显著低于雌株,雄株将更多水分分配到叶片以应对胁迫;干旱胁迫显著降低了根冠比,但性别间差异很小;在轻、中度干旱胁迫时,雄株的POD活性、MDA含量、叶绿素与可溶性糖含量均大于雌株,在重度干旱胁迫时雄株的MDA含量、叶绿素与可溶性糖含量小于雌株;雄株的游离脯氨酸含量在各水平干旱胁迫下均大于雌株。干旱胁迫强度对雌、雄株水分分配比例与生理生化指标均有显著影响。雄株对干旱胁迫较雌株更敏感,雌株的抗旱潜力较大。

紫金龙总生物碱超声波辅助提取工艺

采用酸性染料比色法测定紫金龙(Dactylicapnos scandens)总生物碱的含量,通过正交设计方法,以总生物碱提取率为评价指标,优化超声波辅助提取工艺。结果表明,超声波辅助提取总生物碱的影响因素大小顺序为乙醇体积分数>提取时间>料液比,用料液比为1∶9(m/V,g∶mL),90%(V/V,下同)的乙醇溶解,超声波辅助提取40 min为最佳提取工艺条件,此工艺条件下,总生物碱提取率为2.69%。

紫外分光光度法测定攀茎耳草中总黄酮含量

[目的]测定攀茎耳草总黄酮含量。[方法]以芦丁为对照品,用超声辅助提取法提取攀茎耳草中的总黄酮,再用紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮含量。[结果]在0.011～0.110 mg/ml范围内芦丁浓度与吸光度有良好的线性关系,回归方程为Y=18.015X+0.020,相关系数R2=0.999 4;攀茎耳草中总黄酮的相对百分含量为1.609%,精密度试验RSD为1.10%。[结论]该方法操作简便、结果可靠,能为攀茎耳草药用价值的开发及扩大资源利用提供科学的依据。