Mineral Particles Found on the Hairs of Holy Maria-Magdalena Studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Elemental Analysis

The presumed hairs of Holy Maria-Magdalena are studied here for mineral particles found on their surfaces, by the techniques of scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray. Exploration by these techniques of the hair surfaces allows us to observe and study some marble fragments that can originate from the walls of the sarcophagus in which Maria-Magdalena’s remains were kept. These new findings support the authenticity of the hair as traditionally reported in the French “tradition des Saints de Provence”.

Application of Electron Microscopic on the Sources of PM_(10) in the Atmosphere

[ Objective] The aim was to study the application of scanning electron microscopy（SEM） on the physical property and ideological distri- bution of partials. [ Method] By dint of scanning electron microscopy, the morphological property of each source and main elements were analyzed. Compared with morphological property of sampling point, the source of particles was determined. [ Result] The results were consistent with the analysis of CMB8.2 chemical mass balance receptor model. Taking the four detection stations in Longyan Normal Training College, Minxi Vocational ＆ Technical College, Longyan University, and Longyan Environment Monitoring Station as examples, the major air pollutants respectively were soil sand, dust of burning coal, second fugitive dust; soil sand, second fugitive dust, vehicle exhausts; second fugitive dust, soil; and second fugitive dust, vehicle exhausts, dust of burning coal. [ Conclusion] The study result had certain guiding significance to the analysis of sources of particles in the atmosphere and atmosphere environment treatment.

Measuring fine molecular structures with luminescence signal from an alternating current scanning tunneling microscope

In scanning tunneling microscopy-induced luminescence(STML),the photon count is measured to reflect single-molecule properties,e.g.,the first molecular excited state.The energy of the first excited state is typically shown by a rise of the photon count as a function of the bias voltage between the tip and the substrate.It remains a challenge to determine the precise rise position of the current due to possible experimental noise.In this work,we propose an alternating current version of STML to resolve the fine structures in the photon count measurement.The measured photon count and the current at the long-time limit show a sinusoidal oscillation.The zero-frequency component of the current shows knee points at the precise voltage as the fraction of the detuning between the molecular gap and the DC component of the bias voltage.We propose to measure the energy level with discontinuity of the first derivative of such a zero-frequency component.The current method will extend the application of STML in terms of measuring molecular properties.

Hematite, Biotite and Cinnabar on the Face of the Turin Shroud: Microscopy and SEM-EDX Analysis

The Turin Shroud, recently accessible for hands-on scientific research, is now extensively investigated. Its pinkish red blood stains that seem anomalous ones are studied by modern techniques (notably by resolute optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray). Exploration by these techniques of a blood stain located on the face permits us to discover some red-colour particles (hematite, biotite and cinnabar) of exogenous material in this stain. We finally characterize these red-colour particles and try to explain their presences in the blood stain. Globally, all these red-colour particles cannot explain all of the reddish appearance of the area under study.

一种测定煤储层水相赋存空间的新方法

提出一种基于扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析相结合的含气煤样水相空间分布特征测试方法,采用新方法开展沁南盆地高阶煤样品水相赋存特征试验。结果表明:测试结果与核磁共振试验结果吻合性较好,验证了新方法的可靠性;煤岩微孔(孔径小于2 nm)和介孔(孔径为2~5 nm)多为疏水性壁面,水相在毛管阻力作用力影响下难以进入孔径约20 nm以下的孔隙和裂隙中;与现有核磁共振试验等方法相比,新方法具有测试流程简便、成本低廉等优势。

ER8车轮钢多边形磨耗的滚动摩擦试验研究

用光镜和扫描电镜结合EDS分析和残余应力测试,研究在滚动干摩擦条件下ER8车轮钢多边形磨耗的表面磨损形貌以及磨损对表面残余应力的影响。结果表明:在有明显多边形磨耗的车轮试样上,波峰处磨损损伤形式以疲劳磨损为主,伴有磨粒磨损和粘着磨损,波谷处主要磨损损伤形式为疲劳磨损和粘着磨损。磨损表面粘着块的主要成分为氧化物,说明在车轮试样磨损表面有氧化磨损的发生,波谷处的氧化磨损程度大于波峰处。波峰波谷表面残余应力是压应力,且波峰位置的残余压应力略大于波谷位置的残余压应力。

微观尺度下磁铁矿石动态破碎特性与能耗

为探明微观尺度下矿石动态破碎机理及能耗规律,利用分离式霍普金森压杆对磁铁矿石开展冲击破碎试验,分析磁铁矿石的破碎能耗规律,结合扫描电镜技术揭示磁铁矿石的破碎机理。结果表明:在冲击载荷作用下,随入射能增加,磁铁矿石单位体积破碎能耗和平均应变率相应增大。单位体积破碎能耗具有较强的应变率相关性,随平均应变率的增大而增大。随入射幅值增大,磁铁矿石破碎程度由与原试件等高的碎块变为柱状或针状,且碎块粒径在不断减小,最后出现粉末状,阶梯状破碎与波浪状破碎形貌也随之增加,期间出现磁铁矿石出露现象。随入射能增大,磁铁矿石内部沿晶裂隙及穿晶裂隙不断增多,内部裂隙也随之逐渐发生扩展及发育,裂隙长度由短且细转换为长而宽,由裂隙状态转换为宽裂纹状态,最后完全贯通至破裂状态。在入射能为71.44 J时产生穿晶裂隙,沿晶裂隙数量大于穿晶裂隙数量。研究成果有助于矿山在破碎工艺中提高能量的利用率,对于解决目前矿山破碎能耗高的问题有一定的理论意义。

扫描电镜/能谱法对粉底液的检测分类研究

为建立一种将扫描电镜/能谱法与多元统计学结合检测粉底液物证的方法。对收集到的50个粉底液样本进行前处理,利用扫描电镜/能谱仪对样本进行分析测试,将50个样本大致分成2大类;结合K-Means聚类对实验数据进行处理,将2大类样本细化分为4类;最后利用随机森林算法搭建分类模型,40个样本作为训练集,10个样本作为测试集,测试集的预测正确率达到86.6%,预测效果良好,可实现样本分类自动化。此方法操作简单,可实现无损检材、分类效果良好,可直接用于公安机关侦查破案,在法庭科学领域有广阔的应用前景。

不同粒径的高能燃烧剂的能量分析

制备9组不同粒径组合的铝粉和硼粉高能燃烧剂,利用红外热成像、水下爆炸、爆速测量与扫描电镜实验等方法,探究了粒径差异对高能燃烧剂能量特性的影响。结果表明:铝粉粒径1μm与硼粉粒径500 nm组合时,燃烧峰值温度最高,达到1310.9℃。在该粒径组合下,水下爆炸的峰值压力亦达到最大,为0.476 MPa。此外,该粒径组合还实现了最高爆速,为431 m/s。电镜扫描发现,由1μm铝粉、500 nm硼粉与硝酸钾制成的高能燃烧剂经过超声震荡后整体分散比较均匀,但存在些许团聚现象。研究结果有助于优化高能燃烧剂的配方设计。

Characterization of deformation transition in the rolled LZ91 magnesium alloy under tensile loading

In this study,the mechanical behavior of crystal group of hexagonal close-packed(hcp;αphase)and body-centered cubic(bcc;βphase)during tensile loading was investigated to elucidate the mechanism from elastic to plastic deformation transition of the rolled LZ91 Mg alloy using transmission-X-ray diffraction(transmission-XRD)measurement,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).The approximate proof stress of the LZ91 Mg alloy sample was found that the lattice strain retained the expanded state from 0.6%nominal strain,and the transmission-XRD measurement characterized the crystalline behavior during the transition by the integrated intensity of crystal group hcp(100).The lattice strain of bcc(110)decreased from the 0.6%nominal strain due to dislocation activity,which occurred nearβ/βgrain boundary.In addition,we performed the analyses of electron energy loss spectroscopy(EELS)modes,the Li-K peak disappeared from the segregated Li regions of 10–60 nm nearβ/βgrain boundary at the nominal strain of 0.8%.Understanding this mechanical behavior during the elastic to plastic deformation transition by transmission-XRD is crucial for the development of Mg-Li alloys.

Significance of including lid thickness and particle shape factor in numerical modeling for prediction of particle trap efficiency of invert trap

Sediment accumulation on the bed of open sewers and drains reduces hydraulic efficiency and can cause localized flooding.Slotted invert traps installed underneath the bed of open sewers and drains can eliminate sediment build-up by catching sediment load.Previous three-dimensional(3D)computational studies have examined the particle trapping performance of invert traps of different shapes and depths under varied sediment and flow conditions,considering particles as spheres.For two-dimensional and 3D numerical modeling,researchers assumed the lid geometry to be a thin line and a plane,respectively.In this 3D numerical study,the particle trapping efficiency of a slotted irregular hexagonal invert trap fitted at the flume bottom was examined by incorporating the particle shape factor of non-spherical sewage solid particles and the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids over the trap in the discrete phase model of the ANSYS Fluent 2020 R1 software.The volume of fluid(VOF)and the realizable k-turbulence models were used to predict the velocity field.The two-dimensional particle image velocimetry(PIV)was used to measure the velocity field inside the invert trap.The results showed that the thicknesses of upstream and downstream lids affected the velocity field and turbulent kinetic energy at all flow depths.The joint impact of the particle shape factor and lid thickness on the trap efficiency was significant.When both the lid thickness and particle shape factor were considered in the numerical modeling,trap efficiencies were underestimated,with relative errors of-8.66%to-0.65%in comparison to the experimental values of Mohsin and Kaushal(2017).They were also lower than the values predicted by Mohsin and Kaushal(2017),which showed an overall overestimation with errors of-2.3%to 17.4%.

石灰粉煤灰固化硫酸盐渍土的水稳定性与微观结构特征

高含盐量硫酸盐渍土的抗压强度低、水稳定性非常差,不能直接用于道路工程建设,应采用石灰和粉煤灰对其固化。为解决超硫酸盐渍土的工程应用问题,选择石灰掺量6%、8%、10%、12%、14%与石灰︰粉煤灰1︰1、1︰1.5、1︰2、1︰2.5、1︰3的固化方案,开展未浸水与浸水固化土的抗压试验,评价石灰和粉煤灰掺量对固化土水稳定性的影响;通过扫描电镜观察与能谱测试,分析石灰和粉煤灰掺量对硫酸盐渍土微观形貌的影响;计算微观结构指标,辅助分析石灰和粉煤灰对硫酸盐渍土的固化机理。试验结果显示:(1)在硫酸盐渍土中掺入适量的石灰和粉煤灰,固化土的抗压强度与水稳定性明显提高。随石灰粉煤灰掺量的增加,固化土的强度呈先增长后降低趋势。(2)石灰和粉煤灰化学反应产生了凝胶物质与针棒状物质,填充土的孔隙,增强土颗粒间的胶结力,提高了硫酸盐渍土的抗压强度与水稳定性。(3)采用8%石灰+24%粉煤灰配合比,固化土的抗压强度最高且水稳定性最好。8%石灰+24%粉煤灰固化土的颗粒胶结更紧密,土团粒粒径较大,土团粒形状更趋向于扁圆状,土的结构更稳定。研究结果表明,8%石灰+24%粉煤灰配合比可为超硫酸盐渍土改性与固化的工程利用提供参考。

35CrMoA螺栓失效分析和改进措施

汽轮机运行时,转子上连接联轴器的高强度螺栓如果发生断裂,轻则需要停机维修,重则造成较大事故。为了找出某汽轮机35CrMoA钢制螺栓断裂失效的原因,对失效件的宏观断口形貌进行了观察,并采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪、硬度计设备等对失效件的微观断口形貌、显微组织、硬度和化学成分等进行了理化试验和分析,结果表明早期淬火裂纹导致了该螺栓发生沿晶脆性断裂。杆部转接处在冷镦变形过程中形成了非正常组织,硬度为430~500 HV,远高于标准硬度,其经过淬火后扩展成淬火裂纹,最终导致螺栓断裂。提出了改进冷镦工艺并增加冷镦后的热处理的建议。研究成果可为冷镦工序后硬度异常问题的处理提供参考。

某燃气锅炉过热器管失效分析及预防措施

针对某100 t/h燃气蒸汽锅炉在安装调试运行阶段低温过热器管泄漏事故,通过采用渗透检测、力学性能试验、金相分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析等检测方法,对该锅炉低温过热器管泄漏原因进行了试验分析,提出了该类型锅炉在制造或安装阶段质量控制的优化方案,对同类型锅炉制造和安装质量控制及检验检测提供了一定的参考依据。

粉煤灰表面形貌和组成的电子显微镜/能量色散谱、聚焦离子束分析

用超级场发射电子显微镜 (FE SEM) ,扫描电子显微镜 /能量色散谱 (SEM/EDS)和聚焦离子束测试仪(FIB)等 ,对粉煤灰进行了表面形貌和元素组成分析。FIB显示粉煤灰大多为 0 .3～ 0 .5 μm的球状微粒 ;FE SEM则显示约有 88%的粉煤灰为 0 .3～1 μm的球状微粒 ,表面凹凸不平 ,主要为铝、硅、铁等元素的氧化物 ,其中铝、硅、铁和氧的质量分数分别为 2 0 .5 %、2 3 .6%、1 .4%和 5 0 .9%。

复合绝缘子粉化伞裙的微观结构与憎水性的关联研究

为研究粉化硅橡胶伞裙的憎水性与其微观结构的关系,针对现场取回的3支粉化的110kV复合绝缘子,通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、能谱分析等方法开展研究。首先,利用静态接触角和喷水分级法测试样本的憎水性,粉化层表面的憎水性相比新样本略有下降,去掉表面的粉化层后,其憎水性明显下降。然后,通过红外光谱测试发现样本的主链和侧链基团(Si-O和Si-CH_3)发生了断裂,侧链甲基含量减少;扫描电镜发现去粉化层后硅橡胶表面存在大量微孔和裂纹,因而导致去粉化层后的硅橡胶伞裙表面憎水性明显降低。最后,通过能谱分析发现,粉化层中的硅含量明显高于去粉化层后硅橡胶表面和材料内部值,同时粉化层表面的粗糙度增加,说明粗糙度和硅氧烷小分子的迁移同时导致粉化层表面的憎水性优于去掉粉化层后的表面。研究结果表明,粉化与硅橡胶伞裙的憎水性关联密切,但仍需深入研究粉化复合绝缘子的运行可靠性和使用寿命。

碳酸盐岩残积红粘土微观结构的扫描电镜研究

根据大量的扫描电镜照片和辅助的X射线能谱分析资料,对残积红粘土微观结构进行了分类研究,指出前人研究不足之处是没有充分考虑土的形成条件、形成环境、土的成因以及组成矿物成分和形态。经研究认为,残积红粘土具有叠片状、絮凝状、粒斑状、斑状、斑块状、球粒状等结构,这些结构与组成红粘土的矿物形态及其成因密切相关。

钙螯合羊骨胶原多肽的制备及表征分析

为制备肽钙螯合物并探明肽钙螯合机理,对羊骨胶原多肽与CaCl2的螯合工艺进行优化并对肽钙螯合物进行表征分析。采用Box-Behnken中心组合设计及响应面分析法,确定了最佳螯合参数:肽钙质量比2∶1,pH值7.66,53℃螯合50 min,螯合率达67.24%。红外光谱、电镜分析及能谱扫描结果表明胶原多肽与Ca2+分别在多肽内部的C=O处及肽链末端的-NH2和-COOH处发生螯合,形成了铵盐和羧酸盐;多肽与Ca2+螯合后由疏松的片状结构变成了致密的小颗粒聚集体结构。红外光谱及能谱扫描同时也证实所制备的胶原多肽中有部分钙螯合肽的存在,说明酶解可使钙由羟基磷灰石形式转变为可溶性离子钙。研究结果可为新型钙制剂生产及畜骨的高值利用提供了参考。

人体胆结石难溶物的扫描电镜观察和红外光谱研究

用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和扫描电镜研究了胆色素型和混合型胆结石经氯仿、乙醇、乙醚、盐酸等溶剂溶解剩余物的主要组分和微观结构。结果表明 ,胆红素盐、蛋白质、脂肪酸盐、磷酸盐、碳酸钙等为难溶物 ;棕色色素型胆石中的蛋白质的二级结构以α 螺旋为主。扫描电镜观察显示 ,在色素型和混合型胆石难溶物中都出现了可能为蛋白质的薄膜带状物 。

钒渣物相结构及钙化焙烧相变对钒转化率的影响因素探讨

运用马弗炉焙烧钒渣得到不同温度阶段的熟料,采用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、电子探针以及能谱仪等对钒渣物相结构、形貌以及焙烧过程中物相组成变化规律等进行详细分析。通过偏光显微镜观察得出钒渣主要由钒尖晶石、金属铁、硅酸盐及钛铁矿等物相组成;通过能谱成分分析得出钒尖晶石为主要含钒物相;通过扫描电镜和电子探针观察钒渣焙烧过程形貌变化,得出钒尖晶石最终氧化分解形成铁板钛矿、氧化铁以及钒酸钙相,认为钒渣物相结构(钒尖晶石晶粒大小、硅酸盐粘结相分布和分散金属铁量的多少)、熟料中钒的存在形式、钒酸钙相的生成含量以及高熔点硅酸盐的形成等都可能会影响钒的转化率高低。