基于SEM的土体微观结构三维分析与分维计算方法

土体微观结构研究很早就建立了三维空间的分形模型,但分形维数计算所需参数很难由常规土工试验得到,限制了分形理论在土体研究中的应用。基于陕西定边与甘肃兰州原状土样的扫描电镜(SEM)试验,提出了三维化处理与三角形网格原理联合方法,可以得到土体颗粒(孔隙)不同测量尺度对应的表面积与体积计算值,由此实现分形维数的计算,并通过分形理论在土水特征中的应用验证了方法的有效性与可靠性。另外,三维化处理还可获取视孔隙率、比面等土体微观结构参数,可以作为土体微观结构定量分析研究的新途径。

小尺寸纳米颗粒的SEM高分辨成像模式探究——以Ni_(2)P为例

相比透射电子显微镜(TEM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM)具有批量进样、成本低、三维成像的优势,但小尺寸纳米颗粒在进行SEM成像时存在容易积碳、分辨率不足、形貌结构信息弱等技术难题。文章以超小空心(34.4 nm)、实心(13.3 nm)Ni_(2)P纳米颗粒为例,重点探究了如何通过调控工作模式、工作距离、加速电压、束流等参数获得分辨率高、形貌结构清晰的SEM图像。研究表明,高分辨模式下T2和超高分辨模式下T3探头所成二次电子(SE)像的分辨率明显优于标准模式下ETD探头的,且SE像表面形貌信息多、立体感较好。其中由于T3探头位置最高且仅收集高位二次电子信号,这部分二次电子信号进入透镜的角度准直且能量较低。因此超高分辨模式-T3探头所成SE像分辨率和信噪比最高、形貌衬度良好,但几乎观察不到颗粒内部结构。而高分辨和超高分辨模式下T1(背散射信号)探头所成BSE像成分衬度好,虽景深较小但最有利于观察空心结构。同时探究发现工作距离太小,所得SE像分辨率好但景深差,工作距离太大,SE像分辨率稍弱但景深较好。结合图像质量测量结果,对于文中的Ni_(2)P纳米颗粒,选择适中的工作距离(~8 mm)可获得质量较高的SE像。提升加速电压可有效提高图像分辨率(空心Ni_(2)P在30 kV下可达2.3 nm)。信噪比会随束流的增大而增强,其过大会导致颗粒边缘模糊,选择适中的束流(~0.2 nA)成像效果较好。以上研究结果对小尺寸及中空结构纳米颗粒的SEM成像选择具有一定的借鉴作用。

Evolution of pore systems in low-maturity oil shales during thermal upgrading--Quantified by dynamic SEM and machine learning

In-situ upgrading by heating is feasible for low-maturity shale oil,where the pore space dynamically evolves.We characterize this response for a heated substrate concurrently imaged by SEM.We systematically follow the evolution of pore quantity,size(length,width and cross-sectional area),orientation,shape(aspect ratio,roundness and solidity)and their anisotropy—interpreted by machine learning.Results indicate that heating generates new pores in both organic matter and inorganic minerals.However,the newly formed pores are smaller than the original pores and thus reduce average lengths and widths of the bedding-parallel pore system.Conversely,the average pore lengths and widths are increased in the bedding-perpendicular direction.Besides,heating increases the cross-sectional area of pores in low-maturity oil shales,where this growth tendency fluctuates at<300℃ but becomes steady at>300℃.In addition,the orientation and shape of the newly-formed heating-induced pores follow the habit of the original pores and follow the initial probability distributions of pore orientation and shape.Herein,limited anisotropy is detected in pore direction and shape,indicating similar modes of evolution both bedding-parallel and bedding-normal.We propose a straightforward but robust model to describe evolution of pore system in low-maturity oil shales during heating.

Observation for Leaf Epidermal Characteristics of Four Different Pomegranate Cultivars under Scanning Electron Microscope

[Objective] The research aimed to provide reference for classification of pomegranate cultivars and studies of genetic relationship among pomegranate cultivars.[Method] The electron microscope scanning was used to comparatively observe leaf epidermal structures of 4 pomegranate cultivars.[Result] The upper epidermal structures of 4 pomegranate cultivars were similar and showed reticular structure .However, the differences existed in lower epidermis,such as cell shape,cell size and arrangement mode of cell as well as stomatal density,while the structures of leaf vein in lower epidermis of 4 pomegranate cultivars were similar.[Conclusion] The research provided morphological references for studying heterosis of pomegranate to some extent.

Obsevation for Epidermal Ultrastructure of Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing under Scanning Electron Microscope

[Objective]The experiment aimed to explore a new way for observing surface structure of Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing. [Method] The scanning electron microscope was used to observe the epidermal ultrastructure of wild and cultured Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing. [ Result] The epidermis of wild and cultured Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing showed mixture structure of fibril colloid which was reticular arranged. The difference between wild and cultured Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing was that the outer epidermis of cultured Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing had trichome distribution but the wild Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing did not has such distribution. The obsevation results of under smaller than 10 μm by scanning electron microscope was touched thick and showed many folds and distortions. [ Conclusion] The scanning electron microscope was an effective way to study development of Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing colony and it was worth popularizing.

Observation of Helicotylenchus digonicus by Scanning Electron Microscope

[ Objective] The paper was to observe Helicotylenchus digonicus by scanning electron microscope （SEM）. [ Method ] H. digonicus collected from Changxing of Zhejiang Province was observed under scanning electron microscope, and its morphological structure was confmned under optical microscope. [ Resuit]The nematode specimens fixed by glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and prepared by critical point drying were unmodified and unshrinkable with clear mor- phological structure, which could be scanned very well by scanning electron microscope. [ Conclusion ] The study provided reference for study and control of H. digonicus.

致密砂岩碳酸盐矿物SEM-CL和EPMA矿物学表征及其成岩意义——以川西坳陷须家河组为例

扫描电镜—阴极发光(SEM-CL)可通过同时分析矿物的微观结构和阴极发光特性来反映成岩机制及流体来源,但碳酸盐矿物在SEM-CL下的发光特性及其影响因素尚不明确。应用光学显微镜阴极发光(OM-CL)、电子探针(EPMA)和SEM-CL等技术手段,以川西坳陷须家河组致密砂岩中碳酸盐矿物为研究对象,分析碳酸盐矿物在OM-CL和SEM-CL下发光特性的差异,评估影响碳酸盐矿物SEM-CL发光特性的因素,探讨砂岩中方解石胶结物的成岩意义。结果表明,相比OM-CL,SEM-CL在区分碳酸盐岩屑和碳酸盐胶结物方面具有更高的灵敏度。当Mn/Fe值低于0.1或Mn/Fe值介于0.1~0.5且Fe含量低于0.1%时,碳酸盐矿物具有中低强度的SEM-CL发光强度;当Mn/Fe值高于0.5且Fe含量高于0.1%时,碳酸盐矿物在SEM-CL照射下几乎不发光。Mn/Fe值和Fe含量是影响SEM-CL照射下碳酸盐矿物发光强度的主要因素。阴极发光分析和EPMA元素组成面扫描分析表明,方解石胶结物的元素分布是均质的,形成于同一成岩世代,晚于长石等矿物的溶解。岩屑砂岩和岩屑石英砂岩的方解石胶结物具有相同的来源,表现为高Mn/Fe特征;钙屑砂岩的方解石胶结物具低Mn高Fe特征,成分组成与白云石岩屑相似,推测流体可能受到白云石岩屑溶解的影响。

Chalkiness Characters and Scanning Electron Microscope Observation of Rice Grain Endosperm of Japonica Varieties in Southern Henan

Chalkiness characters affect not only the grain appearance,milling,eating and cooking qualities but also the grain nutritional quality in rice,thus it is one of the most important traits in rice. It is very important for us to investigate the relation of the chalkiness formation and the development of endosperm structure and starch granule of different rice varieties. Here,we have investigated the chalkiness characters such as chalkiness rate,chalkiness degree and chalkiness area in 15 japonica rice varieties from southern Henan. Furthermore,the endosperm structure and starch granules of rice grain were also observed with scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the 15 japonica varieties have a significantly linear relationship between the chalkiness rate and chalkiness degree. Among the varieties,the biggest difference is the chalkiness rate,the second is the chalkiness area,and the last is the chalkiness degree. Moreover,there is a certain correlation between the distribution of starch granules,the arrangement of endosperm cells and the occurrence of grain chalkiness in the different rice varieties. For the same variety,the starch granules of chalky and non-chalky grains have obvious difference,while the starch granules from the transparent part of chalky rice and non-chalky rice do not have significant difference. The results would provide useful references for the improvement of grain quality in rice.

Retrieving analog images from a scanning electron microscopewith a synchronous data acquisition method

In this work,an old scanning electron microscope(SEM)is refurbished to enhance its image processing capability.How to digitally sample and process an analog image is also presented.An NI PCI-6259 multiple input/output data acquisition(DAQ)board is used to acquire signals originally being sent to an analog display,and then convert the signals into a digital image.Two output channels are used for raster scan of the horizontal and verticle axes of the image buffer,while one input channel is used to read the brightness signals at various coordinate points.Synchronous method is used to maximize the DAQ speed.Finally,the digitally buffered images are read out to display and saved in a hard drive.The hardware and software designs of this work are explained in great detail,which can serve as a very good example for fast synchronous DAQ,advanced virtual instrument design and structural driver programming with LabVIEW.

Electronic Scanning of Uterine Endometrium in Postpartum Cow

Two postpartum cows were used to study the ultrastructural changes of uterine endometrium by using scanning electron microscope.The results showed that the process of repair of uterine endometrium after calving was demonstrated by scanning electron microscope through a series of endometrium biopsy.Some part of the endometrium was damaged after calving and its adjacent endometrium cells became necrosis and exfoliated during the first 7 days post-partum;the cilium and microvillus of the epithelial cell in the undamaged area of the endometrium disappeared.By 26 days postpartum the damaged area reduced and the cilium and microvillus increased in their numbers.The damaged tissues were all repaired by day 60 postpartum.

Ultrastructural Analysis of the Ontogenetic Development of Shoot Induced from Embryonic Axes of Costa Rican Bean Varieties (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>L.) under <i>in Vitro</i>Conditions by Scanning Electronic Microscopy

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an economic important crop and one of the major grain legumes for human consumption in Latin America, Africa and Asia. A morphological study of shoot induced from embryonic axes development in four Costa Rican bean varieties (Brunca, Huetar, Guaymi and Bribri) cultivated on MS media with or without 5 mg·L–1 de N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was developed in the present work. Micrographs showed similarities and differences in the ultrastructure of the apical dome, epidermal surface, stomata and different types of trichomes in the varieties cultivated on organogenesis media. Genotypes with advantageous morphological characteristics for genetic transformation, in particular an exposed apical dome, were identified. This work will contribute to the optimization of the in vitro regeneration of four common bean varieties.

Gill surface architecture of mullet, Mugil soiuy (Basilewsky) : A scanning electron microscope study

Specimens of Mugil soiuy were collected from the coastal waters of Bohai Sea in Tianjin. The gillfilaments were cut with fine scissors and soaked for 24h in a fixative consisting of 2.5% glutaralde-hyde in 0.1 mol lphosporic acid buffer. After three washes in a buffer solution the tissue was fixedin a mixture of 1% osmium tetraoxide at 4℃ for 1h. The tissue was dehydrated in graded ethandethanols and dried. The tissue was examined and photographed with an SEM at an accelerating voltage

Adverse Effects of Permanent Waving and Hair Relaxation—Assessment by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

Permanent waving is very popular in Japan. Polypeptide chains (main chains) form the principal components of hair, and they are lined up longitudinally. Hair relaxation is also called straight permanent waving, and there are methods that change curly or wavy hair into straight hair. Hair damage as a result of winding, combing, and using high-temperature hairdressing irons is also often seen. By using scanning electron micrographs (SEM) we showed broken hairs and hair damage caused by permanent wave solutions. The hair damage is obvious when comparisons are made with the condition of the hair surface, condition of the cuticle, etc. Hair swelling by permanent wave solutions, manipulations such as winding, etc., inadequate rinsing with water, procedures on injured hair at the outset, etc., are considered possible reasons for any of these types of injury.

基于带电粒子追踪与蒙特卡洛方法的低真空SEM电子探测器仿真分析

低真空扫描电子显微镜对含水、含气以及不导电样品等的表征方面有着重要应用。国仪量子公司团队基于电子轨迹追踪模拟和粒子碰撞蒙特卡洛模拟,对低真空信号探测器的工作过程进行仿真和实测,分析了探测器在不同位置和气压大小对收集效率的影响。根据模型所预测的探测电流的大致范围同实测探测电流较为一致。同时仿真分析的结果表明,空间中不同区域的放电强度有较大区别,局部区域的雪崩倍增剧烈程度与该区域的电场强度成正相关。这对探测器的形状和位置布局设计具有显著的指导意义。

基于FIB-SEM和TEM的催化裂化催化剂元素分布研究

为了研究催化裂化(FCC)催化剂的失活机理,利用聚集离子束扫描电镜(FIB-SEM)制作透射电镜样品;采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线荧光光谱、X射线能谱等手段,对FCC催化剂单个颗粒及其FIB切片的元素分布进行表征。结果发现:与新鲜剂相比,催化裂化过程中FCC平衡剂上沉积了Fe,Ni,V,Ca,P等元素;随着杂质元素沉积量的增加,催化剂的骨架密度逐渐增大;随着骨架密度增大,催化剂Fe,Ni,Ca含量提高,而其硅铝比、P含量、比表面积降低;Fe,Ni,P元素主要分布在催化剂颗粒外表面,V元素在催化剂内部和外部分布比较均匀。

中国南方高成熟泥页岩有机质微观特征研究

页岩有机质孔隙对页岩气勘探开发有着重要的指示作用,对页岩气生成及运移机理的认知有着重要意义,是研究人员关注的焦点问题。本文采用自然断面制样方法,利用扫描电镜对中国南方高成熟泥页岩进行观察研究发现,有机质主要以三种形态存在于页岩中,一种是细微的颗粒状,微粒尺寸约10~100 nm,与周围矿物界限不明显;一种是呈块状,尺寸多超过10μm,断口表面光滑;一种是部分保留生物形态的有机质,从数量而言以前两种为主。结合有机质成因及特征,作者对其进行分类:第一种为干酪根,第二种为沥青,第三种为生物碎屑。干酪根和沥青中都可能生成孔隙,干酪根内孔隙尺寸较小,形态不规则,沥青中的孔隙尺寸较大,呈气泡状,孔壁较圆滑。因为在泥页岩中干酪根占比比固体沥青多,而且高成熟度的页岩中干酪根中普遍发育孔隙,沥青中较少发育孔隙,所以干酪根孔隙是有机质孔隙的主体。

成熟麝香、白香及麝鼠香的扫描电镜观察研究

通过光学显微镜观察与电镜扫描对比分析成熟麝香、白香和麝鼠香3种样品之间的差异,并对林麝香囊皮肤进行了观测,旨在探究麝香的生理分泌机理.结果表明:成熟麝香主要由10~200μm不规则云状团块组成,在团块上附着或者周围散布着较为模糊的星云状物质.白香的均一性较好,光镜下显示为高密度星云状,电镜下呈现为葡萄状样颗粒簇,单一颗粒直径约为0.2μm,夹杂少许椭球形细胞结构和干酪样不规则团块.麝鼠香视野在电镜下较为模糊,但也呈现为葡萄状样颗粒簇,单一颗粒大小为0.5~2μm.林麝香囊颈部皮肤存在多个约2 mm^(2)的排泄小孔,直径约100μm.香囊内壁皮肤也观测到少许20~100μm的排泄小孔.

不均匀卵石持力层桩端后注浆效果试验研究

我国东南沿海尤其是温州地区广泛存在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的地层。该区域的钻孔灌注桩常采用后注浆技术改善其承载性能。为了评价后注浆技术对这类地层中灌注桩承载力改善效果,开展了相应的模型试验,对比了不同注浆量对桩承载力的影响程度;并结合扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)试验分析了浆液分布特点,探讨了浆液在卵石层中的扩散范围,研究了浆液扩散范围与桩承载力之间的关系。结果表明:浆液能够有效地填充桩端卵石层,注浆量的增加使得填充范围扩大,填充范围为3~4倍桩径时,桩的承载力改善最显著。在不均匀卵石持力层中存在一个最优注浆量,最优归一化注浆量约为2.8,若超过该最优注浆量归一化值,桩的承载力不再显著提高。单桩模型试验确定的最优注浆量与刘金砺公式[1]的预测结果接近。扫描电镜技术有助于评价桩的后注浆技术在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的土层中的效果。

新疆15种猪毛菜属植物花粉扫描电镜图像数据集

本研究对2007年盛花末期在新疆北部地区采集的粗枝猪毛菜(Salsola subcrassa)、东方猪毛菜(S. orientalis)、短柱猪毛菜(S. lanata)等15种猪毛菜进行花果对照鉴定分类,然后用LEO-1430VP型扫描电子显微镜对这些花粉进行多角度拍摄、观察分析,最大放大倍率20000倍,图像分辨率达1023×766像素,共收录84张图像。数据集中的猪毛菜由藜科植物分类学专家二次鉴定,并由专业人员操作扫描电镜观察花粉性状。读者可以根据猪毛菜种名在本数据集中查阅相应的花粉扫描电镜图像。本数据集的发布,为深入研究新疆乃至中亚地区猪毛菜属植物花粉的典型特征提供了便利,进一步补充和完善了根据猪毛菜属植物的形态特征建立的分组系统,为猪毛菜属植物类群的孢粉学、分类学、生态学等方面的研究提供重要参考。

口罩多层材料过滤施工扬尘机理的研究

尘肺病是所有职业病患者中人数最多的一种职业病,受到了国家卫生健康委员会的高度重视。作为预防尘肺病的最后一道防线,口罩的过滤机理成为研究热点。针对口罩的多层材料对施工扬尘的过滤机理,研究首先基于51单片机进行了模拟呼吸试验,并将其与建筑工人真实佩戴口罩的场景作对比,验证其可靠性。其次,利用研制的模拟呼吸装置收集了在施工扬尘环境中不同佩戴时间的一次性使用口罩。最后,使用扫描电子显微镜对收集到的口罩样本进行微观层面污染物的观察,并计算了口罩污染率。研究显示:一次性使用口罩在佩戴8 h后污染率明显上升,因此一次性使用口罩最长佩戴时间不宜超过8 h。鼻翼处内层的污染率高达0.212%,脸颊处内层的污染率高达0.216%,下颌处内层的污染率高达0.174%。在口罩同一部位,对比不同层的污染率发现,口罩内层的污染率最高,其次是口罩外层,最低的是口罩中层。口罩内层污染率最高的原因有3条:(1)模拟呼吸装置与真实人脸的边界条件差距较大,施工扬尘会从通风管和口罩接触的空隙钻进来。(2)国内的一次性使用口罩大多是参照国外设计资料生产,不符合中国人的面部特征,很多施工扬尘直接通过口罩侧边进入了口罩内部。(3)施工扬尘的粒径集中于2~4μm,在口罩外层就被拦截。研究结果对施工扬尘的环境中一次性使用口罩的多层材料选用具有参考意义。同时,研制的模拟呼吸装置为今后实验室研究尘肺病防治提供了一种新的试验手段。