A Highly Stable Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscope

We demonstrate a home-built electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope （ECSTM）. The ECSTM exhibits highly stable performance. The drifting rates in XY and Z directions of the ECSTM are about 67 and 55.6 pm/min, respectively. Moreover, a specially designed scanner unit successfully solves the well-known problem of large leakage current in high humidity atmosphere. The mechanical structure of the ECSTM is described in detail. The excellent performances of the system are demonstrated by the measured STM images （in copper sulfate solution）, including clean and well-ordered large area morphology of Au（111） and the atomically resolved image of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite.

Compact Scanning Tunneling Microscope with Large Scale Searching Capability for Mmultidisciplinary Applications

We present the design and performance of a home-built scanning tunneling microscope （STM）, which is compact （66 mm tall and 25 mm in diameter）, yet equipped with a 3D atomic precision piezoelectric motor in which the Z coarse approach relies on a high simplic-ity friction-type walker （of our own invention） driven by an axially cut piezoelectric tube. The walker is vertically inserted in a piezoelectric scanner tube （PST） with its brim laying at on the PST end as the inertial slider （driven by the PST） for the XZ （sample plane） motion. The STM is designed to be capable of searching rare microscopic targets （defects, dopants, boundaries, nano-devices, etc.） in a macroscopic sample area （square millimeters） under extreme conditions （low temperatures, strong magnetic elds, etc.） in which it ts. It gives good atomic resolution images after scanning a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite sample in air at room temperature.

A Simple,Compact and Rigid Scanning Tunneling Microscope

We present a homebuilt scanning tunneling microscope(STM)which employs an inner-wall polished sapphire guiding tube as a rail for the scanner to form a short tip-sample mechanical loop.The scanner is mounted on a square rod which is housed in the guiding tube and held by a spring strip.The stiff sapphire guiding tube allows the STM body to be made in a simple,compact and rigid form.Also the material of sapphire improves the thermal stability of the STM for its good thermal conductivity.To demonstrate the performance of the STM,high quality atomic-resolution STM images of high oriented pyrolytic graphite were given.

Vibration Compensation for Scanning Tunneling Microscope

The influence of vibration is already one of main obstacles for improving the nano measuring accuracy.The techniques of anti-vibration,vibration isolation and vibration compensation become an important branch in nano measuring field.Starting with the research of sensitivity to vibration of scanning tunneling microscope(STM),the theory,techniques and realization methods of nano vibration sensor based on tunnel effect are initially investigated,followed by developing the experimental devices.The experiments of the vibration detection and vibration compensation are carried out.The experimental results show that vibration sensor based on tunnel effect is characterized by high sensitivity,good frequency characteristic and the same vibratory response characteristic consistent with STM.

Direct Imaging of Molecular Orbitals of Metal Phthalocyanines on Metal Surfaces with an O2-Functionalized Tip of a Scanning Tunneling Microscope

High-resolution scanning tunneling microscope images of iron phthalocyanine and zinc phthalocyanine molecules on Au（111） have been obtained using a functionalized tip of a scanning tunneling microscope （STM）, and show rich intramolecular features that are not observed using clean tips. Ab initio density functional theory calculations and extended Huckel theory calculations revealed that the imaging of detailed electronic states is due specifically to the decoration of the STM tip with O2. The detailed structures are differentiated only when interacting with the highly directional orbitals of the oxygen molecules adsorbed on a truncated, [111]-oriented tungsten tip. Our results indicate a method for increasing the resolution in generic scans and thus, have potential applications in fundamental research based on high-resolution electronic states of molecules on metals, concerning, for example, chemical reactions, and catalysis mechanisms.

FABRICATION OF THE TIP FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY

A nover technique for the fabrication of the tip for e tectrochemical scanning tunneting microscopy(ECSTM)is presented. The curvature radius of the fabricated tip is smatter than 1 μM. Faradaic leakage current is tess than 0.1nA in the sotution of 1 mol/L NaCl. The atomic image of highty oriented pyrotytic graphite (HOPG)has been taken using the prepared tip.

Three-dimensional atomic force microscopy based on tailored cantilever probe with flared tip

In order to meet the requirements of nondestructive testing of true 3D topography of micro-nano structures,a novel three-dimensional atomic force microscope(3D-AFM)based on flared tip is developed.A high-precision scanning platform is designed to achieve fast servo through moving probe and sample simultaneously,and several combined nanopositioning stages are used to guarantee linearity and orthogonality of displacement.To eliminate the signal deviation caused by AFM-head movement,a traceable optical lever system is designed for cantilever deformation detection.In addition,a method of tailoring the cantilever of commercial probe with flared tip is proposed to reduce the lateral force applied on the tip in measurement.The tailored probe is mounted on the 3D-AFM,and 3D imaging experiments are conducted on different samples by use of adaptive-angle scanning strategy.The results show the roob-mean-square value of the vertical displacement noise(RMS)of the prototype is less than 0.1 nm and the high/width measurement repeatability(peak-to-peak)is less than 2.5 nm.

Heisenberg, uncertainty, and the scanning tunneling microscope

We show by a statistical analysis of high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy （STM） exper- iments, that the interpretation of the density of electron charge as a statistical quantity leads to a conflict with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Given the precision in these experiments we find that the uncertainty principle would be violated by close to two orders of magnitude, if this interpretation were correct. We are thus forced to conclude that the density of electron charge is a physically real, i.e., in principle precisely measurable quantity.

Measuring fine molecular structures with luminescence signal from an alternating current scanning tunneling microscope

In scanning tunneling microscopy-induced luminescence(STML),the photon count is measured to reflect single-molecule properties,e.g.,the first molecular excited state.The energy of the first excited state is typically shown by a rise of the photon count as a function of the bias voltage between the tip and the substrate.It remains a challenge to determine the precise rise position of the current due to possible experimental noise.In this work,we propose an alternating current version of STML to resolve the fine structures in the photon count measurement.The measured photon count and the current at the long-time limit show a sinusoidal oscillation.The zero-frequency component of the current shows knee points at the precise voltage as the fraction of the detuning between the molecular gap and the DC component of the bias voltage.We propose to measure the energy level with discontinuity of the first derivative of such a zero-frequency component.The current method will extend the application of STML in terms of measuring molecular properties.

VARIANT STRUCTURES OF DNA OBSERVED BY SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), as the essential genetic substance in life process, may undergo structural changes in various environments. For instance, the unwinding of the original double helix of DNA could occur after being heated.

BAINITE STRUCTURE IN Cu-Zn-Al ALLOY OBSERVED BY SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE

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Scanning Tunneling Microscopic and Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopic Studies of Nanocrystalline CdSe Thin Film

Nanocrystalline CdSe thin film prepared by chemical solution deposition was imaged in air with a scanning tunnelling microscope(STM). Scanning tunnelling current spectroscopy(STS) was taken at a fixed tip - sample separation. Tunnelling current(i) - voltage(v) curve and differential conductance spectrum show an n-type schottky rectifying behaviour and yield a direct measure of band gap energy. An increase of bandgap energy (1.8 - 2.1eV) was measured indicating energy quantization of this particular thin film.,

Scanning tunnelling microscope studies of growth of RuO2（110） thin layer on Ru（0001）

This paper reports that the growth of RuO2（110） thin layer growth on Ru（0001） has been investigated by means of scanning tunnelling microscope （STM）. The STM images showed a domain structure with three rotational domains of RuO2（110） rotated by an angle of 120°. The as-grown RuO2（110） thin layer is expanded from the bulk-truncated RuO2（110） due to the large mismatch between RuO2（110） and the Ru（0001） substrate. The results also indicate that growth of RuO2（110） thin layer on the Ru（0001） substrate by oxidation tends first to formation of the Ru-O （oxygen） chains in the [001] direction of RuO2 （110）.

Tunneling Electron Induced Fluorescence from Single Porphyrin Molecules Decoupled by Striped-Phase Octanethiol Self-assembled Monolayer

We investigate tunneling electron induced luminescence from isolated single porphyrin molecules that are decoupled by striped-phase self-assembled monolayer of octanethiol from the underneath Au（111） substrate. Intrinsic single-molecule electroluminescence has been realized by such decoupling at both bias polarities. The photon emission intensity acquired from the molecular lobe is found stronger than that from the molecular center. These re- sults provide useful information on the understanding of electroluminescent behavior and mechanism in molecular tunnel junctions.

Role of Nanocavity Plasmons in Tunneling Electron Induced Light Emission on and near a Molecule

By using a microscopic quantum model, we study theoretically different roles of nanocavity plasmons in scanning tunneling microscope(STM) induced light emission upon selective initial excitation of molecules or plasmons. The time evolution and spectroscopic properties of the emission from the coupled plasmon-molecule system in each case are studied using time-dependent quantum mater equations. When the STM tip is placed on the molecule to ensure direct carrier injection induced molecular excitation, the major role of the plasmons is to enhance the molecular emission via increasing its radiative decay rate, resulting in sharp molecule-specific emission peaks. On the other hand, when the STM tip is located in close proximity to the edge of the molecule but without direct carrier injection into the molecule, the role of the plasmon-molecule coupling is to cause destructive interferences between the two quantum objects, leading to the occurrence of Fano dips around the energy of the molecular exciton in the plasmonic emission spectra.

不均匀卵石持力层桩端后注浆效果试验研究

我国东南沿海尤其是温州地区广泛存在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的地层。该区域的钻孔灌注桩常采用后注浆技术改善其承载性能。为了评价后注浆技术对这类地层中灌注桩承载力改善效果,开展了相应的模型试验,对比了不同注浆量对桩承载力的影响程度;并结合扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,简称SEM)试验分析了浆液分布特点,探讨了浆液在卵石层中的扩散范围,研究了浆液扩散范围与桩承载力之间的关系。结果表明:浆液能够有效地填充桩端卵石层,注浆量的增加使得填充范围扩大,填充范围为3~4倍桩径时,桩的承载力改善最显著。在不均匀卵石持力层中存在一个最优注浆量,最优归一化注浆量约为2.8,若超过该最优注浆量归一化值,桩的承载力不再显著提高。单桩模型试验确定的最优注浆量与刘金砺公式[1]的预测结果接近。扫描电镜技术有助于评价桩的后注浆技术在上覆深厚软土下覆不均匀卵石的土层中的效果。

Hg_(0.72)Cd_(0.28)Te扫描隧道谱的模型解释

本工作利用截面扫描隧道显微镜(XSTM)研究了分子束外延生长的Hg_(0.72)Cd_(0.28)Te薄膜。扫描隧道谱(STS)测量表明,此碲镉汞材料的电流-电压(I/V)隧道谱呈现的零电流平台宽度(隧道谱表观带隙)比其实际材料带隙增大约130%,说明存在明显的针尖诱导能带弯曲(TIBB)效应。扫描隧道谱三维TIBB模型计算发现低成像偏压测量时获取的I/V隧道谱数据与理论计算结果有令人满意的一致性。然而较大成像偏压时所计算的I/V谱与实验谱线在较大正偏压区域存在一定偏离。这是目前的TIBB模型未考虑带带隧穿、缺陷辅助隧穿等碲镉汞本身的输运机制对隧道电流的影响造成的。

用于扫描隧道显微镜的低噪声前置电流放大器

前置电流放大器是扫描隧道显微镜的重要部件之一,其性能对于扫描隧道显微镜系统的基本操作及新功能开发至关重要.本文详细分析了影响前置电流放大器性能的因素,通过筛选噪声极低的运放芯片和电路结构优化,设计了一款针对扫描隧道显微镜系统的前置电流放大器.该放大器最灵敏档位(1 GΩ)的噪声低至4 fA/(Hz)1/2,带宽为2.3 kHz,具有10 MΩ,100 MΩ和1 GΩ三个测量量程并且可以通过控制信号实现自动切换,测量范围覆盖pA—μA量级的隧穿电流.利用该前置电流放大器展示了扫描隧道显微镜系统的主要功能,包括表面形貌表征、扫描隧道谱测量以及原子搬运,并探索了隧穿电流中散粒噪声的测量.通过散粒噪声随隧穿电流的变化关系,得到隧穿结中散粒噪声的法诺因子约等于1,验证了简单金属隧穿结中电子隧穿满足泊松过程,为表面电子关联体系的高精度表征提供了基础.

一种具备谱学功能的扫描隧道显微镜实验装置设计与教学应用

该文研制了一种具备谱学功能的扫描隧道显微镜实验教学装置。装置采用紧凑的对称式结构设计和高刚性材料,具有漂移小、噪声低的优点,结合减震隔音设计,能够在课堂环境下稳定实现对多种材料表面的原子分辨成像。隧道电流的一阶微分谱直接反映了样品表面的电子态密度信息,可以帮助学生理解隧道电流信号。该装置集成了锁相放大功能,可以实现隧道电流-偏压谱及其一阶微分谱的测量,拓展了扫描探针显微实验的教学内容和教学深度。