Effects of Scarification and Substrates on Seed Germination Quality for Domestication of Stereospermum kunthianum(Bignoniaceae)

The demand for medicinal plants at the origin of phyto-drugs,like all ethnobotanical plants,threatens their existence today.The aim of this work was to determine suitable methods for optimizing the possibilities of regenerating Stereospermum kunthianum.To achieve this objective,3 levels of mechanical scarification(light scarification,medium scarification and deep scarification)were applied to the seeds of this species using a rough instrument,and 5 days after germination,the seedlings were transplanted into 5 types of substrate to study their effects on seedling growth.The length of the seedlings was measured using a graduated ruler.The results obtained showed that the best latency time was 2 days for average seed scarifications.The highest germination half-time was 4.00±0.06 days observed for average seed scarification,the highest germination speed was 22.50±1.00 and the highest germination rate was 100.00%±0.00%for average scarification.The homogeneous substrate mixes black earth/woodsilk and Fine sand/woodsilk were more effective for seedling growth(1.9 cm/day in the juvenile state)and development.Medium seed scarification is the most effective method for regenerating Stereospermum kunthianum,and the black earth/wood shavings substrate mix is the best for its cultivation.

Effects of site preparation methods on soil physical properties and outplanting success of coniferous seedlings in boreal forests

This study assessed the effect of patch scarification and mounding on the physical properties of the root layer and the success of tree planting in various types of forests.This study was conducted on 12 forest sites in taiga forests of the European part of Russia.A total of 54 plots were set up to assess seedling survival;root collar diameter,height,and heigh increment were measured for 240 seedlings to assess growth.In the rooting layer,240 soil samples were taken to determine physical properties.The study showed that soil treatment methods had no effect on bulk density and total porosity in Cladina sites.However,reduced soil moisture was noted,particularly in mounds,resulting in increased aeration.In Myrtillus sites,there were increased bulk density,reduced soil moisture,and total porosity in the mounds.Mounding treatment in Polytrichum sites resulted in reduced soil moisture and increased aeration porosity.In the Myrtillus and Polytrichum sites,patch scarification had no effects on physical properties.In Polytrichum sites,survival rates,heights,and heigh increments of bareroot Norway spruce seedlings in mounds were higher than in patches;however,the same did not apply to diameter.In Cladina and Myrtillus sites,there was no difference in growth for bareroot and containerised seedlings with different soil treatments.Growing conditions and soil types should be considered when applying different soil treatment methods to ensure high survival rates and successful seedling growth.

Overcoming the Physical Seed Dormancy in Bambara Groundnut （Vigna subterranea L.） by Scarification： A Seed Quality Study

Bambara groundnut （Vigna subterranea L.） is a neglected African crop legume with potential to play a significant role as astaple and industrial crop in sub-Saharan Africa. The crop can compete with Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max under harshcondition associated with climate change. However, there are some challenges associated with successful production of bambaragroundnut, such as poor crop establishment due to physical seed dormancy. This study was conducted to investigate the effect ofscarification on overcoming seed dormancy in bambara groundnut. Bambara groundnut landrace seeds were characterized by seedcoat colour （cream, light brown and brown） in order to determine the effects of mechanical （sand paper） and chemical （sulphuric acid）seed scarification on germination and emergence. A completely randomized design with three replications was used. Thousand grainmass （TGM）, mean germination time （MGT）, germination vigour index （GVI）, seedling root to shoot ratio, seedling dry mass andfield emergence were determined. Thousand grain mass increased with the decrease in seed coat colour pigmentation. Brown seedshad the highest final germination and field emergence, and cream seeds had the least. Imposing chemical or mechanical scarificationimproved germination as compared to no scarification. However, seedling establishment was vigorous in seeds that were notscarified. Seed quality in bambara groundnut is highly influenced by scarification and seed coat colour. The practical implications ofthe study are that producers can use scarification to improve bambara groundnut germination, however further research through seedenhancements is still needed for seedling establishment under field conditions.

Prolonged Seed Dormancy in <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i>L. Can Be Overturned by Seed Scarification and Gibberellin Pre Treatment

Phyllanthus emblica L. is an important constituent of Ayurvedic medicine and a fresh fruit species in the market in Sri Lanka. Therefore, it has a high potential to be established as a commercial fruit crop. The seeds of P. emblica are semi orthodox and exhibit a long dormancy period hindering the natural sexual propagation. Therefore, it still remains as an underutilized fruit crop in Sri Lanka due to its lack of quality planting material and poor propagation techniques. Long term dormancy also causes a big challenge in germinating seeds to create populations in breeding programs. In order to promote P. emblica from its underutilized status, what seems most feasible is to develop a method to break up the seed dormancy artificially. In order to do so, the methods of breaking the dormancy of P. emblica seeds have to be studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify a method to break up the seed dormancy of P. emblica. The seeds were extracted from 21 trees belonging to three different districts in Sri Lanka. The selected viable seeds were subjected to four different pre treatments: none treated seeds (i.e. control), seeds scarified, seeds scarified and treated with 1% gibberellin and seed coat removed and followed by seeds treated with 1% gibberellin. From the four treatments, seed dormancy was overturned with a germination percentage of 43% by the seed pre treatment where the seeds were scarified and treated with 1% gibberellin and no other pre treatment methods were successful in breaking the dormancy. This suggests that the natural germination potential of P. emblica seeds is very low and it can be overridden by seed scarification and gibberellin pre treatment.

Effect of Mechanical and Chemical Scarification on Germination of Dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) Seed

Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of seed treatment on germination of Cuscuta campestris. This may provide the possible ways to overcome the problem of dormancy in Cuscuta campestris. The experiments were conducted in the Laboratory of Crop Production and Horticulture, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria, using mechanical scarification and tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid (H2SO4). For the mechanical scarification the treatments were unscarified, scarified using sandpaper and scarified using gravel arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated four times. For the tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid (H2SO4) scarification, the treatment of control, 9:1, 7:3, 1:1, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8 and 1:9 H2SO4 were laid out in a Split plot design and replicated three times. The mechanical scarification was not significant (P ≤ 0.05), a rapid increase of germination from day 3 to day 9 was observed, and the highest rate of germination percentage (14% - 22%) obtained on day 9. Tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid treatment of 4:6 concentrations significantly gave the highest C. campestris seeds germination percentage (40.07%) compared with the rest of the treatments, while the time of soaking the seeds in the tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid showed that soaking the seeds for 1 minute significantly gave the highest percentage germination (39.98%) of C. campestris compared with the 3 and 5 minutes soaking treatments. It can be concluded that sulphuric acid of 4:6 concentrations treatments has the potentiality to break dormancy of C. campestris seeds.

Study of the Germination of Scarified Seeds of Burkea africana Hook. For Its Domestication in Chad

The objective of this work was to determine new approaches that could improve the germination quality of Burkea africana seeds under reproducible conditions and by means available to farmers with a view to its propagation. The tests concerned the influence of three pre-germinative treatments. It is about the light scarification (Scl), medium scarification (Scm) and deep scarification (Scd) of seeds in order to determine some parameters of germination that are the latency time, the time of germination, the rate of germination and the speed of germination. The treated seeds were sown in transparent germinators lined with hydrophilic paper and then after the appearance of radicles, the plants were transplanted on five types of substrates (black soil, fine sand, sawdust, mixtures 1/1 of sawdust-black soil and 1/1 of sawdust-fine sand). The results obtained by the deep (Scp) and medium (Scm) scarification compared to those of the light scarification and the control, showed a clear reduction of the lag time (3 days/15 days (control). At the 5% threshold, germination times 6.27 × 10-1 (Scd) and 6.01 × 10-1 (Scm) were significantly influenced. Germination rates 4.18 × 10-1 (Scd) and 3.92 × 10-1 (Scm) are also influenced by the pretreatment. Germination rates are significantly improved (80%). Regardless of the under treatment, the substrate “sawdust and fine sand” improves the germination of scarified seeds by 14.07% more compared to the substrate “fine sand” at the 5% threshold. The mechanical scarification and the type of substrates thus influence positively and homogeneously the germination of seeds of Burkea africana. The domestication of this species is thus possible and can be considered for useful purposes.

赤霉素和种皮处理对4种马先蒿种子发芽特性的影响

马先蒿属植物具有比较高的园艺价值和药用价值,探讨马先蒿种子的发芽特性,可以为马先蒿属植物的引种栽培提供理论基础。本试验对4种马先蒿种子进行不同浓度赤霉素处理和种皮打磨处理,以探讨马先蒿种子的萌发特性和最佳萌发条件。结果表明,4种马先蒿种子的发芽率随着赤霉素浓度的提高而增加,但高浓度的赤霉素处理延长了马先蒿种子的平均发芽时间;种皮打磨处理显著提高了4种马先蒿种子的发芽率,极显著地降低了大王马先蒿的平均发芽时间。

光温和赤霉素对跳舞草种子萌发的影响

以珍稀趣味药用植物跳舞草（Codariocalyx motorius）为材料,通过机械磨擦、不同温度、光照强度和GA3处理以及不同栽培介质研究了其种子萌发特性,以寻找其繁殖环节中的主要限制因素,为迁地保育和大规模育苗提供可行依据。结果表明：机械磨擦可使跳舞草种子的发芽势、发芽率及发芽指数显著提高,种子种皮的机械抑制是导致其发芽率低的直接原因;其种子萌发的适宜温度范围20-30℃,25℃为最适温度;浓度为50-100 mg/L的GA3处理的跳舞草种子萌发率高,且出苗整齐,根系粗壮,成苗率高;适度的遮光（30%）对跳舞草种子的萌发有促进作用,其发芽势、发芽率以及发芽指数最高;跳舞草的育苗基质可选用腐叶土：泥炭（1∶1）,出苗率达到85.9%,经济合理。

机械化深耕深松栽培对甘蔗生长及产量的影响

为评价机械化深耕深松栽培模式的保水保肥效果和对甘蔗生产的影响,进行了机械化深耕深松栽培和常规耕作栽培对甘蔗生长及产量的影响试验。结果显示,机械化深耕深松栽培能明显增加土壤的含水量;深耕深松栽培比常规耕作栽培的甘蔗出苗率高17.8%,分蘖率高13.4%;甘蔗生长速度加快、根系发达;甘蔗成熟期的株高、茎径、蔗糖分、青叶数提高;每公顷增产原料蔗7.22 t,增收2346.5元,增糖1.35 t。机械化深耕深松栽培甘蔗增产增收效益显著,可在甘蔗生产中推广应用。

沙蓬种子的生活力测定和休眠破除方法

研究了四唑液质量分数和染色前预处理对沙蓬(Agriophyllum squarrosum)种子生活力测定的影响,以及不同预处理方法破除沙蓬种子休眠的效果。结果表明,染色前刺破种皮法可缩短沙蓬种子四唑染色时间,以1.0%四唑溶液染色14～18h效果最佳。种皮刺破法亦可有效地破除沙蓬种子的休眠,种子吸胀7d后刺破种皮,各种样第2天种子即迅速萌发,第7天发芽率平均达92%,较未刺破种皮平均发芽率提高47%。

散枝猪毛菜的种子多型性及其萌发行为

散枝猪毛菜(Salsola bracchita)主要分布于新疆准噶尔荒漠,具有很强的抗干旱和抗盐碱能力。该文对散枝猪毛菜的果实进行了观察,表明散枝猪毛菜具有4种类型的散布单位和果实,这4种果实在形状、大小、颜色和着生方式上均有显著差异。A型果实绿色、球形、大,着生方式为横生,宿存花被革质,背部有紫红色翅状附属物,直径为(2.161±0.138)mm,单粒重为(3.810±0.113)mg;B型果实绿色、大、扁平、长圆形,着生方式为直立,宿存花被革质,背部有翅状附属物,长为(2.062±0.188)mm,宽为(1.720±0.148)mm,单粒重为(2.665±0.113)mg;C型果实绿色、大、扁平、长圆形,着生方式为直立,宿存花被膜质,背部无翅状附属物,长为(2.239±0.277)mm,宽为(1.844±0.150)mm,单粒重为(2.723±0.559)mg;D型果实黄色、小、扁平、长卵形,着生方式为直立,宿存花被膜质,背部无翅状附属物,长为(1.678±0.163)mm,宽为(1.390±0.110)mm,单粒重为(0.928±0.025)mg。A型、B型和C型种子(果实)在5℃/15℃、5℃/25℃、15℃/25℃(暗12h/光12h)变温条件下萌发率>68%,且B型和C型种子比A型种子有较高的萌发率和萌发速率。D型种子在3种变温条件下萌发缓慢,最终萌发率始终维持在较低水平(<20%),划破果皮和种皮能够显著提高D型种子的萌发率和萌发指数,表明D型种子处于生理休眠状态。散枝猪毛菜的种子多型性是对荒漠异质环境的一种适应。

9BQS-3.0型气吹式松土播种复式作业机设计与试验

阐述了牧草种子9BQS-3.0型气吹式松土播种复式作业机的总体结构及工作原理,对播种机的地轮传动装置、浅松装置、镇压器装置、排种装置进行了结构设计及数据分析。试验结果表明,本机结构合理,工作性能良好,碎土率达到了94.5%,浅松层膨松度达到了63%,播披碱草种子破损率为1.2%。可同时完成松土、镇压、开沟、播种、覆土、铺平联合作业。

细叶鸢尾种子休眠原因及解除休眠的方法研究

细叶鸢尾种子存在休眠。通过种子的吸水性研究、切割处理、萌发抑制物测试等方法对其内在休眠原因进行了研究,并探讨了解除其休眠的方法,进一步分析休眠解除过程中种子内部产生的响应。结果表明,细叶鸢尾的离体胚不休眠,种皮和珠孔端胚乳均能显著抑制种子的萌发;种皮中存在萌发抑制物质,且为醇溶性的极性物质;浓硫酸处理60min和变温层积(4℃/25℃)120和150d均能有效打破其休眠,萌发率分别从0升至51.11%,36.67%,40.00%,发芽指数也提高为0.45,0.42和0.51,而低温层积150d的萌发率仅为7.78%;变温层积过程中种子的珠孔端组织(种皮和胚乳)机械阻力的降低和胚生长势的增大是萌发率提高的根本原因。综合整个试验结果得出,细叶鸢尾种子属生理休眠,是由珠孔端组织的机械阻力和种皮中的萌发抑制物共同作用而成。

水平圆盘式苗间除草装置试验台优化试验

为优化水平圆盘式苗间除草装置的设计并确定其关键参数的最优组合,在分析其构成及工作原理的基础上,以苗间除草部件为研究对象,通过4因素4水平正交试验,分析了除草部件作业速度、齿盘转速、锄齿数目及其安装半径4个因素对苗间除草性能的影响,优化出最佳工作参数组合。试验结果表明,锄齿数目和作业速度对苗间除草装置的性能影响显著。最佳优化方案是:锄齿数目12、其安装半径160mm、齿盘转速170r/min和作业速度2.1m/s,该条件下苗间除草装置的伤苗率为4.41%、苗间除草率可达73.1%、埋苗率小于3%,满足旱田作物苗间除草作业的农艺要求。

发酵法生产柠檬酸的研究进展

柠檬酸是一种具有多功能的重要有机酸,是当前世界上产量和消费量最大的食用有机酸,伴随着在新兴产业领域的广泛应用,其需求量以每年5%的速度增长。发酵法生产柠檬酸起步较早,但工艺鲜有创新;文中首先介绍了柠檬酸生产工艺国内外研究现状,并以产业化的视角,纵观柠檬酸生产全过程分析限制柠檬酸快速增长的瓶颈,着重提出了实现柠檬酸高效生产与清洁生产相统一的主要策略,为实现柠檬酸高效绿色制造奠定基础。

3ZCF-7700型多功能中耕除草机设计与试验

为了解决机械除草过程中作物苗间与秧苗附近杂草较难铲除以及伤苗严重和除净率低等问题,研制出与大功率拖拉机配套的3ZCF-7700型多功能中耕除草机。该机在玉米、大豆等作物的中耕作业过程中能完成侧深施肥、苗间松土除草、起垄、培土和深松等工序的作业。该文论述了3ZCF-7700型多功能中耕除草机的结构、工作原理及关键部件的设计,田间试验结果表明:用于玉米苗间杂草除净率为76%,行间杂草除净率95.7%,伤苗率小于4.4%,其它各项技术性能指标均符合设计要求。该机可满足旱田作物中耕管理作业的农艺要求。

东北平原棕壤土区合理耕层耕作模式与配套机具研究

目前,土地沙漠化面积增大,传统耕作机械田间作业频繁,增加了土壤坚实度,使土壤容重增加,造成了土壤的板结,犁底层加厚上移,影响作物产量、制约了农业生产的可持续发展。针对东北平原棕壤土区辽宁省铁岭县的实际情况,结合联合整地、深松、深松联合整地及免耕播种4种耕作模式,与当地农作物种植合作社合作,对4种模式的土壤理化性质进行测试。在距地表5、10、15cm土壤深度时,深松模式土壤温度高于联合耕整地模式1.6、1.5、1.1℃;免耕播种比联合耕整地模式的土壤温度分别高了2.8、2.2、1.9℃。土壤含水率方面,免耕播种含水率最高,在垄台、向阳面、向阴面分别比联合耕整地模式高6.9%、12.2%、15.2%;在土壤容重与土壤紧实度方面,深松模式在深度10~30cm范围内土壤容重低于未深松模式0.3g/cm3。根据土壤理化特性,运用线性规划方法对现有配套机具进行优化配备,并对配备后进行效益分析,得出深松覆盖模式的收益最高,达到1.29万元/hm^2;其次是免耕播种模式,达到1.25万元/hm^2;深松联合整地模式与联合整地模式分别为0.90万元/hm^2和0.74万元/hm^2。同时,提出了一种适合当地土壤性质的耕作模式与合理配套机具。

N-(4-羟基苯基)维生素甲酰胺抑制人肺腺癌A549细胞体外迁移机制

目的研究N-(4-羟基苯基)维生素甲酰胺(4-HPR)对人肺腺癌细胞A549体外迁移能力的影响及其作用机制。方法 1μmol/L全反式维甲酸(ATRA)和4-HPR处理肺腺癌A549细胞24 h后,细胞划痕实验检测其对A549细胞体外迁移能力的影响;Western blot法检测骨桥蛋白(OPN)、肌球蛋白轻链激酶(MLCK)的表达和肌球蛋白轻链(MLC)磷酸化程度;细胞划痕实验观察MLCK抑制剂ML-7对A549细胞迁移能力的影响。结果 1μmol/L 4-HPR处理的A549细胞与细胞对照以及溶剂对照细胞相比,迁移距离明显降低(P<0.05);Western blot分析结果表明1μmol/L 4-HPR可明显降低A549细胞MLCK的表达和MLC磷酸化(P<0.05),而对OPN表达无显著影响;ML-7可明显减少A549细胞迁移距离(P<0.05)。结论 4-HPR可能通过减少MLCK的表达和MLC磷酸化,抑制A549细胞的体外迁移。

以深松为基础的忻定盆地盐碱地土壤耕层改良

通过对不同耕作模式下土壤中可溶性盐分EC值的测定及其对春玉米株高、产量性状的影响研究。结果表明,秋深松+秋施肥+秋旋耕+中黑炭(黑炭施入量14 999 kg/hm^2)模式可以有效降低土壤中可溶性盐分含量,促进植株生长发育,显著提高作物产量。

长期定位试验下秸秆还田配套深松对土壤性状及玉米产量的影响

为破解我国玉米生产存在的耕层过浅、地力低下的难题,探索合理有效的秸秆还田技术,采用耕作和秸秆还田方式两因素裂区设计的5年定位试验,分析秸秆还田结合深松、增施氮素对土壤理化性状的影响。结果表明,深松降低土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量和速效钾含量,增加田间持水量、碱解氮和速效磷含量;秸秆还田降低土壤容重、田间持水量、碱解氮和速效钾含量,增加孔隙度、有机质和速效磷含量;秸秆还田配施氮素降低土壤容重、表层有机质含量、速效钾含量,增加土壤孔隙度、田间持水量、下层有机质含量、表层碱解氮含量、速效磷含量;秸秆还田结合深松降低表层土壤孔隙度和碱解氮含量、速效钾含量,增加土壤容重、下层孔隙度、田间持水量、表层有机质和速效磷含量;深松、秸秆还田、秸秆还田配施氮素、秸秆还田结合深松均有增产作用。