Fear versus Taste for the Apnea at the Schelling-Point Game in the Swimming Pool

We studied a pure coordination game in which swimmers had to agree on the distance that they would swim underwater up a line after diving into a swimming pool. The swimmers were not able to communicate with each other. To win the game, the swimmer had to surface at exactly the same point as his partner. This pure coordination game was played by 81 swimmers, 43 of whom then put their decisions into practice in a 25-metre pool. The results revealed the presence of two Schelling points. One point （at 12.5 metres） was that predicted by theory and corresponded to half the maximum possible distance. The other Schelling point （at 25 metres） was practical in nature and reflected a taste for underwater swimming--even though performance （in terms of the distance swum underwater） was not relevant in this game. The results show that swimmers underestimate their water competence when they are not subjected to a competitive challenge.

Propagation of Gaussian Schell-Model Array Beams through a Jet Engine Exhaust

Here a Gaussian Shell Model Array (GSMA) beam is used to investigate the propagation characteristics in the jet engine exhaust region. It has great significance to improve various optical systems for wide application in trapping cold atoms, creating gratings, and atmospheric optical communication. We calculate analytical formulas for the spectral density (SD) and the propagation factors Mx2 and My2 of a GSMA beam. The influence of inner scale of turbulence in the jet engine exhaust region on its power spectrum has been also analyzed. According to these results, the influence of turbulence in a jet engine exhaust on a GSMA beam has been reduced by changing the parameters of light source and turbulence. For example, it is an excellent tool for mitigation of the jet engine exhaust-induced anisotropy of turbulence to increase the source coherence length, the root-mean-squared (rms) beam width, the wavelength or reduce the outer scale of turbulence.

基于Repast Simphony平台的建模与仿真技术

随着计算机技术的发展,基于Agent的建模与仿真技术被认为是研究复杂系统的有效方法,Repast Simphony平台为基于Agent的建模与仿真提供了有利条件.针对如何利用Repast Simphony平台构建复杂系统仿真模型的问题,重点介绍了Repast Simphony仿真平台,分析了它的技术优势,与同类仿真平台进行了比较分析,并在分析平台主要类库的基础上,总结出建模仿真的一般流程.最后,通过一个改进的Schelling模型仿真实例进一步阐述了利用平台构建复杂系统的设计与实现方法,对使用Repast Simphony平台进行基于Agent的建模与仿真研究具有一定的指导意义.

A Bayesian Theory of Games： An Analysis of Strategic Interactions with Statistical Decision Theoretic Foundation

This paper introduces a new game theoretic equilibrium which is based upon the Bayesian subjective view of probability, BEIC （Bayesian equilibrium iterative conjectures）. It requires players to make predictions, starting from first order uninformative predictive distribution functions （or conjectures） and keep updating with statistical decision theoretic and game theoretic reasoning until a convergence of conjectures is achieved. Information known by the players such as the reaction functions are thereby incorporated into their higher order conjectures and help to determine the convergent conjectures and the equilibrium. In a BEIC, conjectures are consistent with the equilibrium or equilibriums they supported and so rationality is achieved for actions, strategies and conjectures. The BEIC approach is capable of analyzing a larger set of games than current Nash Equilibrium based games theory, including games with inaccurate observations, games with unstable equilibrium and games with double or multiple sided incomplete information games. On the other hand, for the set of games analyzed by the current games theory, it generates far lesser equilibriums and normally generates only a unique equilibrium. It treats games with complete and perfect information as special cases of games with incomplete information and noisy observation whereby the variance of the prior distribution function on type and the variance of the observation noise term tend to zero. Consequently, there is the issue of indeterminacy in statistical inference and decision making in these games as the equilibrium solution depends on which variances tends to zero first. It therefore identifies equilibriums in these games that have so far eluded the classical theory of games. Finally, it also resolves inconsistencies in equilibrium results by different solution concepts in current games theory such as that between Nash Equilibrium and iterative elimination of dominated strategies and that between Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium and backward induction （Subgame Perfect Equilibrium）.

光源场熵的计算与性质研究

本文利用Karhunen—Loeve展开,在光源空域内对光源场互谱密度进行量子谐振子模分解,发展了一种计算光源场熵的新方法,并精确计算了高斯Schell模光源场的熵,讨论了光源场熵与光源全相干度,光源场模数的关系。

Philosophy of Chinese Mythology:An Introduction

The term“philosophy of mythology”is not a newly-coined terminology.It has been used by Schelling1,a German philosopher of the 19th century,as the title of his masterpiece.Ernst Cassirer,a famous German philosopher of the 20th century also used it in the chapter heading of the introduction of Symbolic Forms of Philosophy Volume 2.2 However,a review of the books on mythology or philosophy in China reveals the concept of philosophy of mythology is still unfamiliar to the Chinese academic circles since the books mentioned above of both Schelling and Cassirer have not been translated into Chinese.So there is a necessity to clarify the title of this book.

The horror of Romantic medicine and its befitting demise

Romantic medicine in continental Europe was practiced from the 1790s until the mid-nineteenth century as part of the greater movement of Romanticism.It reacted to an ongoing foundational crisis in medicine when radically new approaches to healing were essential.Especially in German-speaking countries,Romantic medicine resulted fom anti-science sentiments to Enlightenment ideas favoring scientific progress based 0 materialist and reductionist assumptions.For the Romanticists,these were troublesome fo the individual,nature and the future.However,without understanding disease and by rejecting both the scientific method and mysticism,attention tumed to post-Kantian idealism and Naturphilosophie What distinguished Romantic medicine from existing humoralism was a passion for comprehending the exceptional attribute of life itself,implicitly from which a new medicine could ascend.However,better healthcare was not(achieved).Although anatomy and physiology had made rapid strides,these did not directly benefit patients.News of successive developments in medicine did not appear to circulate to healers.Meantime,since the eighteenth century,recognition of the seat of disease had progressed from the whole-body(humor theory),to organs(Morgagni),to tissues(Bichat)。and eventually to cells(Virchow)where hypotheses could be tested.Possible reasons for the downfall of Romantic medicine include socio-political pressures that demanded better healthcare,Comte's positivism,the successes of cell and germ theories of disease,Virchow's Cellularpathologie,diminishing professional dogmatism and improved medical communications.