The Role of TGF-β_1 in Mice Hepatic Fibrosis by Schistosomiasis Japonica

To investigate the role of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in mice with hepatic fi- brosis caused by Schistosomiasis Japonica, ELISA,VG staining and multimedia color hieroglyph quan- titative analysis were used to study the change of the serum TGF-β1, liver collagen fiber and reticular fiber in mice. The level of serum TGF-β1 in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.01 or P<0. 05) 8, 10, 12 weeks after infected by schistosomiasis. After infec- tion, the level of liver collagen fiber and reticular fiber, and that of TGF -β1 increased over time (P< 0.01 or P<0. 05). In mice infected by Schistosomiasis Japonica, the level of TGF-β1 increased with prolongation of infection time, and with the increase of liver collagen fiber and reticular fiber. TGFβ1 plays an important role of immunomodulation in hepatic fibrosis formation caused by Schistosomiasis Japonica.

Construction of a hepatic stellate cells subtracted cDNA library of differentially expressed genes in normal mice and mice with Schistosomiasis japonica

To construct a hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) subtracted cDNA library to find differentially expressed genes in normal mice and mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used. The cDNA fragments of normal mouse were compared to those of schistosoma-infected mice to find differentially expressed genes. Then differentially expressed cDNA fragments were directly inserted into T/A cloning vector to set up the subtractive library. Amplification of the library was carried out with transformation of DH5α. The amplified library contained more than 400 positive bacterial clones, which were then hybridized with forward and backward subtracted probes for differential screening. One hundred positive bacterial clones were randomly selected for sequencing and BLAST analysis. Finally, virtual Northern Blot confirmed such differential expression. The subtracted cDNA library of differentially expressed genes of HSCs was constructed successfully, the library is efficient and lays foundation for screening and cloning new and specific genes of schistosomiasis.

Publication output of the new integrated strategy for schistosomiasis japonica control in China: a PubMed-based bibliometric assessment

Background:Although sustainable control since 1950s has achieved great successes,schistosomiasis japonica remains a major public health problem in China.Since 2004,a new integrated strategy was developed aiming to control the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum through the implementation of a package of interventions.To date,no systematic review or meta-analysis assessing the effectiveness of this new integrated strategy for schistosomiasis control in China has been published.We performed a PubMed-based bibliometric assessment of publications on the new integrated strategy for schistosomiasis japonica control in China,to understand the global transmissibility and sharing of the new integrated strategy.Methods:An in-depth bibliometric analysis of all publications on the new integrated strategy for schistosomiasis japonica control in China was performed through a PubMed search using the terms 'schistosomiasis' and 'China,'from January 1,2004 to August 31,2018.All titles and abstracts were read carefully,and the publications reporting the effectiveness,experiences,lessons,or problems of the new integrated strategy were included in the bibliometric analysis.Results:Overall,2,361 titles were screened,and 70 eligible publications were accessed for analyses,including 23 studies in English,published in 15 international journals,and 47 studies in Chinese with abstracts in English,published in 3 national journals.Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control (Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi) published 60% of the research output,Research articles (48.6%) and short reports (37.1%) were the dominant manuscript types.Furthermore,471 contributing authors from 277 affiliations across 9 countries produced these 70 publications.Conclusion:This is the first PubMed-based quantitative analysis of the research output of the new integrated strategy,and our data indicate a low global transmissibility of Chinese new integrated strategy.We therefore call for more research outputs of the new integrated strategy for schistosomiasis japonica control in China to be communicated through international platforms.

Study on IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 in Liver and Bone Marrow of Mice Infected with Schistosomiasis Japonica

Summary: To compare Th2 cytokines levels in livers and bone marrow of mice infected with Schistosomiasis Japonica and understand their implication, ABC immunohistochemical staining technique and multimedia pathologic pictures analysis were used to detect the IL 4, IL 5 and IL 10 derived from livers and bone marrow of infected mice. Results showed that in the livers of infected mice, IL 4, IL 5 and IL 10 were obviously increased over time. The level of IL 4 was increased most among the 3 indicators. In bone marrow of infected mice, however, even though IL 4 was slowly increased over time, it was lower than that of livers in 10th and 12th week. The level of IL 5 was higher than that of livers during 12th weeks. Before 10th weeks IL 10 was elevated. After 12th week IL 10 was decreased and obviously lower than that of livers. It is concluded that in mice infected with Schistosomiasis Japonica , the immune response occurred mainly in the liver. Therefore, in bone marrow, IL 5 showed obvious auto secretion. It might be related to its biological ability to induce B cell division and eosinophil differentiation.

Estimating the prevalence of schistosomiasis japonica in China:a serological approach

Background:The prevalence of schistosomiasis japonica has decreased significantly,and the responses changing from control to elimination in Jiangsu Province,P.R.China.How to estimate the change in prevalence of schistosomiasis using only serological data will be important and useful.Methods:We collected serum samples from 2011 to 2015 to build a serum bank from Dantu County of Jiangsu,China.Serum samples were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),the positive rate and optical density(OD)value were obtained.The Bayesian model including the prior information of sensitivity and specificity of ELISA was established,and the estimated infection rates were obtained for different years,genders and age groups.Results:There was no significant difference in the mean OD between different years and genders,but there was a significant difference between the different age groups.There were statistically significant differences in the positive rate for different years and age groups,but no significant difference at different genders.The estimated infection rate for the five years was 1.288,1.456,1.032,1.485 and 1.358%,respectively.There was no significant difference between different years and between genders,but a significant difference between different age groups.Conclusions:The risk of schistosomiasis transmission in this area still exists,and risk monitoring of schistosomiasis should be strengthened.

Modulation of in vivo granuloma formation related to regulation of in vitro IFN γ and IL 4 expressions in experimental Schistosomiasis japonica

Objective To find out relationship between the in vitro schistosome egg antigen (SEA) stimulated IFN γ and IL 4 mRNA expressions and the in vivo SEA elicited granulomatous responses, the transcriptions of IFN γ and IL 4 gene were investigated in the spleen of BALB/c mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum (S japonicum) Methods Spleens were removed at 0, 3, 5, 8, and 10 and 12 weeks after infection and the spleen cells were incubated in the presence of SEA The extracted RNA was analyzed for IFN γ and IL 4 mRNA by reverse transcription PCR (RT PCR) Newly formed liver granulomas were measured Results The study revealed that no detectable IFN γ and IL 4 mRNA RT PCR products were found in SEA treated spleen cells from uninfected, or 3 week infected mice, whereas IL 4 mRNA was found to be expressed in 5 and 8 week infected mice, and an appreciable enhanced expression of IL 4 mRNA was observed in SEA stimulated spleen cells at 8 week infection than at 5 week infections However, SEA could not induce IFN γ and IL 4 mRNA transcription in 10 and 12 week infected mice, indicating the modulated expression of IFN γ and IL 4 mRNA Conclusion The significant changes of IL 4 mRNA expression in SEA stimulated spleen cells during S japonicum infection were coincident with SEA elicited granuloma formation and modulation in vivo

Dynamic changes in the collagen metabolism of liver fibrosis at the transcription level in rabbits with Schistosomiasis japonica

OBJECTIVE: To study the role of the synthesis and degradation of collagen at the transcription level during liver fibrogenesis due to schistosomiasis japonica in rabbits. METHODS: New Zealand rabbits challenged by cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) were served as animal models for liver fibrosis. Liver specimens were collected through operations at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28 wks after challenge. Type I collagen, type III collagen, type IV collagen, MMP-1 and MMP-9 mRNA levels of liver tissue were detected by RT-PCR + Dot blot. The size of egg granulomas and the degree of liver fibrosis were measured by histopathological examinations. RESULTS: Type I collagen, type III collagen, type IV collagen, MMP-1 and MMP-9 mRNA levels increased simultaneously in the early stage after challenge. Most of them reached their peak at 10 weeks, and compared with normal controls, type I collagen, type III collagen, type IV collagen, MMP-1 and MMP-9 mRNA levels increased by 12.0-, 11.0-, 6.6-, 10.0- and 11.0-fold, respectively, coinciding with the change of egg granulomas, i.e., the change in the inflammatory process. Then both collagen and collagenase mRNA levels decreased. Type I, III and IV collagen mRNA levels declined to 2-fold to 3-fold as compared with normal controls (P 0.05) at 28 wks. This study shows that the synthesis and degradation of collagen keep a dynamic balance at the early stage of schistosomiasis japonica challenge, while at the later stages the quantity of collagen synthesis was higher than that of collagen degradation. CONCLUSIONS: It was confirmed at transcription level that when the quantity of collagen synthesis was higher than that of collagen degradation liver fibrogenesis may be resulted in.

Approaches being used in the national schistosomiasis elimination programme in China:a review

Schistosomiasis japonica,caused by the human blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum,remains a major public health problem in China,although great success has been achieved.The control efforts during the past half-decade,notably the wide implementation of the new integrated strategy with emphasis on control of the source of S.japonicum infection across the country since 2004,has greatly reduced S.japonicum in humans,livestock,and intermediate host Oncomelania hupensis snails,and transmission control of schistosomiasis was achieved in China in 2015.A two-stage roadmap was therefore proposed for schistosomiasis elimination in 2015,with aims to achieve transmission interruption by 2020 and achieve disease elimination by 2025 in the country.During the last two decades,a variety of approaches,which target the epidemiological factors of schistosomiasis japonica have been developed,in order to block the transmission cycle of the parasite.These approaches have been employed in the national or local schistosomiasis control activities,and facilitated,at least in part,the progress of the schistosomiasis elimination programs.Here,we present an approach to control the source of S.japonicum infection,three new tools for snail control,three approaches for detecting and monitoring S.japonicum infection,and a novel model for health education.These approaches are considered to play a great role in the stage moving towards transmission interruption and elimination of schistosomiasis in China.

A novel and effective hyperthermia method for Schistosomiasis japonica prevention and treatment

The emerging resistance to schistosoma has been paid much attention and is in urgent need for a novel strategy to control the prevalent parasitic zoonosis. In this study, the efficiency of hyperthermia therapy was investigated by the skin hyperthermia device. The survival rate of cercariae decreased from 68.15 % （37 ℃, 5 min） to 0 （49℃, 10 min） with the thermal dosages increased, which proved the preventing effect of hyperthermia therapy （P 〈 0.05）. Therapeutic effects were assessed in Schistosoma japonicum-infected BALB/c mice. When the cercarial contact region of the skin was treated at 45-49℃ for 5 min within 8 h of infection, worm reduction rate （WRR） reached 74 %-83 % （P 〈 0.01）. The sensitivity of adult schistosoma to heat was also investigated using microwave intraperitoneal hyperthermia （thermal dosages 42-43℃, 20 min）. The WRR, hepatic shift rates and egg reduction rates were 23.7 %, 40 % and 30 %, respectively, comparing with 80.2 %, 59.6 % and 53.9 % of praziquantel （PZQ）-treated group. Encouraging results have been obtained that hyperthermia can effectively kill schistosomula, especially with the appearance of cercarial dermatitis, while PZQ lacks efficacy against the cercariae. Thus, hyperthermia therapy would show significant benefit in preventing and treatment of schistosoma, especially in the early stage.

Paeoniflorin prevents hepatic fibrosis of Schistosomiasis japonica by inhibiting TGF-β1 production from macrophages in mice

In order to investigate the effect of paeoniflorin(PAE)on hepatic fibrosis of mice with Schistosomiasis japonica in vivo and in vitro,a model of hepatic fibrosis caused by schistosomiasis was established in mice infected with cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum.Then,PAE was orally administered before and after praziquantel treat-ment and both therapeutics were given simultaneously at different time points after the infection.The concentra-tion of serum hyaluronic acid(HA)was determined by radioimmunoassay(RIA).Hepatic granuloma and fib-rosis were evaluated via HE and Masson staining.The expression of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA),transform-ing growth factor β1(TGF-β1)and collagen I(Col I)protein was detected by immunohistochemistry.The effect of soluble egg antigen(SEA)and PAE on the pro-duction of TGF-β1 from mouse peritoneal macrophages(PMQs)was investigated by RT-PCR,Western blotting and ELISA.The effect of TGF-β1 in optimum macro-phage-conditioned medium(OPMCM)on the prolifera-tion of hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)and collagen secretion from HSCs with anti-TGF-β1 antibody was explored by MTT assay and ELISA.The results show that PAE could significantly reduce the concentration of serum HA,the size of egg granuloma,the severity of hepatic fibrosis and the expression of a-SMA,TGF-β1 and Col I protein in the pre-treatment group.However,in sim-or post-treatment group,PAE did not have any significant therapeutic effect.TGF-β1 could be secreted from PMQs stimulated by SEA.Meanwhile,the production of TGF-β1 from PMQs could be depressed significantly by PAE in a con-centration-dependent manner.TGF-β1 could promote the proliferation of HSCs and the secretion of collagens.In a word,PAE can prevent hepatic granuloma and fib-rosis caused by schistosomiasis japonica through the inhibition of the secretion of TGF-β1 from PMQs,the proliferation and activation of HSCs and the secretion of collagens from HSCs.

Interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in mountainous and hilly regions with an integrated strategy:a longitudinal case study in Sichuan,China

Background:Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in China.Since 2004,an integrated strategy was developed to control the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China.However,the long-term effectiveness of this integrated strategy for the interruption of schistosomiasis transmission remains unknown in the mountainous and hilly regions of China until now.This longitudinal study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated strategy on transmission interruption of schistosomiasis in Sichuan Province from 2005 through 2014.Methods:The data regarding replacement of bovines with machines,improved sanitation,access to clean water,construction of public toilets and household latrines,snail control,chemotherapy,and health education were captured from the annual report of the schistosomiasis control programmes in Sichuan Province from 2005 to 2014,and S.japonicum infection in humans,bovines and snails were estimated to evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated strategy.Results:During the 10-year period from 2005 through 2014,a total of 536568 machines were used to replace bovines,and 3284333 household lavatories and 15523 public latrines were built.Tap water was supplied to 19116344 residents living in the endemic villages.A total of 230098 hm2 snail habitats were given molluscicide treatment,and 357233 hm2 snail habitats received environmental improvements.There were 7268138 humans and 840845 bovines given praziquantel chemotherapy.During the 10-year study period,information,education and communication(IEC)materials were provided to village officers,teachers and schoolchildren.The 10-year implementation of the integrated strategy resulted in a great reduction in S.japonicum infection in humans,bovines and snails.Since 2007,no acute infection was detected,and no schistosomiasis cases or infected bovines were identified since 2012.In addition,the snail habitats reduced by 62.39%in 2014 as compared to that in 2005,and no S.japonicum infection was identified in snails since 2007.By 2014,88.9%of the endemic counties achieved the transmission interruption of schistosomiasis and transmission control of schistosmiasis was achieved in the whole province in 2008.Conclusion:The government-directed and multi-department integrated strategy is effective for interrupting the transmission of schistosomiasis in the mountainous and hilly regions of China.

基于GC-IMS分析盐渍海参挥发性风味物质

[目的]探明盐渍海参(Apostichopus japonicas)的挥发性风味物质,比较不同产地盐渍海参的主要挥发性风味物质种类及差异。[方法]采用气相色谱-离子迁移色谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy,GC-IMS)对不同产地盐渍海参挥发性物质进行定性和相对定量分析,并建立指纹图谱。[结果]盐渍海参定性出以醛类、酮类、醇类和酯类为主的挥发性风味物质83种,但不同产地特征挥发性物质的相对含量不同。庚醛、辛醛等13种醛类是盐渍海参的共有成分。醇类和酮类是长岛盐渍海参的特征风味物质,威海和东营盐渍海参的特征风味物质主要为酯类,大连盐渍海参特征区域未鉴定出确定成分。[结论]不同产地的盐渍海参因特征性风味物质不同而具有独特的风味特征,可以为消费者的选择提供更多参考。

Immunodiagnostic efficacy of detection of Schistosoma japonicum human infections in China:a meta analysis

Objective:To assess the diagnostic efficacy of the currently most widely used indirect hemagglutination assay(IHA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) for detection of Schistosoma japonicum human infections.Methods:A comprehensive search was undertaken from China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang Database.VIP Database,PubMed. Cochrane Library,Science Citation Index Expanded.Proquest,and the inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly settled.The funnel plot was used to assess the publication bias.Cochran’s Q test was employed to measure the homogeneity between studies,a summary receiver operating characteristic(SROC) curve was used to compare the diagnostic accuracy between the IHA and ELISA qualitatively by means of the Weighted Least Square method,the Ordinary Least Square method and the Robust regression method,and the diagnostic odds ratio(DOR) was drawn to compare the accuracy quantitatively.Results:Out of 785 publications,19 papers were eventually selected for analysis.Literature finality assessment indicated that minor publication bias existed in studies pertaining IHA test,but no bias was found in literatures regarding ELISA test.The heterogeneity test showed a heterogeneity between studies was present(χ~2 =466.07 and 34.67. both P values【0.0001).The areas under the SROC curves of IHA were all higher than that of ELISA test using the three methods(Weighted Least Square method:0.766 vs.0.695.Ordinary Least Square method:0.826 vs.0.741.Robust regression:0.815 vs.0.715).The TPR* values for IHA and EUSA were 0.710.0.759.0.749.and 0.650.0.686 and 0.666.respectively,and OR values were 5.997.9.937.8.893.and 3.432.4.784 and 3.959.respectively.The DOR of IHA was 9.41(95% CI:4.88-18.18).and 4.78(95%CI:3.21-7.13) for ELISA.Conclusions:All above results revealed that the diagnostic performance of IHA is better than that of ELISA.However,taking into account their unsatisfactory diagnostic value in areas with low infection intensity,a search for a better diagnostic test that can be applied in field situations in China should be given high priority.

rSj26-Sj32-Immunogold-IgG-Dipstick法用于急性日本血吸虫病患者的诊断价值

目的探讨rSj26-Sj32-Immunogold-IgG-Dipstick法用于急性日本血吸虫病患者的诊断价值。方法利用纯化的rSj26-Sj32融合蛋白和日本血吸虫成虫抗原(SjAWA)建立Immunogold-IgG-Dipstick法,检测急性日本血吸虫病患者血清,并以华支睾吸虫病、卫氏并殖吸虫病、棘球蚴病、乙型肝炎、肺结核患者和健康人血清作对照。结果 rSj26-Sj32检测急性日本血吸虫病患者血清的敏感性为96.00%,特异性为97.67%;SjAWA与华支睾吸虫病、卫氏并殖吸虫病和泡型棘球蚴病患者血清存在不同程度的交叉反应,而rSj26-Sj32则未见交叉反应。结论纯化的rSj26-Sj32融合蛋白是1种较好的免疫诊断抗原。

日本血吸虫病常用诊断方法现场查病效果的评估

目的评估几种常用血吸虫病诊断方法现场查病的效果。方法2005年11月,选取江西省鄱阳湖沿岸3个血吸虫病流行村的6～65岁居民为调查对象,用改良加藤厚涂片法(Kato-Katz法,3张涂片)和尼龙绢集卵孵化法进行病原学检测的同时,分别用胶体染料试纸条法(DDIA)、快速酶联免疫吸附试验(F-ELISA)及2种间接红细胞凝集试验(IHA-A和IHA-B)进行血清学检测,以评价该几种检测方法的效果。结果3村共检测居民1864人,平均粪检阳性率为9.7%。改良加藤法在血吸虫病中度、重度流行区的漏检率相对稳定,为20.0%～27.8%;尼龙绢集卵孵化法的漏检率在每克粪便虫卵数(EPG)>100时相对稳定(约25%)。DDIA、F-ELISA、IHA-A和IHA-B的平均阳性率分别为47.8%、50.0%、66.3%和40.1%。以病原学检测结果为金标准,DDIA、F-ELISA、IHA-A和IHA-B的敏感性分别为75.3%、65.8%、85.6%和76.0%;特异性为55.1%、51.7%、35.7%和63.6%。与其他几种免疫血清学诊断方法相比,IHA-B试剂的特异性、Youden指数、阳性似然比及粪检符合率最高。DDIA法与IHA-B法的符合率最高(77.3%),而F-ELISA和IHA-A的符合率最低(61.5%)。结论在血吸虫病中、重度流行区,改良加藤法虫卵检出率和稳定性均优于尼龙绢集卵孵化法;IHA-A的敏感性最高,IHA-B的4个指标最高,具有较高的现场使用价值,但需进一步提高其敏感性。

重组GST-HD融合蛋白用于血吸虫病诊断和疗效考核的研究

目的 探讨重组 GST- HD融合蛋白用于血吸虫病免疫诊断的价值。方法 用 IPTG诱导表达日本血吸虫中国大陆株 2 3k Da分子 (Sj C2 3)的大亲水片段的融合蛋白 (GST- HD) ,再经 Glu-tathione Sepharose 4B凝胶进行亲和纯化。建立应用纯化的 GST- HD融合蛋白检测抗 Sj C2 3抗体的EL ISA血吸虫病诊断方法 (GST- H D EL ISA) ,用该方法和常规的 SEA- EL ISA平行检测血吸虫病人 ,肝吸虫病人及健康人血清 ,同时检测 32份同一病人治疗前、治疗后半年的配对血清 ,比较两种方法诊断血吸虫病的效能和疗效考核价值。结果 GST- HD EL ISA和 SEA- EL ISA检测 90份病人血清的阳性率分别为 95 .5 5 %和 93.33% ,检测 2 9份肝吸虫病人血清 ,交叉反应率分别为 0和 3.44 % ,检测 40份健康人血清假阳性率分别为 0和 2 .5 %。融合蛋白中的 GST分子对实验结果没有影响。检测 32份治疗前、治疗后配对病人血清 ,治疗后 6个月 GST- HD抗体的阴转率达 75 .0 % ,而 SEA抗体的阴转率仅为 12 .5 %。结论 重组表达的 GST- H D融合蛋白分子是一种新的血吸虫病基因工程免疫诊断抗原 。

洞庭湖和鄱阳湖区血吸虫病人畜传染源的作用

湖沼地区血吸虫病最主要的传染源为耕牛,其次是牲猪和外来水上流动人群。但不同类型疫区其不同传染源的作用不尽相同。洲岛型疫区血吸虫病传染源以本地人畜为主,其实际污染能量占总污染能量的70.7％;汊滩型疫区以耕牛为主,其实际污染能量占该类疫区总污染能量的75.5％,其中外来耕牛占53.9％:其次为外来水上流动人群。洲垸型疫区则以耕牛和外来水上流动人群为主要传染源,分别占该类疫区全部传染源污染能量的69.8％和21.4％。枯水季节耕牛为主要传染源,外来水上流动人群为涨水季节的主要传染源。

我国几种日本血吸虫病免疫诊断试剂的综合测评

目的 了解我国血吸虫病防治工作中使用的免疫诊断试剂的综合质量,为第三次全国血吸虫病流行病学抽样调查查病工具的筛选提供参考。方法 聘请血吸虫病免疫诊断及相关专家组成专家评估组,确定综合测评指标。采用单盲法,由各日本血吸虫病免疫诊断试剂的生产单位对2 5 4份血清统一进行测试。计算各试剂盒的敏感性、特异性、Youden指数,收集其他测评指标的相关信息并进行分析。结果 参评的8个研究所(公司)的9种试剂盒总体上质量较好,大部分试剂盒的敏感性或特异性在90 %以上,其中Youden指数在0 .9以上的试剂盒有3个,但并殖吸虫病的交叉反应普遍存在,乙型肝炎的交叉反应在0～30 %之间。由于操作以及结果判断失误等其他原因,个别试剂盒的测试结果不够理想。结论 参加测评的绝大部分试剂盒的敏感性和特异性都达到了现场应用标准。

中国血吸虫病潜在流行区的风险评估

目的分析大型水利工程对血吸虫病传播的影响，评估血吸虫病潜在流行区的疾病传播风险。方法2008—2010年，在三峡库区和南水北调等大型水利工程途经的江苏省盱眙县、洪泽县、金湖县和高邮县，山东省微山县。湖北省潜江市和宜昌市夷陵区．安徽省巢湖市居巢区，重庆市万州区和开县，以及长江下游河口段的张家港市等5省（市）11个县（市、区），选择血吸虫病潜在流行区开展传播风险相关因素监测并进行风险评估分析。每个县（市、区）至少设立1个固定监测点和3个流动监测点。2008年随机抽取当地6～65岁常住居民，2008—2010年每年对监测县（市、区）内的当地暂住流动人口．采用间接红细胞凝集试验或酶联免疫吸附试验进行筛查，血检阳性者用改良加藤法或尼龙绢集卵孵化法进行病原学检查。2008—2010年每年对居巢、潜江、高邮和万州等4个县（市、区）的家畜开展血吸虫感染情况调查。此外．对危险地带和可疑环境开展钉螺孳生分布调查和水体漂浮物的监测．并在江苏省盱眙县、洪泽县、金湖县和高邮县的通江河道采用稻草帘诱螺法开展钉螺扩散调查。结果监测点共8256名当地居民接受了血清学检查，抗体阳性率为0．7％（60／8256），60例抗体阳性者中55例接受了病原学检查，均为阴性。2008—2010年流动人口的抗体阳性率分别为2．0％（53／2611）、1．4％（56／3944）和1．7％（74／4581），3年间差异无统计学意义（x2=3．57，P〉0．05）；在抗体阳性者中，居巢区连续3年均查获了粪检阳性者，共22例，另于2010年在金湖县检获1例粪检阳性。除在金湖和高邮的可疑环境检获钉螺外。其他监测点均未查获钉螺，检获的钉螺中未发现感染性钉螺。水体漂浮物和稻草帘诱螺监测。检获大量水生贝类和螺。但未检获钉螺。结论尚未发现三峡库区和南水北调相关工程引起钉螺扩散和血吸虫病传播的情况．但存在相关风险，有必要建立长期血吸虫病监测预警体系．不同类型地区血吸虫病传播因素监测的重点可不同．

日本血吸虫病肝纤维化的临床特点

目的通过检测有关细胞因子及病理学对肝组织标本从细胞、分子水平、组织超微结构等研究日本血吸虫病肝纤维化的发生、发展特点,并探讨合理的防治对策。方法晚期血吸虫病(晚血)包括切脾后、未达晚血标准的脾肿大者及晚血夹杂肝炎者分为A、B、C3组,除进行肝纤维化指标、生化检测和超声显像检测外,另对部分患者作淋巴细胞亚群、细胞膜CD35表达免疫学检测。部分患者作肝组织病理学的免疫组化检查。结果1212例中有94.06%的患者曾接受不同药物的病原治疗。血吸虫间接血凝试验、酶联免疫吸附试验1项或2项均为阳性者3组差异有显著性。肝纤维化4项指标测定中,层黏蛋白、透明质酸3组差异亦有显著性。超声显像肝实质分级3组差异亦有显著性。肝纤维化病理特征研究中,炎症与纤维化呈正相关。晚血肝纤维化时C-I、C-型胶原在肝汇管区、中央静脉、肝窦等部位含量均明显增加,肝窦本身出现扩张与狭窄两种病理改变。结论血吸虫病的病理不仅属窦前性改变,肝窦本身病变在肝纤维化的发生中起着重要作用。彻底杀虫治疗或切脾后,肝纤维化仍可继续发展,今后尚需加强随访与防治,减少晚血的发生与发展。