北京市W校合并型一体化管理的特征及启示

合并型一体化管理是优质资源输入校为提升办学质量,作为一个新组成部分被同一区域内的优质资源输出校吸收合并,完全纳入到输出校整体发展中的组织形态变革。北京市W校的一体化管理正是这种学校组织形态变革的典型案例,其管理表现出以下主要特征:以文化作为首要突破口统领一体化管理,统筹推进一体化管理的机制建设,深入优化一体化管理的系统资源配置。W校的一体化管理为其他一体化管理学校提供了以下启示:要追求超越物质性的合并,要加强有效运行机制的建设,要全面推进办学资源的重组。

Seed and Wasp Production in the Mutualism of Figs and Fig Wasps

Figs (Moracea: Ficus) and fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Chlocloids: Agaonideae) depend on each other to complete their reproduction. Monoecious fig species and their pollinating wasps are in conflict over the use of fig ovaries which can either produce one seed or one wasp. From observation on Ficus virens Ait., we showed that female flowers with outer layer of ovaries (near to the wall of syconium) had no significant difference from that with inner and interval layer of ovaries (near to the syconium cavity), in which most seeds and wasps were produced. This meant that fig tree provided the same potential resource for seed and wasps production. Observation indicated that there was usually only one foundress in syconium at female flower phase and no com- petition pollinators. Measurement of the style length of female flowers and the ovipositor of pollinators indicated that most ovaries could be reached by pollinator’s ovipositor. However, at the male flower phase, production of seeds was significantly more than that of wasps including non-pollinating wasps but there was no significant difference between seed and pollinating wasp production when without non-pollinating wasps produced. This result indicated that non-pollinating wasps competed ovaries not with seeds but with pollinating wasps for ovipositing. Bagged experiment showed that the sampling fig species was not self-sterile which was important for figs and wasps to survive bad season. Seed production in self-pollinated figs was not significantly different from total wasps in- cluding non-pollinating ones. This might be related with the weaker competition among wasps since bagged figs were not easy to reach by wasps from outside.