Relationship between Migration and HIV Risky Behavior: a Comparative Study of Returning Migrants and Non Migrants Based on Rural Out-of-school Youth in Jilin, China

Objective To estimate the relationship between migration and HIV risky behavior when controlling for gender, age, and educational levels and to evaluate the gender differences in migration, HIV knowledge, and HIV risky behaviors among rural youth in China. Methods A cross-sectional, anonymous, investigative questionnaire for 1710 unmarried, out-of-school rural youth, aged between 15 and 24 years, was handed out in Gongzhuling county of Jilin province, China. Results 58.5% of participants had a history of migration, irrespective of gender. There were gender differences observed in other factors such as drug abuse（4.3% for males and 5.5% for females, P〈0.01）, multiple sexual partners（24.1% for males and 44.1% for females, P〈0.01）, and HIV knowledge rate（35.2% for males and 25.5% for females, P〈0.001）. While controlling for gender, age, and educational levels, the relationships between migration and drug abuse, selling sex, and non usage of condoms during last instance of sexual activity were found to be significant. The cases of premarital sex and multiple sexual partners were both not found to be related to migration. Conclusion Among rural youth, the HIV risky behavior such as drug abuse, selling sex, and lack of condom use, is significantly related to migration, while premarital sex and multiple sexual partners seem unrelated to migration.

HIV Vulnerability in Out-of-School Adolescents and Youth in Yunnan, China

This study investigated multiple aspects of vulnerability to HIV in out-of-school adolescents and youth in Yunnan Province, a high HIV risk region in China. The findings show that socially disadvantaged adolescents and youth were overrepresented in the out-of-school young people in Yunnan. The out-of-school young people in Yunnan exhibited 1) limited knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention, 2) a high prevalence of unprotected sexual activity, 3) high exposure to illicit drugs and alcohol use and a high prevalence of drug use in themselves, and 4) limited access to health services. There is an indication of higher exposure to risk behaviours in the younger age group. The study population used multiple media, particularly television, internet and radio, to obtain information about HIV transmission and prevention, particularly in the younger age group. These media may be an effective way of reaching this population in future HIV education and prevention programs in the region.

Modeling Spatial Opportunity Structures and Youths’ Transitions from School to Training

This paper examines the significance of spatial externalities for youths’ school-to-training transitions in Germany. For this purpose, it is necessary to address the methodological question of how an individual’s spatial context has to be operationalized with respect to both its extent and the problem of spatial autocorrelation. Our analyses show that the “zone of influence” comprises of the whole of Germany, not only close-by districts, and that these effects differ between structurally weak and strong regions. Consequently, assuming that only close proximity affects individual outcomes may disregard relevant contextual influences, and for spatial models that require an a priori definition of the weights for spatial units, it may be erroneous to make a decision based on this assumption. Concerning spatial autocorrelation, we found that neglecting local spatial autocorrelation at the context level causes considerable bias to the estimates, especially for districts that are close to the home district.

Waist Circumference Distribution of Chinese School-age Children and Adolescents

Background Waist circumference （WC）, a proxy measure of central body fat, is a better predictor than overall body fat for cardiovascular risk factors in both adults and children. WC cutoffs have been established in many countries, but the national WC reference has not been developed in China. Objective To study the distribution of WC in a representative group of Chinese children for establishing Chinese WC cutoff points. Methods Cross-sectional data obtained from 15 mainland provinces and Hong Kong were collected. There were 160 225 children and adolescents aged 7-18 years old in total. The subjects were divided into five regional groups namely costal city, other city, noah rural, south rural, and Hong Kong, for analyzing the distribution of WC. Results A large variation in WC distribution was found among the five groups for both sexes. Coastal city group had the highest P85 WC values consistently from the early school ages to 18-year-old compared with other groups. In contrast, south rural group had P85 values consistently lagged behind not only the city groups but also the north rural group. Hong Kong group had a high P85 WC at early ages, but because of the smaller increments of WC during adolescence, the P85 curve was gradually exceeded by the north rural groups. Catch-up trend was found in the two rural groups since the peak of puberty. These disparities were caused by not only socioeconomic and urban-rural factors but also north-south differences. Because of the regional variation of WC, a ＂gradient＂ prevalence of central obesity was prospected among these groups. Comparisons of WC distributions between the Chinese and the U.S.A or Netherlands demonstrated the necessary of setting up China＇s own WC cutoffs. Sex and age-specific percentiles were obtained and smoothed by using LMS method. Conclusion The data obtained from this study could be used to develop national WC cutoff points for Chinese children and adolescents.

Preventing Behavioral-Risks Incidence among School Children: The Role of School-Based Health Promotion Program

This article addresses the important role school health education program can play in reducing youth risky behaviors that lead to incarceration, diseases and fatalities or that impact their academic performance in school. Children growing up are at risks of exposure to different behaviors and common social influences which if unchecked result in unexpected health consequences common among youth in America today. According to US Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, the six leading behaviors that cause death, disability, and social problems among American children are: unintentional injuries and violence, alcohol and drug use, tobacco use, unhealthy diets, inadequate physical activities, and sexual behaviors and diseases. This article shows that school health program: 1) can provide the foundation for children to learn desired healthy behaviors in order to preserve life, 2) protects the future of children and that of the nation, 3) can teach students skills to recognize risky behaviors and resist them, 4) can boost community efforts to achieve desired health behaviors, 5) closes socio-economic gaps that interfere with basic nurturing of children, and 6) finally links local stakeholders as partners in promoting community safety. Through review of literature, the authors found that it costs ($588) daily or (214,620) annually to incarcerate a juvenile and only $75 daily for the cost of individualized community-based services. The cost to New York is over $900,000, yet does not address the causative issues. The authors recommend that schools teach comprehensive school health from kindergarten to grade 12 and employ health educators to support teachers teach health promotion and education.

何以补齐中小学体育教师资源短板?——基于深化体教融合典型实践的多案例分析

基于5个典型案例,依据资源依赖理论聚焦体育教师资源、组织结构关系和效能提升3个主题及其相互内在关联因素,归纳出市场运行机制、校际合作机制、政社合作机制、政策支持机制和行动补给机制5种补齐普通中小学体育教师资源短板的适配机制。体育、教育等行政组织及普通中小学、体校、青少年体育俱乐部等组织形成恰适性治理逻辑、网络化治理格局和互补型治理方式的组织结构关系,实现对国家深化体教融合等顶层设计的政策创新、满足参与行动组织资源诉求和学校体育教育资源再生的目标。以此为导向构建更具包容性的补齐中小学体育教师资源短板的理论模型,以及多种机制共存的学校体育资源供给路径。

Contraception: School Knowledge and Practical Attitudes in the Urban Commune of Segou, Mali

The aim was to describe aspects of students’ knowledge of sexuality and contraception and their sexual behaviour in schools in Ségou, Mali. Materials and Methods: This was a one-pass cross-sectional survey with reasoned choice at the first level and random choice at the second level over a 3-month period from January 2013 to March 2013. Results: The majority of the students involved in our study reside in the commune of Ségou, 90.4%. The average age of our students was 18. The female sex was the most represented in our study with 59.7%. The majority of students had casual sex at 60.3% and 70.9% irregularly. The change of sexual partner affected 47.9% of schoolchildren. Of our sexually active students, 72.6% had sexual partners and 37.4% had more than 2 partners. The main sources of information are respectively the media with 72.1% followed by teachers with 12.9% and friends with 09.7%. Among the most well-known contraceptive methods, condoms rank first with 72.6%, followed by injectable with 72.0%. 70.6% of the population had not yet used a contraceptive method at first sexual intercourse and in 72.9% of cases was condoms. The most cited source of contraceptive supply is pharmacy with 49.5% followed by family planning centres and maternity wards at 16.2% and shops at 16.2%. Conclusion: The referral of young people to approved health facilities for contraception could prevent them from risky sexual behaviours.

协同理论视域下中小学冰雪体育课程一体化建设的断裂困境与推进路径

中小学冰雪体育课程的一体化建设旨在优化体育教学质量,提升学生体质健康水平,并充分发挥体育的育人功能。基于协同理论,对我国中小学冰雪体育课程一体化建设的逻辑理路和理论基础进行分析,发现当前中小学面临冰雪课程体系不同学段纵向衔接断裂和各参与主体横向协同松散的问题。对此,提出纵向上贯通各学段冰雪特色学校的体育课程目标,统一区域冰雪体育项目及教学内容,制定规范的一体化冰雪体育课程评价标准;横向上优化政策部署,构建校社合作的冰雪体育教学形式,建设中小学冰雪体育项目赛事体系。以期形成一条贯穿中小学不同学段和学生发展全过程的教育主线,构建多层次的冰雪体育课程内容体系,从而提升中小学冰雪体育教育的整体效果。

中国式现代化背景下学校体育场域的话语批判与重构

在新的历史起点和中国式现代化背景下,应将学校体育放置于更为宏大的时代语境和话语空间中进行全面地认知和把握。基于此,该研究针对当前制约青少年身心健康发展的现实困境,对我国学校体育场域话语及其存在的问题进行了批判性审思。研究认为,我国学校体育场域的话语空间中存在外部话语权力冲突、内部话语竞争失调、话语主体缺失和话语表达不畅等问题。主要原因在于实践规则制约惯习生成、实践形式限制资本获取、实践过程影响行动策略和实践结果背离场域逻辑。重构路径包括:转化场域,回归“学生主体”的体育实践情境;重塑惯习,唤醒“意义在场”的身体自我建构;反思实践,关照个体生命的完整性存在。

新时代十年青少年和学校体育政策的注意力配置研究——基于“结构要素—决策属性”分析框架

青少年和学校体育政策在指引我国青少年和学校体育高质量发展中发挥着重要的“指挥棒”作用。该研究通过文献资料、文本编码和逻辑推理等方法,在构建“结构要素—决策属性”分析框架的基础上,采用注意力配置理论对新时代十年青少年和学校体育政策进行了注意力配置研究。结果显示,新时代十年青少年和学校体育政策存在政策之间互动更强、融入领域更为广泛和压实执行责任更细等特征;政策结构要素维度在目标定位、资源输入、过程内容和评价监管等层面的注意力配置分布各有不同;决策属性维度呈现出不同决策部门的政策注意力配置偏向:中央政府倾向于青少年体育公共服务体系建设、教育部门集中在以学校为阵地的体育教学活动、体育部门偏向于以训练和竞赛为主的体育活动、其他部门更注重以体质和卫生为主的健康行为。

体教融合背景下我国学校体育竞赛体系发展困境及推进策略

采用文献资料、专家访谈等方法,以体教融合为视域,对我国学校体育竞赛体系进行研究,剖析发展困境,提出优化对策。研究认为,学校体育竞赛在促进学生全面发展、夯实后备人才培养以及体育产业发展方面具有重要价值,同时亦存在赛事目标定位模糊、项目结构失衡、赛事水平不足等问题。今后应明确学校体育赛事目标以及价值体系,优化项目布局,促进一体化赛事发展。同时,应不断整合体育赛事资源,助力赛事水平提升。

性别分工秩序冲突下进城高学历青年职业女性婚姻风险研究

中国正从城乡中国转向城市中国,社会及人的价值观念也在巨变,发生现代化转型。进城高学历青年职业女性面临的性别分工秩序冲突及婚姻风险,反映出传统性别分工秩序受到现代化力量挑战的客观事实,回应了关注社会及人的价值观念巨变的时代命题。将进城高学历青年职业女性面临的“工作-家庭”冲突放在家庭社会关系网络的视野下进行考察,发现上述“工作-家庭”冲突背后实际上代表的是职业女性认同的男女平等、协同承担家务的现代性别分工秩序,与职业女性家属及其家庭社会关系网络默会的“男主外,女主内”的传统性别分工秩序之间的冲突。上述冲突在孕育子代,家庭结构性因素全面呈现的节点集中爆发,使得进城高学历青年职业女性处于平等性别分工秩序期待与传统失衡性别分工秩序现实的冲突之间,遭遇职业发展受阻、家庭经济价值地位下降、母职价值意义存疑三重危机,夫妻关系破裂风险出现。从降低当下青年人离婚率的角度,应回避此性别分工秩序冲突,积极建构平等性别分工秩序。

青年夜校“翻红”现象的透视与展望

当代青年夜校是青年的精神家园,使“夜校”再度“翻红”,是人口高质量发展支撑中国式现代化建设的行动、终身学习时代学习型社会的全面建构、青年文化需求的增长与供给缺失的矛盾推动和对充实完整的新型青年生活方式追求的回应等多重原因导致的必然结果,具有教育目的促进青年高质量发展、课程内容关注“无用之学”、夜校功能重在提升生活境界和基本属性为大众公益且优质等新型特征,也存在经费、场地、师资、课程、政策等多重发展困境,推动青年夜校能够在“翻红”的基础上“长红”,共同建设与呵护青年的精神家园,要统筹多类资源促进青年夜校可持续发展、以高质量课程建设推动青年夜校高质量发展、加强政策协同以支持青年夜校的长久发展和拓展规划城乡一体化青年夜校共同发展。

澳大利亚课后体育服务的发展特征、运行机制及经验启示

澳大利亚青少年体育发展始终走在世界前列,课后体育服务的实施也较为成熟,总结其发展经验可为我国“双减”之后课后体育服务的推进提供启示。研究发现,澳大利亚课后体育服务具有师资力量专业化、实施内容个性化、场地设施共享化、服务机构多元化等发展特征,依托法律政策的行动引领机制、面向不同群体的资源支持机制、聚焦服务过程的安全保障机制、基于跟踪调查的监督反馈机制等保障澳大利亚课后体育服务的稳步发展。其对我国课后体育服务发展的启示包括:(1)优化顶层设计,完善课后体育服务运行的长效机制;(2)推动课程改革,打造课程校内外一体化的服务体系;(3)协同多方主体,构建区域化多功能发展的管理模式;(4)重视学生发展,探索能力差异化个性化的培养方式。

高校学生参与学校治理的挑战、意义与实践路向

高校学生参与学校治理顺应教育强国建设的时代要求,是落实立德树人根本任务的教育实践活动。着力推动学校治理目标与学生个人成长的协同发展,对加快推进高等教育治理体系和治理能力现代化建设具有重要意义。我国高校治理中长期存在以“行政权力”和“学术权力”为核心的二元权力结构,往往使得学生权力处于弱化状态,高校学生参与学校治理面临着来自内外环境的挑战。其中,权力共享意识匮乏、参与机制运行不畅、参与效果欠佳等问题,制约了高校学生综合素质的全面提升。高校要尽快革新学生服务与管理理念,基于能力导向设计学生参与学校治理的实践路径,探索学生权力参与学校治理功能发挥的新机制,促使高校内部治理权力布局的平衡,保障学生主体利益的实现,从而提升高校治理体系和治理能力现代化水平。

论“家校社”体育协同治理:溯源、域外经验及实践路径

构建共治共建共享的“家校社”体育协同治理共同体,促进我国青少年体育治理实现主体多元、活动多样、机制有效的网络化、现代化治理格局。运用文献资料、逻辑分析等研究方法,通过总结其演进溯源经验与相关政策要旨,锚定国外发达国家协同治理经验:以法律为治理基石,强调政府的顶层设计与制度供给;以政策为推进动力,注重多部门、多主体的协同治理;以社区为着力基点,引导多方力量的广泛参与;以青少年健康成长为基本,构建全方位的体育促进健康机制。提出实践路径:治理框架铺设,发挥“有为政府”的责任担当与主导核心作用;育人实践协同,推进“家校社”体育的协同赋能与合作共治;外延拓展赋能,实现社会与市场多元主体的精准发力;监督评价保障,健全跨域沟通的长效协调机制,强化内外监督评价体系的建设。

何以推动基层体育运动学校转型发展——以京山市体校改革为例

面对我国基层体校总体规模下降及青少年体育后备人才培养质量下降等问题,以京山市体校改革为案例,以青少年体育后备人才培养需求及基层体校转型发展要素为切口,深入分析基层体校发展的现实壁垒,系统探索推动基层体校转型发展的实践路径与内在逻辑。经研究认为,促进基层体校转型发展需要实现办学理念、培养目标、资源供给、运行机制等多维度要素融合;形成文体双优办学新模式、构建后备人才选育新体系、优化办学资源配置新路径、激发后备人才培养新活力;其核心理论运作逻辑体现为以刚性法律法规构建基层体校转型发展框架,以柔性治理方式优化基层体校转型发展环境,以高效培养机制畅通基层体校转型发展流程,三重驱动我国基层体校实现高质量转型发展。

新时期我国学校体育助力竞技体育后备人才培养路径研究

研究采用文献资料、实地调研以及专家访谈等方法,对新时期我国学校体育助力竞技体育后备人才培养进行研究。研究认为,我国竞技后备人才培养面临着人才储备不足、退役安置体系滞后以及学训矛盾等发展困境。学校体育能够拓宽人才培养规模,弥补我国竞技项目短板,以及促进学生全面发展。提出对策:提升训练水平,完善学校体育赛事体系;明确学生运动员身份属性,狠抓文化教育工作;推动学生广泛参与体育活动,提升学生体育参与兴趣。

体育强国战略背景下业余体校运动员发展困境及优化路径研究——基于A市某业余体校的田野调查

近年来,相关研究多集中于业余体校发展和学训矛盾的宏观研究,对业余体校运动员的研究也更多集中在运动训练方法、训练成绩提升和生理生化指标等方面,对于运动员个人发展关注较少。该文通过文献资料法、田野调查法等研究方法进行了分析,认为业余体校青少年运动员个人发展存在身体状况、心理状况、文化水平及未来出路方面的困境,由此提出了以下优化路径:加强科学训练,提高运动员训练效率;避免教育缺位,关注运动员心理健康;转变培养理念,紧抓运动员文化教育;家校社会联动,拓宽运动员未来出路。

校企合作视域下课后体育服务的价值意蕴、现实困境与优化路径

本文采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等研究方法,对校企合作视角下课后体育服务的价值意蕴、现实困境进行研究,并提出优化路径。校企合作视域下课后体育服务的价值意蕴:满足学生多元需求,激发学生发展活力;深化体育教育融合,培养优秀体育后备人才;推动资源优化配置,强化学校体育基础。现实困境:遴选主体尚未明确,监察体系流于形式;评价体系滞后性显著,监测机制时效性不足;伤害责任划分含糊,法律界定尚不明确。优化路径:完善遴选机制,强化监察实效;优化质量评价体系,提升质量监测机制;明确伤害责任界限,细化法律适用标准。