Rehabilitation of vulnerable groups in emergencies and disasters： A systematic review

BACKGROUND: Natural and man-made disasters, especially those occurring in large scales not only result in human mortality, but also cause physical, psychological, and social disabilities. Providing effective rehabilitation services in time can decrease the frequency of such disabilities. The aim of the current study was to perform a systematic review related to rehabilitation of vulnerable groups in emergencies and disasters.METHODS: The systematic review was conducted according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses(PRISMA) guidelines. The key words "recovery", "rehabilitation", "reconstruction", "transformation", "transition", "emergency", "disaster", "crisis", "hazard", "catastrophe", "tragedy", "mass casualty incident", "women", "female", "children", "pediatric", "disable", "handicap", "elder", "old" and "vulnerable" were used in combination with Boolean operators OR and AND. ISI Web of Science, PubM ed, Scopus, Science Direct, Ovid, ProQ uest, Wiley, Google Scholar were searched.RESULTS: In this study a total of 11 928 articles were considered and 25 articles were selected for f inal review of rehabilitation of vulnerable groups based on the objective of this study. Twenty-f ive studies including six qualitative, sixteen cross-sectional and three randomized controlled trials were reviewed for rehabilitation of vulnerable groups in emergencies and disasters. Out of the selected papers, 23 were studied based on rehabilitation after natural disasters and the remaining were man-made disasters. Most types of rehabilitation were physical, social, psychological and economic.CONCLUSION: The review of the papers showed different programs of physical, physiological, economic and social rehabilitations for vulnerable groups after emergencies and disasters. It may help health field managers better implement standard rehabilitation activities for vulnerable groups.

Research on the Protection of Vulnerable Groups in Water Pollution Conflicts Based on Binomial Tree Pricing Model

The interests of vulnerable groups can’t be guaranteed due to their weaker capacity and the limited interests demand channels during the water pollution conflicts. The interest protection for the vulnerable people in the water pollution conflicts has attracted attentions of the international scholars. The paper tries to construct the market mechanism which can make the vulnerable people to involve in the emission trading. The vulnerable people can buy American put option in the emission trading market. When the price of the emission runs below the contract price, the vulnerable people can get the benefit through executing the option. When the price of the emission runs above the contract price, the vulnerable people can give up the right. The binomial tree option pricing model can help the vulnerable people to make a decision through the analysis of the worth of the American put option.

Lend a Hand to Vulnerable Groups——An Experience from Wuhan University

On May 25, 2002, the Wuhan University Center for the Protection of Rights of Disadvantaged Citizens marked its 10th founding anniversary at Luojia Hill. Attending the celebrations were more than 600 people, including Executive Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League Sun Jinlong, Vice-Minister of Justice Duan Zhengkun, Supreme People’s Court Vice-President Wan E’xiang and Hubei Provincial Vice-Governor Deng Daokun.

Pay Attention to Vulnerable Groups & Safeguard Citizens' Marriage, Family Rights——On New Marriage Law

Marriage and family remain a universal and eternal subject of study. It covers law, ethics, sociology, psychology and even economics. Law and ethics play the most outstanding role in it. Family ethics and moral standards constitute an important part of social ethical system while marriage and family constitute part of the legal system nearest to the life of the common people. Since the founding of New China, the Party and the State have paid full attention to the marriage and family system. Compared with other laws, the law about marriage and family was the first to be legislated. On May 1, 1950, New China’s first law, the 1950 version of Marriage Law, was promulgated. Commenting on the legal document, Chairman Mao Zedong had this to say: Marriage law concerns

Academic Forum on Protection of Vulnerable Groups' Rights

On March 19, an academic forum was held in Jinan City, Shandong Province, on protection of vulnerable groups’ rights. Sponsored by the Law School of Shandong University, it gathered some 50 experts from the Central Patty School, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Society for Human Rights Studies, Shandong Higher People’s Court, as well as some research universities in the country. Four subjects were discussed at the forum: definition of vulnerable groups, legal principles for protection of vulnerable groups’

Socio-economic vulnerability level in the Jeneberang watershed in Gowa Regency,South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia

Jeneberang watershed is vital,particularly for people living in Gowa Regency(South Sulawesi Province,Indonesia),who benefit from its many advantages.Landslides and floods occur every year in the Jeneberang watershed,so it is imperative to understand the socio-economic vulnerability of this region.This research aims to identify the vulnerability level of the Jeneberang watershed so that the government can prioritize areas with high vulnerability level and formulate effective strategies to reduce these the vulnerability.Specifically,this study was conducted in 12 districts located in the Jeneberang watershed.The primary data were collected from questionnaires completed by community members,community leaders,and various stakeholders,and the secondary data were from the Landsat satellite imagery in 2020,the Badan Push Statistic of Gowa Regency,and some governmental agencies.The socio-economic vulnerability variables were determined using the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis(MCDA)method,and each variable was weighted and analyzed using the Geographical Information System(GIS).The study reveals that the levels of socio-economic vulnerability are affected by variables such as population density,vulnerable groups(disabled people,elderly people,and young people),road network and settlement,percentage of poor people,and productive land area in the Jeneberang watershed.Moreover,all of the 12 districts in the Jeneberang watershed are included in the medium vulnerability level,with the mean percentage of socio-economic vulnerability around 50.92%.The socio-economic vulnerability of Bajeng,Pallangga,and Somba Opu districts is categorized at high level,the socio-economic vulnerability of Bungaya,Parangloe,and Tombolo Pao districts is classified as medium level,and the remaining 6 districts(Barombong,Bontolempangan,Bontomarannu,Manuju,Parigi,and Tinggimoncong)are ranked as low socio-economic vulnerability.This study can help policy-makers to formulate strategy that contributes to the protection of biodiversity and sustainable development of the Jeneberang watershed,while improving disaster resilience and preparedness of the watershed.

Egypt’s Currency Devaluation & Impact on the Most Vulnerable

The aim of the current research paper is to review what the Government of Egypt (GOE) has done to alleviate hardship conditions facing vulnerable low-income citizens, including its civil servants, during the implementation of the recent International Monetary Fund Economic Reform program. The main research questions are: What policies and initiatives has the GOE pursued post its currency devaluation in order to alleviate hardships on the most vulnerable? And to what extent are we now a more “socially equitable” nation? The paper provides a background about the 2016 currency devaluation decision, presents a conceptual framework explaining the relation between different economic ideologies and the impact on the vulnerable groups in society, elaborates on why we should seek social justice in Egypt, and then finally examines and assesses some of the government’s efforts in trying to alleviate hardships, including the Takaful and Karama Program, the Amman certificate, and the impact on the pay scale of government employees. Some of the recommendations made by the paper include: the need to apply true conditionality in the claimed “Conditional Cash Transfer Programs”, to re-consider government employees’ compensation, and to re-allocate national resources to what matters in a more transparent manner.

The Research About non-agriculture shift confronting the rural vulnerable farmers in the underdeveloped areas of China

This paper reveals the law of non-agriculture shift of the vulnerable groups in underdeveloped rural areas in china, and put forward the ＂second shift＂ category, namely the vulnerable groups is bound to work in cities; return to participate in local non-agricultural activities; then begin second non-agriculture shift. The paper discusses the ＂second shift＂ feature; Finally, draw policy Implications of the ＂second shift＂.

论特定群体民事公益诉讼的制度化

虽然我国已初步建立未成年人、妇女民事公益诉讼制度,但作为抽象化的特定群体,由于其具有相对性,需要保护的社会公共利益具有不确定性,在法律没有明确规定时,特定群体民事公益诉讼适用范围存在着难以有序拓展的问题。特定群体民事公益诉讼需要制度化的内容涉及社会公共利益的认定和程序规则的设定。在民事公益诉讼实践中,社会公共利益既是审理对象,又是起诉条件,作为起诉条件的社会公共利益,需要由实体法予以规定。同时,为解决程序规则的合法性、冲突与重复问题,应尽快制定《民事公益诉讼特别程序法》,通过实体法和程序法的配合,实现特定群体民事公益诉讼的制度化。

信息障碍视角下数字政府适老化服务过程与模式研究——以大连市Z区为例

[目的/意义]本文通过明晰老年群体信息障碍,探求数字政府背景下老年信息弱势群体数字政务使用率低、获取难的脱困之道,从而助力我国数字政府适老服务“一体化”建设。[方法/过程]本文以大连市Z区为例,通过现场观察法、访谈法等研究方法,复盘Z区数字政府适老化服务建设过程。将ELIS信息障碍模型与Laslett人生四阶段理论相结合,对老年群体政务信息行为所遭遇的障碍进行全面分析,建构不同阶段的老年群体政务信息行为障碍模型。[结果/结论]老年群体的政务信息行为受生理、社会文化、情境、认知、情感与情绪等多种障碍的影响。本文建议地方政府关注身处需求侧的老年用户所面临的障碍,通过对不同生活阶段的老年人提供自主办理、半辅助式服务和替代式服务等针对性举措,更新数字政府适老化服务提供模式,以此推动数字政府适老服务从“碎片化”供给到“一体化”优化的深层次转变。

论“数字弱势群体”权利保障的国家义务

全面数字化时代,如何充分保障“数字弱势群体”权利,是实现数字正义的重要内容。当下主流研究虽明确了通过法学范式保障“数字弱势群体”权利的正当性,但所采取的“权利进路”也因可操作性不足,制约了法律保障实效。我们需要结合国家保障民生的理论与实践,从国家在消除数字贫困、弥合数字鸿沟中的实际行动出发,完善“数字弱势群体”权利保障的国家义务。从理据来看,“数字弱势群体”权利保障的国家义务以其所享有的社会权为基础,目的在于通过国家义务设置,维护公民的多项社会权利。从内容来看,“数字弱势群体”权利保障的国家义务包括尊重、保护和给付三方面,且三方面又包含各自的具体要求。从实现来看,“数字弱势群体”权利保障的国家义务需要直面公民社会权的“非可诉性”难题,我们可以从扩大行政诉讼受案范围和进行公益诉讼两方面,展开国家义务履行不能时的法律救济。

深化高校思政课供给侧改革的四重维度

系统观念是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观方法论之一,也是做好高校思政课供给侧改革各项工作必须遵循的科学思想方法。深化高校思政课供给侧改革的过程中,必须注重把握系统的历史维度、整体维度、规律维度、结构维度,努力增强思政课育人实效,切实发挥思政课立德树人关键课程作用。

基于KANO模型的突发疫情事件社区弱势群体应急信息需求研究

[目的/意义]突发疫情事件中,社区是弱势群体获取应急信息的重要渠道,了解弱势群体信息需求,有助于社区精准提供信息服务,促进辖区内居民应急信息储备,增强其满意度。[方法/过程]文章以突发疫情为背景,结合疫情重要信息类别及相关文献,对社区内弱势群体应急信息需求展开调查,借助KANO问卷对各需求进行分类,以确定社区优化应急信息服务的优先级。[结果/结论]针对弱势群体的必备型需求、期望型需求、魅力型需求、无差异型需求调整应急信息服务重点,通过关注应急需求转化、拓宽信息传播渠道等措施,保障弱势群体应急信息需求得以满足。

乡村数字弱势群体的生成机理与帮扶路径

数字技术赋能乡村治理新模式,并为农村居民释放数字红利。作为一项新的技术,数字技术在嵌入农村社会过程中也导致不同社会群体在数字技术相关领域的利益分化。乡村数字弱势群体是在数字技术与乡土文化结合失衡、数字包容的不当配置与双重弱势、数字空间话语权失衡与边缘化的相互作用下生成的。因此,需要构建以人民为中心价值理念为引领、以强化企业社会责任为抓手、以制度建设和增权赋能为手段的乡村数字弱势群体帮扶机制,从而实现乡村数字红利的普惠效应,以数字乡村建设助力乡村振兴。

公共图书馆弱势群体服务探讨——以黔东南州图书馆为例

文章分析了公共图书馆弱势群体服务开展重视程度不够、服务设施设备不完善、服务缺乏深度及服务缺乏专业人才的现状,提出了加强服务宣传推广、丰富服务项目、增强服务意识、建立服务反馈机制等策略,旨在提升公共图书馆弱势群体服务能力。

价值、实践、进路:面向数字弱势群体的公共图书馆数字素养培育探析

数字弱势群体是随着数字社会到来而产生的一类弱势群体,在数字生活参与过程中普遍面临着数智知识掌握不够、数字技术应用乏力、数字资源利用困难等问题。公共图书馆面向数字弱势群体开展数字素养培育,可以打破个体观念障碍,挖掘数字弱势群体数字可行能力;助力政府应急管理,帮助数字弱势群体抵御突发事件;弥合城乡发展差距,实现数字弱势群体数字美好愿景。文章通过访问31个省、自治区和直辖市公共图书馆官方网站,梳理归纳了我国公共图书馆面向数字弱势群体开展数字素养培育的情况,并从培育对象、培育内容、培育方式、培育资源、培育力量等方面进行分析,提出以下进路策略:贯彻“法律+政策”要求弥补数字弱势群体数字素养培育的对象缺位;根据“重点+细化”思路健全数字弱势群体数字素养培育的主题内容;按照“城市+农村”角度形成数字弱势群体数字素养培育的有效模式;通过“线上+线下”渠道打造数字弱势群体数字素养培育的资源阵地;依托“横联+纵合”形式完善数字弱势群体数字素养培育的协作机制等。

基于结构方程模型的地铁突发事件下弱势群体帮扶意愿影响分析

针对地铁突发事件下弱势群体帮扶意愿影响机理不清楚等问题,研究开展问卷调查精细化分析了实际地铁应急疏散状态下乘客疏散条件、自身状况、帮扶对象等多因素对帮扶意愿的影响及各因素间的结构关系。研究发现:地铁应急疏散过程中,影响疏散效率最高的为老年群体(62.92%),其次为幼小群体(25.83%);而受应急疏散负面影响最大的则为幼小群体(51.25%),其次是老年群体(39.58%)。借助方差分析发现地铁乘客应急疏散过程中的帮扶意愿受到自身状况、疏散条件及帮扶对象的显著性影响(p<0.05)。利用信效度检验对帮扶意愿影响因素进行筛减优化,搭建结构方程模型(structural equation modeling,SEM)精准获取弱势群体应急疏散帮扶行为关键影响因子,量化各因素间的关联关系。结果显示不利的疏散条件对帮扶行为有直接负面影响(-0.162),帮扶对象自身状况对帮扶行为有直接正面影响(0.151),不利疏散条件对帮扶对象自身状况有直接正面影响(0.652)。结果表明,乘客的疏散条件不利时将降低其帮扶意愿;帮扶对象情况不乐观时将提高乘客的帮扶意愿;帮扶行为有奖励时,能提高乘客帮扶意愿;同时,即使乘客处于不利的疏散条件,当遇到情况不乐观的帮扶对象时,仍有较高的帮扶意愿。

建构数字包容体系:实现乡村数字弱势群体权利保障的策略选择

随着网络技术的升级和数字乡村的发展,如何在坚持高质量发展的前提下保障乡村数字弱势群体的合法权利成为学术界不可回避的研究议题。本研究旨在引入数字包容理论,通过分析乡村数字弱势群体被社会排斥的具体领域,从而总结因此带来的权利侵害,并试图设计乡村数字弱势群体权利保障的包容体系。研究发现,乡村数字弱势群体权利保障的包容实践包括技术接入与使用、公平参与社会活动、重点关注弱势群体、积极破除社会壁垒和主动消减数字鸿沟,其运作机理体现为培育知识素养是前提基础,提升治理能力是关键要点,激发参与机制是核心环节,营造和谐环境是重要保障。因此,未来需要从构建包容性政策框架、重视包容性技术应用、保证数字包容权利、提高包容普惠效益等方面进行优化,最终实现数字乡村的高质量发展目标。

乡村数字弱势群体能力贫困的内生原因与解决对策——基于森的“可行能力”理论探讨

乡村数字弱势群体的能力贫困是数字时代不可规避的现实问题,也是阻碍数字乡村高质量发展的重要因素。本文引入阿玛蒂亚·森的可行能力理论,尝试深入剖析乡村数字弱势群体能力贫困的形成机理。研究发现,当前乡村数字弱势群体能力贫困体现为教育知识能力的偏差、获取信息能力的缺乏、风险应对能力的脆弱和自主发展能力的低下,并呈现整体连片性、代际传递性、能力脆弱性、贫困多维性、问题持续性的特点。上述问题受个体异质、家庭关系、社会氛围、制度政策等多要素影响,实则反映乡村数字弱势群体政治参与不足、经济条件受限、社会机会缺乏、透明性保证不高、防护性保障不足的根本原因。为提升乡村数字弱势群体的可行能力,未来需拓展社会参与渠道、强化资源共享配置、完善公共服务保障、促进信息公开透明、维护底层民众权益,最终实现数字乡村的高质量发展目标。

教育领域“智能鸿沟”的生成、危害与弥合

智能技术的大规模使用与数据驱动的智能传播引发“智能鸿沟”这一新的数字不平等问题。关注“智能鸿沟”在教育领域的产生和表征等现实问题,有益于进一步发挥教育数字化转型助推教育公平的价值意蕴。作为一种智能现代性在教育领域蔓延的不良后果,教育领域智能鸿沟的根源是人机协同学习的算法逻辑所引发的歧视和偏见。通过对智能时代教育数字化转型浪潮下“AI弱势群体”的风险进行审视,教育领域智能鸿沟的危害主要体现在:其一,随着在数字空间中的社会关系与数字权利被悬置,教育领域的“AI弱势群体”进入“例外状态”;其二,由算法定制和预设的学习方案将学习者引入“算法鸿沟”的定制歧路,进而促逼教育主体陷入主权者困境;其三,教育领域“智能拜物教”的兴起,驱动教育领域“信息富人”与“信息穷人”的身份发生两极反转。对此,未来教育数字化转型亟须秉持一种底层视角:首先,重塑教育数字化转型的底层认知,健全“AI—学习者”的关系格局与责任关系;其次,复归教育数字化转型的底层叙事,考察教育领域“AI弱势群体”的数字化生存状态;再者,挖掘教育数字化转型的底层路径,优化弥合智能鸿沟的制度供给与战略设计。