Megacity pathways in China under the dual carbon goal:The case of Shanghai

The pathways to achieving carbon neutrality at the city level are diverse due to varying energy supply and demand conditions.Shanghai faces obstacles such as limited land resources,high costs of renewable energy technologies,and instability of renewable energy.These challenges hinder the city’s efforts to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality(dual carbon).Therefore,Shanghai must identify and optimize its development path for renewable energy under the dual carbon goal.We employed the Low Emissions Analysis Platform Shanghai(LEAP-SH)model to simulate the impact of policies,such as industrial upgrading,energy efficiency improvement,energy structure optimization,increased technical innovation on energy,and ecological restoration,on the carbon emission pathways from 2022 to 2060 using five different scenarios.Our results indicate that Shanghai has the potential to achieve carbon neutrality in 2059 by promoting carbon reduction,pollution control,and green expansion.Moreover,we determined that the manufacturing industry;power generation industry;and transportation,storage,and mail services are the three major sectors for emission reduction under the dual carbon goal.Furthermore,the capacity and output of coal-fired power plants will be gradually replaced by offshore wind power in the dual carbon pathway.Finally,this study proposes countermeasures and suggestions for Shanghai to attain the dual carbon goal and high-quality development.

Near-infrared H_(2)O_(2)production via dual pathways of O_(2)reduction and H_(2)O oxidation

Hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))is a chemical that is widely of interest in both environmental and energy fields.On the one hand,as a clean oxidant,H_(2)O_(2)has been commonly used in the field of bleaching,disinfection,and advanced oxidation processes.On the other hand,H_(2)O_(2)has also been explored as a liquid fuel alternative to H_(2)or fossil fuels in fuel cells due to its high energy density.However,the current industrial production of H_(2)O_(2)relies on the anthraquinone(AO)method that involves palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation-oxidation steps.

Vocational Education from a Cross-national Perspective:Comparative Analysis of China,Germany,and the United States,with a Case Study of Zhaixing

This study delves into the current state and challenges of vocational education through a comparative study of cross-national vocational education and an analysis of the Zhaixing Academy case.The research reveals that vocational education reform can draw on the experiences of the German dual system,American community colleges,and Chinese vocational education reforms,with a focus on informal education pathways,practice-oriented teaching,and flexible training methods.The Zhaixing Academy case demonstrates the application of practice-oriented teaching approaches in the field of vocational education,emphasizing individual student development needs and the advantages of education outside formal institutions,offering new insights and references for the current Chinese education system.The study proposes that governments and education departments should increase investment in vocational education,encourage collaboration between enterprises and vocational education institutions,and support innovative practice-oriented education.In the future,Zhaixing Academy can continue to focus on education reform,expand the realm of practice-oriented education,promote its educational philosophy and methods,and contribute to the diversification and sustainable development of education.

Recent progress of electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)by single atom catalysts

Powered by electricity from renewable energies,electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)could not only efficiently alleviate the excess emission of CO_(2),but also produce many kinds of valuable chemical feedstocks.Among various catalysts,single atom catalysts(SACs)have attracted much attention due to their high atom utilization efficiency and expressive catalytic performances.Additionally,SACs serve as an ideal platform for the investigation of complex reaction pathways and mechanisms thanks to their explicit active sites.In this review,the possible re-action pathways for the generation of various products(mainly C1 products for SACs)were firstly summarized.Then,recent progress of SACs for electrochemical reduction of CO_(2)was discussed in aspect of different central metal sites.As the most popular and efficient coordination modulation strategy,introducing heteroatom was then reviewed.Moreover,as an extension of SACs,the development of dual atom catalysts was also briefly discussed.At last,some issues and challenges regarding the SACs for CO_(2)reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR)were listed,followed by corresponding suggestions.

A novel IRAK4/PIM1 inhibitor ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis and lymphoid malignancy by blocking the TLR/MYD88-mediated NF-κB pathway

Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4(IRAK4)is a pivotal enzyme in the Toll-like receptor(TLR)/MYD88 dependent signaling pathway,which is highly activated in rheumatoid arthritis tissues and activated B cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(ABC-DLBCL).Inflammatory responses followed by IRAK4 activation promote B-cell proliferation and aggressiveness of lymphoma.Moreover,proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 1(PIM1)functions as an anti-apoptotic kinase in propagation of ABC-DLBCL with ibrutinib resistance.We developed a dual IRAK4/PIM1 inhibitor KIC-0101 that potently suppresses the NF-κB pathway and proinflammatory cytokine induction in vitro and in vivo.In rheumatoid arthritis mouse models,treatment with KIC-0101 significantly ameliorated cartilage damage and inflammation.KIC-0101 inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and activation of JAK/STAT pathway in ABC-DLBCLs.In addition,KIC-0101 exhibited an anti-tumor effect on ibrutinib-resistant cells by synergistic dual suppression of TLR/MYD88-mediated NF-κB pathway and PIM1 kinase.Our results suggest that KIC-0101 is a promising drug candidate for autoimmune diseases and ibrutinib-resistant B-cell lymphomas.

SME： The Hungarian Experience Situation and Development in Hungary

This paper aims to present the development of the SME sector through the example of a country in East-Central Europe. This country was once a member of the so-called communist block until 1989, but had a market economy in 1989. Hungary joined the EU on May 1, 2004, and displaied numerous interesting features concerning small and medium sized enterprises ever since, complying with a variety of expectations. The research study investigated the East-Central European SME systems, and particularly the Hungarian SME practice. The main methods used in this paper are present European and Hungarian research findings of nternational relevance. Several data and figures from the European Union, the Central European area and of course from Hungary were used for the characterization of the SME systems. The main results of the research study is a set of characteristics of the SMEs＇ East-Central European pathway： （1） SMEs as a pillar of the nation in the world and in Hungary; （2） Hungary as the Paradise of small enterprises （numbers versus reality）; （3） Domestic small enterprises in an international （European） comparison; （4） How the crisis impacted the domestic SME sector; （5） Misconceptions and dead ends in small enterprises today： What should the state subsidise and how？

Nanotherapeutics targeting autophagy regulation for improved cancer therapy

The clinical efficacy of current cancer therapies falls short,and there is a pressing demand to integrate new targets with conventional therapies.Autophagy,a highly conserved self-degradation process,has received considerable attention as an emerging therapeutic target for cancer.With the rapid development of nanomedicine,nanomaterials have been widely utilized in cancer therapy due to their unrivaled delivery performance.Hence,considering the potential benefits of integrating autophagy and nanotechnology in cancer therapy,we outline the latest advances in autophagy-based nanotherapeutics.Based on a brief background related to autophagy and nanotherapeutics and their impact on tumor progression,the feasibility of autophagy-based nanotherapeutics for cancer treatment is demonstrated.Further,emerging nanotherapeutics developed to modulate autophagy are reviewed from the perspective of cell signaling pathways,including modulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)pathway,autophagy-related(ATG)and its complex expression,reactive oxygen species(ROS)and mitophagy,interference with autophagosome-lysosome fusion,and inhibition of hypoxia-mediated autophagy.In addition,combination therapies in which nano-autophagy modulation is combined with chemotherapy,phototherapy,and immunotherapy are also described.Finally,the prospects and challenges of autophagy-based nanotherapeutics for efficient cancer treatment are envisioned.

Seasonal differences in sources and formation processes of PM2.5 nitrate in an urban environment of North China

Nitrate(NO_(3)^(−))has been the dominant ion of secondary inorganic aerosols(SIAs)in PM_(2.5) in North China.Tracking the formation mechanisms and sources of particulate nitrate are vital to mitigate air pollution.In this study,PM_(2.5) samples in winter(January 2020)and in summer(June 2020)were collected in Jiaozuo,China,andwater-soluble ions and(δ_(15)N,δ_(18)O)-NO_(3)^(−)were analyzed.The results showed that the increase of NO_(3)^(−)concentrations was the most remarkable with increasing PM_(2.5) pollution level.δ_(18)O-NO_(3)^(−)values for winter samples(82.7‰ to 103.9‰)were close to calculated δ_(18)O-HNO_(3)(103‰±0.8‰)values by N_(2)O_(5) pathway,while δ_(18)O-NO_(3)^(−)values(67.8‰ to 85.7‰)for summer samples were close to calculated δ_(18)O-HNO_(3) values(61‰±0.8‰)by OH oxidation pathway,suggesting that PM_(2.5) nitrate is largely from N_(2)O_(5) pathway inwinter,while is largely from OH pathway in summer.Averaged fractional contributions of P_(N2O5+H2O) were 70% and 39% in winter and summer sampling periods,respectively,those of POH were 30% and 61%,respectively.Higher δ_(15)N-NO_(3)−values for winter samples(3.0‰to 14.4‰)than those for summer samples(-3.7‰to 8.6‰)might be due to more contributions from coal combustion in winter.Coal combustion(31%±9%,25%±9%in winter and summer,respectively)and biomass burning(30%±12%,36%±12%in winter and summer,respectively)were the main sources using Bayesian mixing model.These results provided clear evidence of particulate nitrate formation and sources under different PM_(2.5) levels,and aided in reducing atmospheric nitrate in urban environments.

Clinical applications of neurolinguistics in neurosurgery

The protection of language function is one of the major challenges of brain surgery.Over the past century,neurosurgeons have attempted to seek the optimal strategy for the preoperative and intraoperative identification of language-related brain regions.Neurosurgeons have investigated the neural mechanism of language,developed neurolinguistics theory,and provided unique evidence to further understand the neural basis of language functions by using intraoperative cortical and subcortical electrical stimulation.With the emergence of modern neuroscience techniques and dramatic advances in language models over the last 25 years,novel language mapping methods have been applied in the neurosurgical practice to help neurosurgeons protect the brain and reduce morbidity.The rapid advancements in brain-computer interface have provided the perfect platform for the combination of neurosurgery and neurolinguistics.In this review,the history of neurolinguistics models,advancements in modern technology,role of neurosurgery in language mapping,and modern language mapping methods(including noninvasive neuroimaging techniques and invasive cortical electroencephalogram)are presented.