Carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis and sources of organic matter in surface sediments from the Sanggou Bay and its adjacent areas, China

Naturally existing stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes are important in the study of sedimentary organic matter sources. To identify the sources of sedimentary organic matter in Sanggou Bay and its adjacent areas, which is characterized by high-density shellfish and seaweed aquaculture, the grain size, organic carbon （OC）, total nitrogen （TN）, carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition （δ13C andδ15N） of organic matter in the surface sediment were determined. The results showed that, in August, sedimentary OC and TN ranged from 0.17% to 0.76% and 0.04% to 0.14%, respectively. In November, OC and TN ranged from 0.23% to 0.87% and 0.05% to 0.14%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between OC and TN （R=0.98, P＆lt;0.0001）, indicating that OC and TN were homologous. In August, theδ13C andδ15N of organic matter varied from -23.06‰ to -21.59‰ and 5.10‰ to 6.31‰, respectively. In November,δ13C andδ15N ranged from -22.87‰ to -21.34‰ and 5.13‰ to 7.31‰, respectively. This study found that the major sources of sedimentary organic matter were marine shellfish biodeposition, seaweed farming, and soil organic matter. Using a three-end-member mixed model, we estimated that the dominant source of sedimentary organic matter was shellfish biodeposition, with an average contribution rate of 65.53% in August and 43.00% in November. Thus, shellfish farming had a significant influence on the coastal carbon cycle.

The Effects of Three Mineral Nitrogen Sources and Zinc on Maize and Wheat Straw Decomposition and Soil Organic Carbon

The incorporation of straw in cultivated ifelds can potentially improve soil quality and crop yield. However, the presence of recalcitrant carbon compounds in straw slow its decomposition rate. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen sources, with and without the application of zinc, on straw decomposition and soil quality. Soils were treated with three different nitrogen sources, with and without zinc： urea （CO（NH2）2）, ammonium sulfate （（NH4）2SO4）, and ammonium chloride （NH4Cl）. The combined treatments were as follows：maize （M） and wheat （W） straw incorporated into urea-, ammonium sulfate-, or ammonium chloride-treated soil （U, S, and C, respectively） with and without zinc （Z） （MU, MUZ, WU, WUZ;MS, MSZ, WS, WSZ;MC, MCZ, WC, WCZ, respectively）;straw with zinc only （MZ, WZ）;straw with untreated soil （MS, WS）;and soil-only or control conditions （NT）. The experiment consisted of 17 treatments with four replications. Each pot contained 150 g soil and 1.125 g straw, had a moisture content of 80%of the ifeld capacity, and was incubated for 53 days at 25°C. The rates of CO2-C emission, cumulative CO2-C evolution, total CO2 production in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer decomposition rates. The total organic carbon （TOC）, labile organic carbon （LOC）, and soil microbial biomass in the soils of different treatments were measured to infer soil quality. All results were signiifcantly different （P〈0.05） with the exception of the labile organic carbon （LOC）. The maize and wheat straw showed different patterns in CO2 evolution rates. For both straw types, Zn had a synergic effect with U, but an antagonistic effect with the other N sources as determined by the total CO2 produced. The MUZ treatment showed the highest decomposition rate and cumulative CO2 concentration （1 120.29 mg/pot）, whereas the WACZ treatment had the lowest cumulative CO2 concentration （1 040.57 mg/pot）. The addition of NH4Cl resulted in the highest total organic carbon （TOC） concentration （11.59 mg kg-1）. The incorporation of wheat straw resulted in higher microbial biomass accumulation in soils relative to that of the maize straw application. The results demonstrate that mineral N sources can affect the ability of microorganisms to decompose straw, as well as the soil carbon concentrations.

Spatial distributions of organic carbon and nitrogen and their isotopic compositions in sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent sea area

The spatial distribution patterns of total organic carbon and total nitrogen show significant correlations with currents of the East China Sea Shelf. Corresponding to distributions of these currents, the study area could be divided into four different parts. Total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in sediments show linear correlations with mean grain size, respectively, thus ＂grain size effect＂ is an important factor that influences their distributions. C/N ratios can reflect source information of organic matter to a certain degree. In contrast, nitrogen stable isotope shows different spatial distribution patterns with C/N and organic carbon stable isotope, according to their relationships and regional distributions. The highest contribution （up to 50%） of terrestrial organic carbon appears near the Changjiang Estuary with isolines projecting towards northeast, indicating the influence of the Changjiang dilution water. Terrestrial particulate organic matter suffers from effects of diagenesis, benthos and incessant inputting of dead organic matter of plankton, after depositing in seabed. Therefore, the contribution of terrestrial organic carbon to particulate organic matter is obviously greater than that to organic matter in sediments in the same place.

Effects of Carbon and Nitrogen Additions on Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Enzyme Activities Under Rice Straw Returning

The effects of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources on the soil microbial biomass carbon,dissolved organic carbon and related enzyme activities were studied by the simulation experiment of rice straw returning to the field,and the mechanism of the decomposition of rice straw returning to the field was discussed.Completely randomized experiment of the two factors of the three levels was designed,and a total of nine treatments of indoor soil incubation tests were conducted.Full amount of rice straw was applied to the soil in this simulation experiment and different amounts of brown sugar and urea were added in the three levels of 0(no carbon source and nitrogen source),1(low levels of carbon and nitrogen sources)and 2(high levels of carbon and nitrogen sources),respectively.The results showed that the addition of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources to the rice straw could increase the soil carbon content.Compared with T0N0,the microbial biomass carbon of T2N2 was increased significantly by 170.48%;the dissolved organic carbon content of T1N2 was significantly increased by 58.14%and the free humic acid carbon contents of T0N2,T1N1 and T2N0 were significantly increased by 56.16%and 45.55%and 47.80%,respectively;however,there were no significant differences among those of treatments at later incubation periods.The addition of different carbon and nitrogen sources could promote the soil enzyme activities.During the incubation period,all of the soil enzyme activities of adding sugar and urea were higher than those of T0N0 treatment.Therefore,the addition of different amounts of carbon and nitrogen sources to rice straw returning could improve soil microbial biomass carbon content,dissolved organic carbon and soil enzyme activities.

Impact of external carbon source on A2/O system and its biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal efficiency before and after restoration

以啤酒废水作为外加碳源，研究了不同浓度外加碳源对A2／O系统的冲击情况，并通过调节工艺参数对系统进行修复，对比了修复前后系统的脱氮除磷效果。结果表明，投加低浓度（COD为50mg／L）外加碳源没有影响系统的正常运行，且有助于提高系统的脱氮除磷效率；用COD为150mg／L的啤酒废水对系统进行冲击时，总氮、氨氮、总磷和COD的去除率均有所下降，依次下降了31．53、16．38、7．61、10．19百分点；经过修复后，与冲击前相比较，各分析指标的去除率略有降低。用高浓度（COD为250nag／L）的啤酒废水冲击A2／O系统，冲击期间各分析指标显著下降，且产生轻微的污泥膨胀，修复后各分析指标去除率依次降低了11．75、9．56、21．20、20．79百分点。实验表明，啤酒废水可以作为外加碳源用以调节系统的C／N，且A0／o系统对浓度变化的冲击具有一定的抵抗力。

Application o f 210 Pb, Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope in Tracing of Changes and Burial Effect of Endogenous and Terrigenous Organic Matter in the Bering Sea over the Past 100 Years

By using the multi-tube sediment samples collected from NB01 station in the Bering Sea during the period of the fourth Chinese Arctic research expedition in 2010,as well as the dating technique of radioisotope ^(210)Pb in sedimentary strata,based on the exponential decay trend of ^(210)Pb exwith the column sample depth,relative stable modern sedimentary environment in the investigation area was reflected. The results show that the deposition rate of modern marine sediment S was 0. 27 cm/a,and correlation coefficient R was 0. 96( n = 17),while time span was 107 a(1903-2010). Meanwhile,carbon,nitrogen and isotopes were used to trace the sources of materials in the Bering Sea. It is found that the content of organic carbon and nitrogen in the column samples from NB01 station in the Bering Sea was 1. 18%-1. 80% and 0. 16%-0. 28% respectively,and C/N ratio ranged from 5. 13 to 8. 31. Total organic carbon( TOC) and total organic nitrogen( TON) were preserved well in sedimentary strata and had good consistency,showing that sources of organic matter were consistent. Moreover,their changes positively correlated with^(210)Pb. Organic carbon isotope( δ13 C) ranged from-22. 45‰ to-21. 82‰,and its changing trend was similar to that of C/N ratio; organic nitrogen isotope(δ15 N) varied from 7. 53‰ to 8. 54‰,indicating that organic matter was mainly from remaining marine organisms after being decomposed,into which a certain quantity of terrigenous materials were mixed. In the 100 years,the overall trend of terrigenous materials became increasingly obvious,showing that the input and burial of organic carbon from seas and land in the Bering Sea were changing. According to the burial rate of surface sediment and content of organic carbon,the apparent burial flux of sedimentary organic carbon in the column sample from NB01 station in the Bering Sea was estimated,about 1 450 mmol C/( m^2·a). It is suggested that the high burial flux of sedimentary organic carbon in the regions was mainly related to the high primary productivity of the water body,the high output efficiency of organic carbon in the photic zone,favorable preservation and metabolic mechanism of organic matter,and high deposition rate.

Influence of Carbon Source on Biological Nitrogen Removal by Immobilised Bacteria

Acetate, ethanol, and hydrolysed rice were used as external carbon sources in an ammonium removal process employing immobilised bacteria. The influence of the carbon source on the occurrence of free cells and total nitrogen removal efficiency was examined at C/N ratios of 1.5 (low), 2.5 (medium), and 3.5 (high). At the low C/N ratio, no free cells were found in the reactors and the use of acetate as the carbon source resulted in the highest total nitrogen removal efficiency, followed by ethanol and hydrolysed rice. The occurrence of free cells in reactors fed with acetate and ethanol led to a negligible increase in the total nitrogen removal efficiency with increasing C/N ratio. The results suggest that acetate is the most appropriate carbon source for nitrogen removal and that the number of free cells should be minimized to achieve the highest efficiency during long-term operation.

Characteristics and Culture Conditions of a Bioflocculant Produced by Penicillium sp.

Objective To study the characteristics of a bioflocculant named MBF7 produced by Penicillum strain HHE-P7 and the effects of cultivation conditions on bioflocculant production. Methods The chemical group in the bioflocculant molecules was shown by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectra, and the average molecular weight of MBF7 was estimated by gel permeation chromatography. The effects of medium components on bioflocculant production and flocculating activity were studied. Results Phospho-, amino-, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups were the major fractions of MBF7, and the molecule weight was about 3.0 × 10^5 Da. In addition, the carbon and nitrogen sources favorable for the bioflocculant production were glucose and yeast extract respectively. When the initial pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.0, high flocculant efficiency could be achieved. Conclusion The bioflocculant MBF7 is a new macromolecule with high flocculating efficiency for Kaolin suspension, and could be produced under appropriate culture conditions.

Enhancement of Laccase Activity by Marine-derived Deuteromycete Pestalotiopsis sp. J63 with Agricultural Residues and Inducers

Pestalotiopsis sp. J63, producing a high activity of laccase, is a new marine-derived fungus isolated from the oceanic sediment of the East China Sea. Since the marine environment is oligotrophic nutrient, marine derived fungi may use small amount of nutrients to grow and produce laccases. Agricultural residues that are mainly composed of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose are difficult to be degraded and few microbes can take them as substrates, so they are considered as oligotrophic nutrient and have the potential to be used to produce value added products. In this study, the ability of Pestalotiopsis sp. J63 to use agricultural residues to produce laccases was tested in the submerged fermentation. The combination of 3 g·L 1maltose and 20 g·L 1rice straw was the best carbon sources and 8 g·L 1ammonium sulfate was the best nitrogen source under the condition without inducers. The effects of five inducers, the feeding time and concentration of inducer on laccase production were investigated.Adding 0.09 mmol·L 1phenol after 24 h of incubation led to high laccase activity(5089 U·L 1), while with 0.09mmol·L 1phenol in the medium and wheat bran as the nitrogen source, the laccase activity could reach 5791.7U·L 1. Native-PAGE results showed that two laccase isozymes were present in the cultures. One existed in both induced and non-induced culture filtrates, while the other was only found in the fermentation with the addition of phenol, guaiacol and veratryl alcohol.

Effects of culture media and three metal ions on the accumulation of lanosterol and ergosterol in cultured mycelia of Inonotus obliquus

Lanosterol and ergosterol are the active principles with potential pharmacological activities in Inonotus obliquus. However, the two sterols are less accumulated in cultured mycelia of the fungus. In this study, different carbon and nitrogen sources and pH levels together with three metal ions were assayed for their effects on accumulation of the two sterols in the fungus. Among the tested media the growth medium consisting of glucose (1.5%), rice powder (0.5%), yeast extract (0.4%), wheat bran (0.1%), KH2PO4 (0.01%) and MgSO4·7H2O (0.05%) with pH level at 6.5 yielded a maximum production of the two sterols, which can further be increased following the treatment of Ag+, Cu2+ and Ca2+. Supplementing Ag+ at concentrations of 0.28 and 0.35μmol partially inhibited ergosterol biosynthesis, leading to an enhanced accumulation of lanosterol, the presence of intermediates of ergosterol biosynthetic pathway and a reduced accumulation of ergosterol in cultured mycelia of I.

Optimization of C/N ratio preparation of protein-rich and multi-enzymes feed thallus through synergic fermentation of mixed distillers'grains

A new procedure of determining optimal C/N (the rate of carbon source to nitrogen source) of mixed distillers' grains for combined bacteria synergic fermentation is established. At the same time an improved method evaluating bacteria growth, called method of dry cell weighing by filtering is developed. For each combination of C and N, their initial and residual contents before and after fermentation respectively are determined. Then followed the calculation of utilization of C and N sources by the compound bacteria. The optimal C/N is finally located from among the utilization of C and N of several combinations and the weight of produced mass of oven dried thallus. The conditions of fermentation are: inoculum size 10%, temperature 30 0℃, rotational speed 170 r/min, shake culture time 48h. The best results obtained from orthogonal experiments are: maximum mass of oven dried thallus is 14 693g in a liter liquid medium, maximum utilization rate of carbon source is 98 13% and maximum utilization rate of nitrogen is 78 14%. Optimal C/N is 5 1.

Biological Characteristics and Culture Conditions of Hericium coralloides(Scop.)Pers.

[Objectives]To study the biological characteristics and culture conditions of Hericium coralloides(Scop.)Pers.[Methods]The wild H.coralloides strain of Changbai Mountain was used as the experimental material to conduct a single factor test on its biological characteristics.[Results]The ideal available carbon source and nitrogen source are glucose and ammonium sulfate,respectively,the pH is 3.5-4.0,and the temperature is 20-22℃.Through the orthogonal experiment of 4 factors and 4 levels,it is found that the degree of influence of the 4 factors on H.coralloides is temperature>pH>nitrogen source>carbon source.[Conclusions]The optimum conditions for the mycelium culture of H.coralloides:the carbon source is glucose,and the nitrogen source is yeast extract or peptone,and pH is 3.5-4.0,and temperature is 20-22℃.

利用农业废弃物强化人工湿地处理污水处理厂尾水机理研究

为研究3种典型的农业废弃物(玉米芯、玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆)作为人工湿地外加碳源脱氮的可行性,利用三维荧光和高通量测序分析了植物碳源在人工湿地中促进废水脱氮的增强机制。结果表明:农业废弃物材料可以很好地释放有机碳,累计碳释放量为119.78~172.84 mg·g^(-1),同时分解释放的溶解性有机物(Dissolved organic matter,DOMs)主要由腐植酸和黄腐酸组成。在添加农业废弃物的人工湿地中,TN去除效率提高了30.8%~41.2%,并且脱氮菌属Pseudomonas、Thauera等的相对丰度提高了16.38%~22.02%。添加玉米秸秆的人工湿地具有较好的脱氮效果。研究表明,利用农业废弃物作为人工湿地外部碳源处理污水处理厂尾水,可以显著降低尾水中TN,这也为农业废弃物的处理找到了一个新的出路。

Carbon and nitrogen isotopes analysis and sources of organic matter in the upper reaches of the Chaobai River near Beijing,China

The carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the surface sediments,plants,and soil in the upper reaches of the Chaobai River have been researched.The results showed 27.75‰-21.58‰ and 1.32‰-6.74‰ for carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios in the surface sediments,respectively.The sources of sedimentary organic matter in this area are soil organic matter,aquatic vascular plants,and riverine plankton,respectively,and a significant contributor to sediment in the Chaohe River,the Baihe River,and the Miyun Reservoir areas is soil organic matter.Furthermore,part of sedimentary organic matter in the Miyun Reservoir is attributed to the input from the Chaohe River and the Baihe River,the other is from C4 vegetation growing around individual point stations at the Miyun Reservoir.Compared with the situation in Hebei Province,the contribution of soil organic matter decreased significantly and river plankton and aquatic vascular plants increased significantly in Beijing municipal areas.This study reveals that the source of organic matter has a close relationship with the soil erosion.

不同生物利用度碳源对蚯蚓堆肥影响分析

传统蚯蚓堆肥原料配制依赖质量比、体积比或碳氮比(C/N)的配制方法,忽略了不同碳源有机质生物可利用组分的差异,存在不合理性。为探究不同生物可利用度碳源对蚯蚓生长繁殖和堆肥碳氮固定的影响,在C/N=30下,以牛粪(氮源)和生物利用度低、中、高的碳源物料(菠萝皮渣、水稻秸秆和番茄秸秆)复配,开展60 d蚯蚓堆肥试验。结果表明,蚯蚓日均增数量最高达6.4倍。易利用碳源菠萝皮渣处理中腐殖质含量最高,为15.11%,但总有机碳固定率最低,仅39.63%;添加难利用碳源番茄秸秆处理组中的蚯蚓总数最高,为385条,且总氮固定率最高。生物利用度高的碳源废弃物占比越高,蚯蚓增重越大;生物利用度低的碳源废弃物占比越高,可促进蚯蚓繁殖;蚯蚓转化后的蚓粪总有机碳固定率为39.63%~59.28%,全氮固定率为65.04%~95.59%。碳源生物可利用度增大时,蚯蚓堆肥体系中的总有机碳固定率降低,而总氮的固定率升高。以上研究结果阐明了原料中不同利用度碳源对蚯蚓生产和碳氮固持的影响规律,为蚯蚓高效养殖与绿色低碳的固废堆肥处理工艺改进提供参考借鉴。

东北地区典型湖沼沉积物溶解态有机质组成特征及来源解析:以库里泡为例

溶解态有机质(DOM)是湖泊沉积物的重要组分,解析DOM的组成和来源对于深入理解湖泊有机质生物地球化学循环及控制水体富营养化具有重要意义。本研究于2021年5月和8月采集了大庆市库里泡表层及柱状沉积物、泡内水生物(浮游藻类、挺水植物和沉水植物)、岸边土壤、陆生C3和C4植物、禽畜粪便以及城镇污水等样品,分析了样品DOM的稳定同位素(δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N)组成及三维荧光光谱特征,并利用IsoSource软件计算了不同来源样品对沉积物DOM的贡献率。结果显示:(1)库里泡内表层沉积物DOM的δ13C和δ15N组成存在季节性差异,5月δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N均值分别为-25.54‰和9.02‰,8月分别为-26.81‰和8.40‰。(2)库里泡内柱状沉积物DOM的δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N组成在垂直方向存在差异,表层(0~3 cm)δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N均值分别为-26.58‰和9.04‰,深层(3~30 cm)均值分别为-25.40‰和10.61‰。(3)表层沉积物DOM的三维荧光组分存在季节性差异。5月以类腐殖质荧光组分为主,占比为87.89%,HIX和BIX分别为6.27和0.67;8月蛋白类荧光组分占比为49.58%,HIX和BIX指数均值分别为1.72和0.87。(4)5月表层沉积物DOM外源输入占比为61%,以土壤(21.40%)和城镇污水(18.08%)为主;而8月内源贡献占比稍高(55.10%),且以挺水植物为主(48.68%)。(5)柱状沉积物(0~30 cm)不同深度DOM来源组成相近,主要为城镇污水、沉水植物/藻和挺水植物,贡献率均值分别为42.13%、25.07%和18.53%。整体上,库里泡沉积物DOM来源主要受到流域内人类活动及气候特征的影响,本文研究结果有利于加深对我国东北地区湖泊沉积物有机质迁移转化及累积规律的认识。

江河源冻土区土壤碳氮空间分布特征及其影响因素

江河源区是我国高寒生态安全屏障的重要区域,冻土的长期存在使其形成低温冻结环境,弱化了土壤微生物活性,抑制了土壤有机质的矿化过程,因而其近地表浅层土壤碳氮含量高。然而,土壤碳氮含量对不同冻土分区和环境因素响应的空间分异规律尚不清楚。为此,针对江河源4个不同冻土区(季节冻土区、岛状多年冻土区、不连续多年冻土区、片状连续多年冻土区)共11个样点进行植被样方调查、土壤分层采样。在分析碳氮含量的基础上,探讨了年均地温(MAGT)、活动层厚度(ALT)、海拔(ASL)、土壤深度(SD)、植被特征及土壤pH对土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、碳氮比(C/N)的影响。结果表明:(1)SOC、TN、C/N在片状连续多年冻土区最高,在季节冻土区最低,且与年均地温负相关,和海拔正相关;(2)江河源区SOC、TN、C/N随土壤深度的增加而降低,自表层至40cm深度整体下降幅度分别为58.45%、36.96%、17.01%;(3)SOC、TN、C/N与植被覆盖度(FVC)显著正相关(P≤0.05),与土壤pH值显著负相关(P≤0.01);(4)冗余分析表明,土壤pH、MAGT、ALT、SD、FVC是影响江河源区SOC、TN、C/N空间分布的关键因素。研究结果可为厘清气候趋暖条件下江河源区土壤碳氮空间分异规律及多年冻土热稳定性对土壤碳氮排放的影响提供科学基础,同时也有助于预测多年冻土区土壤碳氮空间变化。

青海高原优势禾草-麦宾草内生真菌最佳培养条件筛选

本研究以青海高原5个生态型麦宾草(Elymus tangutorum)中分离的Epichloë内生真菌为研究对象,观测分离的5株麦宾草内生真菌菌株在不同碳源和氮源培养条件下菌落形态、分生孢子形态与大小、菌落生长速度等特性,进而确定各个菌株的最佳培养条件。结果表明:1)不同生态型麦宾草中分离的Epichloë内生真菌最适碳源和氮源存在差异。其中,1、3号菌株分别以蔗糖和胰蛋白胨为碳源和氮源时,Epichloë内生真菌的菌落生长速度最大,而2、4号菌株的菌落生长速度在以淀粉为碳源和蛋白胨为氮源时最高,5号菌株的最适碳源和氮源分别为麦芽糖和胰蛋白胨。2)不同碳源处理下,2、3、5号菌株菌落形态相似,正面中央白色凸起,具有生长圈,背面颜色由中央向边缘由土黄色过渡为淡黄色;1号菌株在淀粉条件下边缘菌丝呈不规则形状;4号菌株在果糖条件下生长缓慢。不同氮源处理下,5个菌株菌落正面中央白色凸起,背面颜色由中央至边缘逐渐变浅;在钼酸铵条件下,仅观察到白色小圆点;而在不添加任何氮源时,菌落边缘气生菌丝稀疏呈透明色。3)分生孢子形态多为椭圆形、圆形、肾形或两端不对称,在不同碳源和氮源处理下,同一菌株的分生孢子大小和分生孢子梗长度及基宽差异显著(P<0.05)。上述研究表明,不同生态型麦宾草−Epichloë内生真菌生长所需碳、氮源存在差异,筛选麦宾草内生真菌生长最佳培养碳氮源将为利用麦宾草内生真菌共生体进行披碱草属禾草新种质创制提供菌源。

分离自羊茅属植物的内生真菌菌株在不同培养基上的生长速度多样性

为进一步开发利用羊茅属(Festuca)内生真菌,筛选适于内生真菌生长的培养基并比较不同菌株的生长速度,本研究设置了不同的生长培养基,包括不同pH(4、5、6、7、8、9、10),不同碳源(葡萄糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、D-木糖、D-山梨糖醇、可溶性淀粉),不同氮源(蛋白胨、胰蛋白胨、硝酸钠、硝酸铵、尿素、草酸铵、硝酸钾)和不同培养基[马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)、马铃薯蔗糖琼脂培养基(PSA)、察氏培养基(Czapek agar)、玉米粉琼脂培养基(CMA)和水琼脂培养基(WA)],选择11株从羊茅属植物分离的香柱菌属(Epichloë)内生真菌(G1、G2、G3、G4、291-4、291-14A、1、2、9、57A、84F)在这些培养基上进行培养,探究上述菌株在不同培养条件下生长速度的差异。结果表明,培养基种类和pH对内生真菌的生长速度和产孢速度均有显著影响(P<0.05),内生真菌的最适生长pH为4~7,利用能力最强的碳源为D-山梨糖醇,氮源为蛋白胨,菌丝生长较适宜的培养基为PDA和PSA培养基,其中生长速度最快的是菌株1和2,生长速度最慢的菌株是291-4和291-14A。

固相碳源的特性对生物反硝化脱氮技术的影响研究进展

固相碳源反硝化技术是处理低碳氮比污水的重要手段之一,其影响生物反硝化效率的重要因素是碳源特性。针对碳源的自身特性对反硝化的作用原理尚不明晰的问题,从固相碳源应用于脱氮的原理出发,比较和揭示了不同类型固相碳源(人工合成可生物降解聚合物、天然纤维素物质和混合固相碳源)的优势与应用前景,详细梳理了碳源的理化性质(合成物质、释碳组成、表面特性)和投加位点等对污水处理中生物反硝化过程的影响。结果表明,固相碳源的释碳量和利用率是影响反硝化效率的重要因素,通过优化材料组成和混合方式等来改变材料特性可以实现释碳最大化利用,使释放组分更好地被反硝化微生物利用。提出未来固相碳源领域应从改进碳源合成方式和研究电子传递机理等角度优化释碳能力及提高反硝化速率,以期深入开发及推广新型的固相碳源。