On the Function of Wall Sculpturing in Xylem Conduits

The water-conducting network of capillaries in vascular plants has evolved over hundreds of millions of years in order to be able to cope with bubble clogging,a problem which also affects modern microfluidic devices.Decades of anatomical studies have revealed that plants growing in habitats in which the formation of bubbles,or emboli,is likely to be a frequent occurrence often have various forms of geometrical sculpturing on the internal surfaces of the xylem conduits.The possible function of such wall sculpturing has long been the subject of speculation.We have investigated the hypothesis that wall sculpturing is a functional adaptation designed to increase the wettability of the walls of xylem conduits,an effect which could be described as the inverse of the well-known lotus-effect.Our results show that wall sculpturing does enhance wettability.Importantly,theoretical calculations reveal that the geometric parameters of various types of wall sculpturing are such that the resulting surfaces are sufficiently rough to enhance wettability,but not significantly rougher.The results provide an appealing answer to the long-standing debate on the function of wall sculpturing in xylem conduits,and may provide biomimetic clues for new approaches to the removal of bubbles in microfluidic channels.

Achene Wall Anatomy and Surface Sculpturing of Lactuca L. and Related Genera （Compositae： Lactuceae） with Notes on Their Systematic Significance

The achene wail anatomy and surface sculpturing of 14 species representing Lactuca L. and related genera were Investigated to evaluate inter-and Intrageneric relationships. The achene wall anatomy of the studied species can be divided Into two types： winged and ribbed. The winged type is present in Lactuca L., Pterocypsela Shlh, Clcerblta Wallr., Chaetoserls Shlh and Stenoseris Shlh, and is characterized by protruding wings and costae in transverse section. Winged type achene mesocarps are composed of parenchymatous cells and fiber ceils, and the distinct fibrous strands are confined to the costae or wings of the achenes. The ribbed type is present in Notoseris Shih and Paraprenanthes Chang ex Shih, and Is characterized by only having costae In transverse section. Fiber cells are continuous in the costae and intercostae, in surface sculpturing, the ornamentation and the shape of epidermal cells are different among these genera. The results Indicate that L. altalca and L. serrlola should be conspeclfic, and that L. dollchophylla is probably an Intermediate taxon between Lactuca and Chaetoserls. The results also support the separation of Pterocypseia, Paraprenanthes, Notoseris, Chaetoseris and Stenoserls from Lactuca and Clcerblta as independent entitles. Close affinities between Pterocypsela and Lactuca, Paraprenanthes and Notoserls, and Chaetoserls and Stenoserls are also proposed.

Hypatia of Alexandria:A Fiercely Intelligent Woman

The novel Hypatia:Or New Foes With an Old Face by Charles Kingsley,published in 1853,provided valuable insight into Hypatia’s achievements and the unfortunate circumstances surrounding her untimely demise.Kingsley’s novel portrayed a fiercely intelligent woman,Hypatia,who sparked the interest of many artists,particularly sculptors.They were eager to capture in their statues the personification of this remarkable ancient mathematician,philosopher,and scientist of ancient Egypt,Hypatia of Alexandria(355-415).This essay has two parts.The first provides a brief overview of Hypatia’s life and accomplishments.The second part focuses on four sculptures from the 19th century created by different artists:Hypatia(1873-1876)by the American Howard Roberts,Hypatia(1874)by the Italian Odoardo Tabacchi,Hypatia(1890)by Francis John Williamson,and Hypatia(1894)by Richard Claude Belt.The two latter works are by British sculptors.

Crossing Boundaries in Sculpture:From Tradition to Diverse Expressions

This paper explores how sculpture,as a medium,has transcended traditional boundaries and evolved into a diverse form of artistic expression that engages with both physical and social dimensions.Tracing the evolution from traditional materials and techniques to modernist breaks and conceptual art,this study delves into key turning points,including the shift towards abstraction,the role of the readymade,and the influence of site-specificity.It also examines how contemporary sculpture serves as a dynamic platform for addressing social,cultural,and political issues,fostering public engagement and transforming public spaces.By analyzing these developments,this paper highlights sculpture’s growing role as a medium that not only reflects but also shapes societal narratives.

Formal Integration of Decorative Elements in the Creation of Figurative Sculpture

Figurative sculpture and decorative elements belong to the same category of art;the development of sculpture art requires innovation and constant exploration of new development paths,while many characteristics of decorative elements can give the creation of sculpture works a variety of inspiration.This paper explores the significance of figurative sculpture and decorative elements,examining their intrinsic connections and historical practices.The study aims to uncover the potential of figurative sculpture in the creation of decorative elements,highlighting how the integration of these forms can contribute to the development of art and the creation of meaningful figurative sculptures.

Application of Chinese Ethnic Minority Themes in Contemporary Figurative Sculpture Creation

In the field of contemporary sculpture creation,the rich culture and historical depth of Chinese ethnic minorities have attracted the widespread attention of artists.These creations not only emphasize external features such as ethnic costumes,totems,or life scenes but also touch deep spiritual contents including historical stories,religious beliefs,and living habits of ethnic minorities.This paper discusses the integration process of Chinese ethnic minority themes in figurative sculpture creation and the inheritance of the profound spirit of ethnic groups in this process.At the same time,this paper also places the diversified expression and innovative practice of these themes in sculpture art in the context of the new era for investigation and explores the far-reaching influence of its development on promoting cultural inheritance and artistic innovation.

Direct interpolation algorithm for pen-cutting of sculptured surfaces

A direct interpolation algorithm for spatial curves on a surface is proposed for pen-cutting of sculptured surfaces. The algorithm can carry out the direct interpolation for projective curves lying on the sculptured surface. It is based on the geometric and kinetic relationships between drive curves and cutter-contact （C-C） curves. It evaluates the parameter of drive curves corresponding to interpolation points by the Taylor formula. Then it gains coordinates of interpolation points indirectly by inverse calculation. Finally, it generates the motion commands for machine tool controller. This method extends the locus-controlled function in the computer numerical control （CNC） system effectively and improves the efficiency for the numerical control （NC） machining of sculptured surfaces. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is feasible and practical. This algorithm can also be applied to the machining of the whole surface.

A NEW ALGORITHM BASED ON TRIANGULATION FOR 5 AXIS MACHINING OF SCULPTURED SURFACES

NC machining path of sculptured surfaces in CAD/CAM system plays an important role on manufacture. This paper describes a new algorithm for 5 axis machining of sculptured surfaces and the algorithm is interference free. The approach includes: (1) the tesselation of the parametric surfaces into triangles; (2) building topological relations among triangles;(3) 5 axis tool path generation; (4) interference detection and tool position correction.

Landscape Architecture and Sculpture Made A New Structure of A New Era

Landscape design and sculpture art have gradually integrated into each other, as sculptures are no longer limited in art galleries but adapted to various environments, and gardens are trying to make earth into a great work of art by using sculptures. The interpenetrating and tolerance of sculpture and garden has changed the appearance of environmental landscape, and led to a new era of art and design.

Explanation of the Significance of Constructing Regional Public Art with the Example of City Sculpture——Urban Sculpture Design at the Entry of Xiasi County of Southeast Guizhou

By analyzing the role of public art in the construction and development of urban landscape, the concept of public art and its regional meaning are analyzed, the relation between public art and city sculpture is explained, it is pointed out that city sculpture could enhance the landscape of urban space and enrich public art. The functions of city sculpture are expounded in details, including guiding spatial communication, creating the sociality of humanistic environment, and communicating space with human. With the design of city sculpture at the entrance of Xiasi County in Southeast part of Guizhou Province for example, its location and status are analyzed, highlighting its special location advantages as well as the historical business climate, the sculpture integrates the ancient corn which represents commercial culture with butterfly which embodies the totem of Miao nationalities in Southeast Guizhou Province, therefore brings both the visual impact and culture features. Here the significance of regional city sculpture is summarized, it is emphasized that the city sculpture is the material carrier of city culture, the cultural source of original design elements and the concrete manifestation of regional spirit.

Realization Methodology of a 5-axis Spline Interpolator in an Open CNC System

By making use of the advantages of non-uniform rational B-spline （NURBS） curves to represent spatial curves, an instruction format with double NURBS curves suitable for 5-axis coordinated real-time interpolation is presented to replace the current 5-axis coordinated linear interpolation method defective in low-speed, low-accuracy and enormous numerical control （NC） files in sculptured surface machining. A generation procedure of the NC files with the presented format is introduced and the method to realize the interpolation in an open computer numerical control （CNC） system is developed by ourselves. These illustrated the feasibility of the proposed method and its capability of avoiding all the shortages of 5-axis linear interpolation method.

Tool Positioning Algorithm Based on Smooth Tool Paths for 5-axis Machining of Sculptured Surfaces

The current research of the 5-axis tool positioning algorithm mainly focuses on searching the local optimal tool position without gouging and interference at a cutter contact（CC） point,while not considering the smoothness and continuity of a whole tool path.When the surface curvature varies significantly,a local abrupt change of tool paths will happen.The abrupt change has a great influence on surface machining quality.In order to keep generated tool paths smooth and continuous,a five-axis tool positioning algorithm based on smooth tool paths is presented.Firstly,the inclination angle,the tilt angle and offset distance of the tool at a CC point are used as design variables,and the machining strip width is used as an objective function,an optimization model of a local tool positioning algorithm is thus established.Then,a vector equation of tool path is derived by using the above optimization model.By analyzing the equation,the main factors affecting the tool path quality are obtained.Finally,a new tool position optimization model is established,and the detailed process of tool position optimization is also given.An experiment is conducted to machine an aircraft turbine blade by using the proposed algorithm on a 5-axis blade grinding machine,and the machined blade surface is measured with a coordinate measuring machine（CMM）.Experimental and measured results show that the proposed algorithm can ensure tool paths are smooth and continuous,improve the tool path quality,avoid the local abrupt change of tool paths,and enhance machining quality and machining efficiency of sculptured surfaces.

NON-CONTACT MEASUREMENT OF SCULPTURED SURFACE OF ROTATION

A method for measuring the sculptured surface of rotation by using coordinatemeasuring machine (CMM) and rotary table is proposed. The measurement is realized during thecontinuous rotation of the workpiece mounted on the rotary table while the probe moves along thegeneratrix of the surface step by step. This method possesses lots of advantages such as simplicityof probe motion, high reliability and efficiency. Some key techniques including calibration of theeffective radius of the probing system, determination of the position of axis of rotation,auto-centering of the workpiece, data processing algorithm, are discussed. Approaches fordetermining the coordinates on measured surface, establishing workpiece coordinate system andsurface fitting are presented in detail. The method can be used with contact or non-contact probes.Some fragile ceramic and plaster parts are measured by using the system consisting of a CMM, rotarytable, motorized head and non-contact laser triangulation probe. The measuring uncertainty is about0.02 mm which meets the general requirement in most cases.

A Windows bitmap-based numerically controlled sculpture method and its application

Bitmap （BMP） is a widely used format in image processing. With the combination of the digital image processing and computer numerically controlled （NC） techniques, we developed a bitmap-based NC single-step and multi-dot method. An example was provided to illustrate the application and principle of this bitmap-based method in our newly innovated sandblasting glass NC sculpture system.

Penile reconstruction

During the most recent years, a variety of new techniques of penile reconstruction have been described in the literature. This paper focuses on the most recent advances in male genital reconstruction after trauma, excision of benign and malignant disease, in gender reassignment surgery and aphallia with emphasis on surgical technique, cosmetic and functional outcome.

NC Rough Machining of Sculptured Surface Based on Measured Data

A new method for generating tool paths for rough machining of sculpturedsurface is presented in this paper. The sculptured surface is approximated by a regular mesh ofquadrangular facets. A set of equidistant horizontal planes are assigned to intersect the blank ofmachined part and surface model , resulting in a series of contours, which demarcate the feasiblecutting regions of each layer of material removal. The desired cutter path is computed through NCprogramming and any gouging between the cutter and the part being machined is detected and correctedautomatically. The proposed algorithm successfully solves the problem of layered milling forsculptured surface with nested islands.

Howarcl Koberts＇ Hypatta oJ Alexanclrta： A Form of Neoplatonic Beauty

This essay examines an American 19th-century sculpture, Howard Roberts＇ Hypatia, both historically and aesthetically （see Figures 1 and 2）. Problems of interpretation are found at both levels because of limited documentation. However, a speculative analysis adapting Plotinus＇ notions on the ＂delight of the intellect＂ and of ＂seeing＂ assist in considering beauty in the carved form, even if the subject is grave. What prompted this commission and who commissioned this work are questions to be considered.

A new iso-scallop height tool path planning method in three-dimensional space

This paper presents a new approach for designing the tool paths in the machining of sculptured surfaces for computer nu- merical controlled end milling. In the proposed method, the tool paths are determined so that the scallop height formed by two adja- cent machining paths is maintained constant across the machined surface. Unlike previous work on iso-scallop height milling, the present work considers the true 3D configuration of the milling procedure and can be used to generate better results, which is shown by examoles.

Wideband Antireflection Film Fabricated by Glancing Angle Deposition

Graded-index ZrO2 films has been fabricated on K9 glass by glancing angle deposition. Because the index mismatch at the interface has been reduced, the film results in wideband high-transmission antireflection. From 400nm to 1200nm, the film reflection is lower than 0.8% and the lowest value is 0.2% at 432nm.

The Development of Public art and City

Public art may promote the image and inner culture of the city, build and accumulate the gentle pulse of history and the cultural atmosphere, make public environment serve the people better, meet modern demand more to whom spirit enjoy. How are the whole development, cultural inside information, living standard of a city, can be embodied through the state of development of observing its public art at first, public art and development of the city complement each other.