Effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on lipogenesis and lipolysis in black sea bream,Acanthopagrus schlegeli

Hatchery-roared juvenile black sea breams are characterized by a low level of highly unsaturated fatty acids in their bodies, as compared with wild fish. To assess the effect of docosahaxaenoic acid （DHA） on lipegenic and lipelysis enzymes, one-year fish were roared on a casein-based purified diet and a DHA fortified diet （ 1.5% DHA ethyl ester/kg diet） for 60 d, followed with a period of 55 d for starvation. Dietary DHA was effectively incorporated into the fish body. Fortification of DHA depressed activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase as lipogenic enzymes in the hepatopancroas and intraperitoneal fat body. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase as lipolysis enzyme in the hepatopancreas was active in the DHA fortified fish. Starvation after feeding experiment induced increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity in both control and DHA fortified fish and the activity remained higher in the DHA fortified fish, while the monoenes were selectively consumed prior to highly unsaturated fatty acids. These results indicated that dietary DHA depressed lipogenesis and activated lipolysis.

Triterpene-Enriched Olive Extract as an Immunopotentiator in Black Sea Bream(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)

Recently,the use of natural immunopotentiators,such as plant extracts,is predicted to offer high disease-prevention potential in aquaculture.However,few reports on the immunomodulatory impacts of olive extract(OE)on teleost are available.Therefore,the effects of dietary intake of triterpene-enriched OE on black sea bream(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)were investigated in this study.Our data showed that total blood cell counts,in vivo content of lysozyme,activities of antiprotease and myeloperoxidase,and contents of IL-4 and IL-6 were significantly up-regulated by dietary intake of triterpene-enriched OE.Additionally,the hampered immune response induced by cadmium exposure was significantly mitigated by the administration of OE as were indicated by partially or completely rescued immune-relating parameters.Furthermore,the expressions of immune-related genes encoding NF-κB inhibitor alpha(IkBα),tumor necrosis factorα(TNFα),cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2),and proto-oncogene protein c-fos(FOS)were found to be significantly up-regulated by the dietary intake of OE.In general,the results suggested that the dietary intake of triterpene-enriched OE has immune enhancing effect in black sea bream.Such effect may be realized by 1)increasing the total counts of diverse blood cells;2)activating nonspecific immune biomolecules;and 3)affecting signaling pathways such as IKK and ERK and subsequently inducing IL-4 and IL-6 biosyntheses.

GROWTH PROMOTION OF RED SEA BREAM, PAGROSOMUS MAJOR, BY ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF RECOMBINANT EEL AND SALMON GROWTH HORMONE

Recombinant eel GH and yeast containing chinook salmon growth hormone (reGH and rcsGH) were incorporated into gelatin and sodium alginate (reGH GS and rcsGH GS) or polymer matrix (reGH HP55) to protect the hormone from proteolytic cleavage in the stomach. The diets containing reGH GS, rcsGH GS, reGH HP55 and free reGH or uncoated rcsGH were administered to red sea bream. Feeding of reGH GS, reGH HP55 and rcsGH GS diets resulted in significant increases in body weight and fork length over those of controls. These results strongly suggest that gelatin and sodium alginate as well as polymer matrix protected the hormone from proteolytic enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract to allow the bioactive hormone to enter the circulation and eventually stimulate fish growth.

Assessment of cadmium,mercury and lead contents of frozen Eurorean sea bass(Dicentrarchus labrax L.,1758)and gilthead sea bream(Sparus aurata L.,1758)fillets from Turkey

In this study, trace metals [Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg) and Lead (Pb)] consentration of 76 pieces of frozen European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax Linnaeus-1758) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus-1758) fillets, produced and marketed in Turkey, were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave damp burning process, and results obtained were assessed in terms of public health. This study was conducted from June 2010 to July 2011. At the end of study, maximum heavy metal levels for sea bass and sea bream fillets were determined as 256.50, 216.22 μg/kg for Cd;414.79, 338.46 μg/kg for Hg ve 1047.61, 147.14 μg/kg for Pb, respectively. At the end of the study, the levels of cadmium (for 3 samples) and lead (for 1 samples) were higher than the recommended legal limits of the European Union for human consumption. It was detected that the fillets which were analyzed was good quality from the point of cadmium, mercury and lead contents.

STUDIES ON THE PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENT AND PROPER CALCIUM/PHOSPHORUS RATIO IN THE DIET OF THE BLACK SEA BREAM(SPARUS MACROCEPHALUS)

An experiment on the phosphorus requirement and the proper Ca/P ratio in the diet of the black sea bream using the phosphorus gradient method (with casein as basic diet, sodium dihydrogen phosphate as source of phosphorus, and calcium lactate as source of calcium) showed that growth was greatly affected by the diet’s phosphorus content and Ca/P ratio. Inadequate phosphorus in the diet resulted in slow growth and poor food conversion ratio (FCR). Analyses of the fish body showed it contained a high level of lipid but a low level of moisture, ash, calcium and phosphorus. The optimal values of phosphorus and Ca/P ratio in the black sea bream diet are 0.68% and 1:2 respectively. Phosphorus in excess of this optimum value resulted in slow growth or even death. The results of this experiment clearly indicated that phosphorus is the principal mineral additive affecting black sea bream growth.

STUDIES ON THE OPTIMUM PROTEIN CONTENT AND THE RATIO OF ANIMAL TO PLANT PROTEIN IN THE DIET OF THE BLACK SEA BREAM(SPARUS MACROCEPHALUS)

An experiment on the optimum dietary protein content for the black sea bream using semi-purified dietsshowed the optimum content is 50.19% by weight as inferred from the growth rate and food consumptionof the fish. Another experiment on the proper ratio of animal to plant protein in its diet using sandeel as theanimal protein source and peanut cake meal as plant protein source showed that the ratio had great ef-fect on its growth and should be 1.00:0.89—0.96 as judged from the growth rate and food consumptionof the fish.

Cultivation of Red Sea Bream Pagrus Major Lymphocyte

This study attempted to culture red sea bream lymphocytes using artificial medium supplemented with mitogens and a cytokine. Growth of the lymphocytes was compared between cultures with mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concanavalin A(Con A) and a cytokine mouse interleukin 2(IL 2) in a basal medium at various combinations. Addition of PHA or LPS enhanced growth of the lymphocytes, Con A did not enhance growth so much. Large colonies were formed when PA was added. Con A induced scattered single cell proliferation of the lymphocytes. IL 2 supported the actions of PHA and LPS. Combined addition of PHA and IL 2 maintained proliferation for 30 d.

Characteristics and biological control functions of Bacillus sp.PM8313 as a host-associated probiotic in red sea bream(Pagrus major)aquaculture

Host-associated probiotics(HAPs)are bacteria originally isolated from rearing water or the host's gastrointestinal tract in order to enhance the host's growth and health.This study investigated the HAP potential of Bacillus sp.PM8313,isolated from wild red sea bream(Pagrus major),through characterization and feeding trials.Results based on in vitro tests showed that PM8313 is safe,confirming its hemolytic,cytotoxic,and antibiotic resistance.In addition,PM8313 showed advantages as a probiotic with high viability in the gastrointestinal model and a high cell adhesion rate.Whole-genome sequencing demonstrated that PM8313 has a 4,615,871 bp single circular chromosome and a guaninecytosine content of 45.25%.It also showed the absence of genes encoding virulence factors,such as cytotoxin,enterotoxin,hemolysin,sphingomyelinase,and phospholipase.In the feeding trial,a supplemental diet of 1×10^(8)CFU/g PM8313 positively altered the weight gain,digestive enzyme activity,and intestinal microbiota composition of red sea bream.Analysis of nonspecific immune parameters and immune-related gene expression,and a challenge test showed that PM8313 supplementation increases immunity and pathogenic bacteria resistance.Our findings suggest that PM8313 should be considered for application as a novel HAP to red sea bream aquaculture.

Effects of artificial regulations of rotifers n-3 HUFA content on the growth and survival of larval black sea bream ( Sparus macrocephalus)

STUDIES on the nutrition requirement of larval fish have made some progress abroad, but therehave been no reports on such studies in China. It was determined recently that n-3 HUFA (es-pecially 22: 6(n-3) (DHA) and 20:5 (n-3) (EPA)) is essential for larval seafish growth. Thehigh content of DHA in seafish eggs and the low content of DHA in rotifers show that rotifersas live food cannot satisfy the n-3 HUFA requirement of larval seafish. Some scientists ob-

THE EFFECTS OF RECOMBINANT EEL GROWTH HORMONE,METHYLTESTOSTERONE AND L-THYROXINE ON THE GROWTH OF REDSEABREAM,PAGROSOMUSMAJOR

The effects of recombinant eel growth hormone (reGH).methyltestosterone (MT)and L-thyroxine (T4)on the growth of red sea bream. Pagrosomus major.were investigated.Administration of reGH to fry by immersion at 2 mg 1 for 2 hevery 5 dsys resulted in significant increase in both weight and length.but the condition factor (CF) diminished relative to that of similarly treated controls over the 37day treatment period.Immersion in 0.1 mg:1 T4 also resulted in significant increase in both weight and length and higher survival rate of test fry compared to the controls. Immersion in MT had less effect on growth and high-dose resulted in high mortality.In the second study.injection of 2 μg reGH(gwk)caused a significant increase in the specific growth rate (SGR) of test red sea bream fingerlings relative to that of the controls during the 4-week treatment period and maintained the increasing trend over the post-treatment period (weeks 4-6).Injection of MT at a dosage of 1μg (gwk) resulted in a significant

Muscle Aerobic Capacity and Filleting Yield of Farmed Fish Species in the Mediterranean Sea

In the present work, we compared indices of metabolism and feed conversion efficiency of a semi benthic and two pelagic mari-cultured fish species in the Mediterranean Sea. The metabolism of fish species varies according to habitat and ecophysiological adaptations. For example, with increasing depth, some species may exhibit adaptations to lower temperature and hypoxic conditions with a reduction in mass specific metabolic rate. Meagre （Argyrosomus regius） is a semi-benthic fish found at depths between 30 m and 300 m. Sea bass （Dicentrarhus labrax） and gilthead sea bream （Sparus auratus） are semi-pelagic fish species widely cultivated in the Mediteranean Sea. The aerobic metabolic potential and feed conversion efficiency of meagre were very different from the sea bass and gilthead sea bream. Compared to these two semic-pelagic fish species, meagre exhibited less efficient feed conversion rate, fillet yield. The results provide an estimate of the quantity of fish required to produce 1 kg of fillet weight, an estimation which is required for the operational management of fish processing companies and for estimating the wastes of fish processing factories during filleting.

Growth Profile of Gilthead Bream Reared in Mega Flow Re-circulating Aquaculture System

This study was designed to compare the effect of two exchange rates （ERs; 0.5 m^3 feed/kg and 1.5 m^3 feed/kg） in re-circulating aquaculture systems （RAS） on water quality and fish growth profiles on fish stocks （200 indiv/m^3 of 251.4 g e 20.67 g） of gilthead bream, Sparus aurata. Water quality, fish growth, specific growth rate （SGR） and feed conversion ratio under the two ERs were examined for a period of six months. Inorganic nutrient in RAS, temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were measured daily. Feeding regime effect was also determined on the fish quality and organoleptic characteristics and thus opts to energy optimization of the system. The fish reared under the 1.5 m^3 feed/kg ER demonstrate enhanced growth, the daily SGR and the conversion ratio. Sensory test analysis revealed differences in the organoleptic characteristics between the two experimental fish stocks with considerably high acceptance scores for fish reared at high ER. Nutrient concentrations： ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate were lower in RAS of the highest ER when compared to those reared under the 0.5 m3/kg feed. Results suggest an ER of 1.5 m^3 feed/kg improved both fish quality and growth profile of the gilthead bream.

鱼类对乙醇梭菌蛋白中营养物质的表观消化率

试验旨在评价黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)和建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)对乙醇梭菌蛋白中干物质、粗蛋白、氨基酸、粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率。试验饲料由70%的基础饲料和30%的乙醇梭菌蛋白组成,并添加0.1%的三氧化二钇(Y_(2)O_(3))作为指示剂。选取平均体重为(6.03±0.09) g的黑鲷360尾,分为两组,每组6个重复,每个重复30尾,两组分别饲喂基础饲料和试验饲料;选取平均体重为(45.00±0.50) g的建鲤180尾,分为两组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾,两组分别饲喂基础饲料和试验饲料。结果表明,黑鲷对乙醇梭菌蛋白中干物质、粗蛋白、氨基酸、粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率分为99.89%、100%、95.16%~100%、88.60%和100%;建鲤对乙醇梭菌蛋白中干物质、粗蛋白、氨基酸、粗脂肪和总磷的表观消化率分为78.68%、95.00%、96.12%~100%、52.26%和100%。总体而言,乙醇梭菌蛋白的粗蛋白和氨基酸的表观消化率均处在较高水平。由此可知,对黑鲷和建鲤而言,乙醇梭菌蛋白是较好的单细胞蛋白原料。

真鲷耗氧率的初步研究

应用测定流水中溶氧量的方法 ,对真鲷耗氧率进行研究 .结果表明 :真鲷耗氧率随水温的升高而升高 ,鱼平均体重 1 2 0 .6～ 1 3 2 .4g,水温 1 9℃时 ,按鱼体重计 (下同 ) ,耗氧率为 2 .677μg/(g·min) ;2 9℃时 ,耗氧率达 5 .841 μg/(g·min) .真鲷的耗氧量随个体的增大而增大 ,耗氧率则随个体的增大而降低 .在水源 pH7.4、盐度 2 1、水温 1 9℃条件下 ,鱼平均体重 1 2 9.5 g ,耗氧率存在昼夜变化 ,1 7∶0 0耗氧率最高 ,为 (3 .877±0 .2 5 7) μg/(g·min) ,0 7∶0 0耗氧率最低 ,为 (1 .0 3 1 ± 0 .2 5 5 ) μg/(g·min) .真鲷白天的平均耗氧率为 2 .1 62 μg/(g·min) ,夜间的平均耗氧率为 2 .2 71 μg/(g·min) ,其代谢水平的昼夜变化不明显 .

发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对黑鲷胃肠道和血清指标的影响

采用室内流水养殖系统饲养黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)幼鱼56 d,研究了黑鲷饲粮中发酵豆粕替代鱼粉的效果。选取初始体重为(11.82±0.32)g的健康黑鲷,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复25尾。用发酵豆粕分别替代0(S0)、10%(S10)、20%(S20)、30%(S30)、40%(S40)和50%(S50)的鱼粉蛋白质。结果表明,S0、S10和S20组中黑鲷的胃肠组织结构没有明显损伤,替代水平高于20%则出现不同程度的胃肠结构损伤,S40组中肠结构严重损伤,S50组前肠和中肠结构严重损伤。S10、S20组蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著提高,各组淀粉酶活性变化不大。随着发酵豆粕替代水平的增加,血清葡萄糖(GLU)含量、过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、溶菌酶(LZ)含量逐渐降低,而胆固醇(T-CHO)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(GPT)含量逐渐升高。结果提示,饲粮中发酵豆粕替代20%鱼粉蛋白质可提高蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性,增强黑鲷抗氧化和免疫力,对消化道无不良影响。

光照对真鲷仔、稚、幼鱼摄食的影响

光照对真鲷（Pagrosomusmojor）仔、稚、幼鱼的摄食有重要影响。摄食的适宜光照度范围为100～102lx，最适光照度范围为101～102lx。103lx强光对仔鱼摄食的影响大于稚、幼鱼；100lx弱光对9d以前的仔鱼和稚、幼鱼的摄食影响较小，对9d以后的仔鱼影响较大。此结果和鱼的感觉器官发育及鱼所摄食的饵料种类有关。

基于高通量测序的象山港海域黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)食性分析

选取象山港黑鲷个体为研究对象,以18S rDNA为靶标,利用Illumina Miseq高通量测序方法研究黑鲷饵料生物组成特征,分析不同龄组黑鲷的食性异同。通过序列比对,共在黑鲷胃含物中鉴定出41个属中的62种饵料生物,分属9个门,其中节肢动物门(Arthropoda)、绿藻门(Chlorophyta)和软体动物门(Mollusca)是黑鲷饵料生物的优势组成门类。从饵料生物相对丰度和出现频率上分析,石莼(Ulva lactuca)、熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)、胸刺水蚤(Centropages hamatus)、日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)、毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)和褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)是黑鲷的优势饵料物种,所占饵料生物总相对丰度的比重达60.90%。相似性分析检验(ANOSIM)结果显示:1至4龄黑鲷个体的饵料生物组成不存在显著性差异。与传统食性分析方法相比,高通量测序法在黑鲷饵料生物检测灵敏性上显现了较为明显的优势,保障黑鲷等重要物种的种群稳定对于该海域具有重要的生态和经济意义。

黑鲷饲料中最适蛋白质含量及动、植物蛋白比的研究

于1988年7月—8月和1989年7月—8月，以酪蛋白为蛋白源，采用蛋白含量梯度法进行黑鲷饲料中最适蛋白质含量研究。结果表明，黑鲷幼鱼饲料中，蛋白质的最适含量约为50．19％。1988年8月—9月和1989年8月—9月，以玉筋鱼为动物蛋白源，以花生饼粉为植物蛋白源，饲料中总蛋白质含量相等，进行黑鲷饲料中最适动、植物蛋白比研究。结果表明，黑鲷幼鱼饲料中，动、植物蛋白的最适比例为1.00：0.89－0.96。

发酵棉籽粕部分替代鱼粉对黑鲷幼鱼生长性能、体成分及血浆生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵棉籽粕部分替代鱼粉对黑鲷幼鱼生长性能、体成分和血浆生化指标的影响。选用初重为(9.20±0.22)g的黑鲷幼鱼400尾,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复20尾。4组试验鱼分别饲喂以0、8%、16%和24%的发酵棉籽粕替代基础饲料中鱼粉的等氮等能试验饲料,并分别命名为FCM0(对照)、FCM8、FCM16和FCM24组。每天投喂饲料2次(07:00和16:00),并记录投喂量和鱼死亡情况。试验期为60 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,FCM 24组试验鱼的增重率和特定生长率显著降低(P<0.05),而其他试验组(FCM 8、FCM 16组)的各生长性能指标均未见显著差异(P>0.05)。发酵棉籽粕替代鱼粉组黑鲷幼鱼的肝体比和肥满度较对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),而FCM24组黑鲷幼鱼鱼体粗灰分含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。FCM24组黑鲷幼鱼血浆中碱性磷酸酶活性与对照组相比显著降低(P<0.05);其他试验组(FCM8、FCM16组)与对照组相比,血浆中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶和溶菌酶的活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。由此可知,发酵棉籽粕可在黑鲷幼鱼饲料中最高添加至16%用于替代鱼粉,而对黑鲷的生长性能、体成分和血浆生化指标无显著影响。

厦门海区真鲷同工酶的组织特异性的初步研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对厦门海区真鲷的肌肉、眼睛、心脏、胃、肝脏、肠、脾、肾、精巢、鳃等10种组织或器官进行了10种同工酶(LDH、MDH、IDH、GDH、ADH、EST、POX、ALP、ACP、α AMY)的电泳研究,并对各种酶的同工酶位点表达及酶谱表型进行了初步分析.结果表明:LDH、MDH、IDH、GDH、ADH、EST和POX存在不同程度的组织或器官特异性,ALP酶具有活性,但图谱表现不明显,α AMY、ACP未检测到酶活性.