Adaptability Study of Intelligent Well Systems in East China Sea Oil Field

Intelligent well system is the well that has a set of equipment fixed in the down hole including sensing devices, data transmission system and operating devices for information acquiring, data gathering and decision analysis. By this remote control process, the smart well system can ultimately optimize well deliverability; it is used more and more often in oil fields with its stability and control technique. At present, the main intelligent well systems in the worm include SCRAMS, Direct Hydraulic, Digital Hydraulic that belongs to WellDynamics Company, InForce and InCharge that belongs to Baker Oil Tools Company, RMC that belongs to Schlumberger Company. This paper compares different types of systems and their characteristics, recommending the InCharge system as the intelligent well system for East China Sea Oil Field according to its geological and reservoir conditions.

China Opposes Viet Nam’s South China Sea Oil Exploration

China opposes Viet Nam’s exploring oil and gas in China’s jurisdictional area ofthe South China Sea,Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Jiang Yu said on May 28."China’s stance on the South China Sea is clear and consistent.

Rheological properties and viscosity reduction of South China Sea crude oil

The rheological properties of South China Sea （SCS） crude oil were studied. A group of synthetic long-chain polymers, including octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride bidodecyl amide copolymer （VR-D）, octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride bioctadecyl amide copolymer （VR-O） and octadecyl acrylate-maleic anhydride phenly amide copolymer （VR-A）, were employed to serve as viscosity reducers （VRs）. Their performance was evaluated by both experimental and computational methodologies. The results suggest that the SCS crude oil has low wax content yet high resin and asphaltene contents, which lead to high viscosity through formation of association structures. Additionally, the SCS crude oil appears to be a pseudoplastic fluid showing linear shear stress-shear rate dependence at low temperature. Interestingly, it gradually evolves into a Newtonian fluid with exponential relationship between shear stress and shear rate at higher temperature. Synthetic VRs demonstrate desirable and effective performance on improvement of the rheological properties of SCS crude oil. Upon the introduction of 1000ppm VR-O, which is synthesized by using octadecylamine in the aminolysis reaction, the viscosity of SCS crude oil is decreased by 44.2% at 15 ℃ and 40.2% at 40℃. The computational study suggests significant energy level increase and shear stress decrease for VR-containing crude oil systems.

Characteristics of the sea ice reflectance spectrum polluted by oil spills based on field experiments in the Bohai Sea

Oil spilled on the sea ice surface in the Bohai Sea of China is studied through the field measurements of the reflectance of a simulated sea ice-oil film mixed pixel. The reflection characteristics of sea ice and oil film are also analyzed. It is found that the mixed pixel of sea ice and oil film is a linear mixed pixel. The means of extracting sea ice pixels containing oil film is presented using a double-band ratio oil-film sea-ice index（DROSI） and a normalized difference oil-film sea-ice index（NDOSI） through the analysis of the reflectance curves of the sea iceoil film pixel for different ratios of oil film. The area proportion of the oil film in the sea ice-oil film pixel can be accurately estimated by the average reflectance of the band of 1 610–1 630 nm, and the volume of the spilled oil can be further estimated. The method of the sea ice-oil film pixel extraction and the models to estimate the proportion of oil film area in the sea ice-oil film pixel can be applied to the oil spill monitoring of the ice-covered area in the Bohai Sea using multispectral or hyperspectral remote sensing images in the shortwave infrared band（1 500–1 780 nm）.

Characteristics of the Bohai Sea oil spill and its impact on the Bohai Sea ecosystem

In this paper, ENVISAT ASAR data and the Estuary, Coastal and Ocean Model was used to analyze and compare characteristics of the Bohai Sea oil spill. The oil slicks have spread from the point of the oil spill to the east and north-western Bohai Sea. We make a comparison between the changes caused by the oil spill on the chlorophyll concentration and the sea surface temperature using MODIS data, which can be used to analyze the effect of the oil spill on the Bohai Sea ecosystem. We found that the Bohai Sea oil spill caused abnormal chlorophyll concentration distributions and red tide nearby area of oil spill.

The damping model for sea waves covered by oil films of a finite thickness

In combination with a wave action balance equation, a damping model for sea waves covered by oil films of a finite thickness is proposed. The damping model is not only related to the physical parameters of the oil film, but also related to environment parameters. Meanwhile, the parametric analyses have been also conducted to understand the sensitivity of the damping model to these parameters. And numerical simulations demonstrate that a kinematic viscosity, a surface/interfacial elasticity, a thickness, and a fractional filling factor cause more significant effects on a damping ratio than the other physical parameters of the oil film. From the simulation it is also found that the influences induced by a wind speed and a wind direction are also remarkable. On the other hand, for a thick emulsified oil film, the damping effect on the radar signal induced by the reduction of an effective dielectric constant should also be taken into account. The simulated results are compared with the damping ratio evaluated by the 15 ENVISAT ASAR images acquired during the Gulf of Mexico oil spill accident.

Doppler Spectrum Analysis of Time-Evolving Sea Surface Covered by Oil Spills

Based on the model of a contaminated sea surface that was proposed by Lombardini et al., the influence of the damping effect of oil films on the sea surface roughness spectrum and the geometrical structure of the sea surface is examined in detail by comparing with a clean sea surface. Fhrthermore, based on a quasi-stationary algorithm, a time series of backscattered echoes from a time-evolving sea surface covered by oil slicks is obtained by utilizing the frequency-domain numerical method of the parallel fast multiple method. Then, the Doppler spectrum is evaluated by performing a standard spectral estimation technique. Finally, the influence of the oil film damping effect on the Doppler spectrum of the backscattered echoes from time-evolving sea surface is investigated in detail by making a comparison of the Doppler spectrum of an oil-covered sea surface with the Doppler spectrum of a dean sea surface. The numerical simulations show that the damping effect of oil films has an influence on the Doppler spectrum signature for both horizontal-to-horizontal and vertical-to-vertical polarizations.

Numerical Simulation of Bohai Oil Spill in the Winter Sea Ice Period

The Bohai Sea is a seasonal icy sea area that has the lowest latitude of any sea experiencing icing in the northern hemisphere, and simulation studies on oil spills during its sea ice period are the key to analyzing winter oil spill accidents. This study applied the three-dimensional free surface to establish a high-resolution hydrodynamic model and simulate tidal distributions in the Bohai Sea. Then, the oil spill model of the open sea area and thermodynamic model were combined to establish a numerical model for the Bohai oil spill during the winter sea ice period. The hydrodynamic model and sea ice growth and melting model were verified, and the parameters were adjusted based on the measured values, which indicate that the numerical model established in this paper is of high accuracy,stability and ubiquity. Finally, after checking the calculations repeatedly, the diffusion coefficient for the Bohai Sea was determined to be 1.0×10^(–7 )m^2/s. It is better that the comprehensive weathering attenuation coefficient is lower than that of a non-winter oil spill, with 1.3×10^(–7 )m^2/s being the most appropriate coefficient. This study can provide the reliable technical support for the operational safety and reduction in losses caused by winter oil spill accidents for the petroleum industry.

The Potential Use of Natural Clinoptilolite Zeolite for Crude Oil Spill Removal from Sea Water

Accidental spillage or drainage from land of crude oil to the marine environment will potentially cause serious damage to the environment and marine life. Many efforts have been focused on the use of most efficient adsorbent to remove the oil and/or oil-decomposing agent from the water. The current study was aimed at to evaluate the most abundantly-available natural zeolite dominated by clinoptilolite mineral and pronounced molecular sieve characteristics as crude oil spill removal in sea water. Bayah-originated zeolite was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, pore distribution and average size, gas sorption capacity, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A laboratory experiments were conducted by reacting a 100-mesh zeolite with and without microbial enrichment to crude oil in a 250 mL sea water (3.7% NaCl and pH 6.7) jar at different oil/zeolite ratios,??i.e.?50%, 100%, 200%, and 400% (v/w) with three replicates. Observations were made on the stability of zeolite-oil mixture for one week, the weight of zeolite mixed with oil, the oil adsorbed by the zeolite, and free oil after 24-hrs settling. The results indicate that zeolite has highly potential as crude oil adsorbent and the highest oil sorption obtained at zeolite/oil ratio of 1:1 with 86.3% oil adsorbed or 0.87 mL oil per gram zeolite. Enrichment of zeolite with?Bacillus subtilis?improved the adsorbed oil by the mineral.

An oil slick spectral experiment of nearshore sea water in the East China Sea

Along with the rapid advance in global industrialization, oil spill events caused by offshore operations, trans- portation and accidents are increasing. Compared with ship surveys, monitoring oil spills through remote sensing has real-time, comprehensive, low-cost advantages, which can effectively guide cleaning and evalu- ation, and reduce the marine ecological destruction resulting from oil spills. Therefore, studying the remote sensing mechanism used to monitor marine oil spills is of great significance for ecological environmen- tal protection. This paper describes an experiment and corresponding analysis based on the above-water method, using the East China Sea coastal turbid water. The analysis shows that ＂upward short-wave＂ in ultraviolet and blue-purple bands and its displacement, along with the changing thickness, are important characteristics for distinguishing between the oil slick and the sea water, and also to differentiate oil slicks of different thicknesses. From blue to near-infrared bands, the spectrum of lube oil is flatter than that of diesel, and the diesel spectrum rises faster than the lube spectrum on the right side of the trough at 400 nm. These two features form an important basis for differentiating diesel from lube oil. These analyses will further the development of oil spill remote sensing in the East China Sea.

Mesozoic-Cenozoic Tectonics of the Yellow Sea and Oil-Gas Exploration

The purpose of the present study was to study the tectonics of the Yellow Sea. Although oilgas exploration has been undertaken for more than 30 years in the southern Yellow Sea, the exploration progress has achieved little. There are three tectonic periods with near N-S trending shortening and compression （260-200 Ma, 135-52 Ma and 23-0.78 Ma） and three tectonic periods with near E-W trending shortening and compression （200-135 Ma, 52--23 Ma and 0.78 Ma） at the Yellow Sea and adjacent areas during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The lndosinian tectonic period is the collision period between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze Plates, which formed the basic tectonic framework for the Yellow Sea area. There were strong intraplate deformations during the Yanshanian （200-135 Ma） and Sichuanian （135-52 Ma） periods with different tectonic models, which are also the main formation periods for endogenic metallic mineral deposits around the Yellow Sea. The three tectonic periods during the Cenozoic affect important influences for forming oil-gas reservoirs. The Eocene-Oligocene （52-23 Ma） is the main forming period for oil-gas sources. The Miocene-Early Pleistocene （23-0.78 Ma） was a period of favorable passage for oil-gas migration along NNE trending faults. Since the Middle Pleistocene （0.78 Ma） the NNE trending faults are closed and make good conditions for the reservation of oil-gas. The authors suggest that we pay more attention to the oil-gas exploration at the intersections between the NNE trending existing faults and Paleogene- Neogene systems in the southern Yellow Sea area.

CNOOC Makes Oil Findings in South China Sea

China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) Limited announced Wednesday that a wildcat drilled on Huizhou 26-3 in the Pearl River Mouth Basin of South China Sea was successful.

Modeling underwater transport of oil spilled from deepwater area in the South China Sea

Based on a Lagrangian integral technique and Lagrangian particle-tracking technique,a numerical model was developed to simulate the underwater transport of oil from a deepwater spill. This model comprises two submodels: a plume dynamics model and an advection-diffusion model. The former is used to simulate the stages dominated by the initial jet momentum and plume buoyancy of the spilled oil,while the latter is used to simulate the stage dominated by the ambient current and turbulence. The model validity was verified through comparisons of the model predictions with experimental data from several laboratory flume experiments and a field experiment. To demonstrate the capability of the model further,it was applied to the simulation of a hypothetical oil spill occurring at the seabed of a deepwater oil/gas field in the South China Sea. The results of the simulation would be useful for contingency planning with regard to the emergency response to an underwater oil spill.

Effect of crude oil pollution on organic carbon and humus content in grey-brown soils in Mangyshlak, Pre-Caspian Sea Region

The organic carbon and humus content in oil polluted brown and grey-brown soils in Mangyshlak,Pre-Caspian Sea Region,was analyzed from 2000 to 2008.The results indicated that bitumen substances from crude oil pollution deteriorated the soil property,however,the organic carbon content increased significantly.The products of oil pollution changed the composition of car-bonaceous substances which formed soil humus,and changed the ratios of the humus components.Residual insoluble carbon increased with the rise of oil organic carbon.The mobility of humus components was significantly increased because of the high oxidation-reduction process in the topsoil,and the humus content and microorganism activity increased.The organic carbon content increased significantly,while it decreased with the distance away from the oil well.The rearrangement of physical,physical-chemical and chemical properties of the polluted soils was significant.

Prolific Oil and Gas Reservoirs Discovered in Extremely Shallow Sea in Dagang

ProlificoilandgasflowswereobtainedfromWellGangshen78intheextremelyshallowseaareaonNovember22.Adailyoilproductionof542.58m3andadailygasproductionof90500m3wererecordedona12.7mmchoke.ItisreportedthattheproducingformationinWellGangshen78doesnotbelongtoth...

Numerical Study of Oil Pollution on Sea Waters

This paper adopted an upstream FEM of 2-D unsteady flow to calculate the tidal flow in Zhoushan sea area. Based on the verification of the tidal current and environmental situation, the effects of the oily waste discharged from the oil berths on water quality have been calculated with a similar method. The isodilutions of oil pollutant are drawn from different sewage discharges. The moving loci of the slick centrepoint of oil spill have been calculated. The spreading area of the oil spill has also been forecasted. The results indicate that the set of models can predict the transport of oil spill in the sea area with reasonable accuracy.

海面溢油激光探测系统及相关算法的研究

激光诱导荧光(LIF)技术是目前较为有效的海面溢油探测技术之一,但基于该技术的油膜厚度反演算法不适用于评估厚油膜(>800μm)。激光方向性强且能量集中,研究已表明其具备评估海面油膜的能力,然而现有探测系统将激光信号作为干扰信号加以抑制或去除。为了重新找回该信号以实现探测海面厚油膜的目的,研究了一种海面溢油激光探测系统并对其协调控制方法进行了探讨,另外,基于此系统建立了一种利用激光反射信号评估海面厚油膜的模型。通过选用原油和白油的混合油(1:50)作为实验油,验证了海面溢油激光探测系统的可行性和油膜厚度评估算法的有效性。

基于斯托克斯矢量对海面溢油的识别

利用JANSWAP海谱建立了海面与油膜的模型,采用基尔霍夫近似理论分析了海面和油膜对光波的散射,数值计算了S偏振光、P偏振光、45°偏振光、圆偏振光入射到海面和油膜时半球空间的散射光斯托克斯矢量,分析了入射角和风速对散射斯托克斯矢量中V分量的影响.发现P偏振光和45°偏振光以油膜布儒斯特角(56°)入射时,海面和油膜散射光的V分量存在较大差异,且风速越大越明显.对于海面,V分量都近似为0,对于油膜,P偏振光的散射光V分量在入射面两侧呈两瓣反对称分布,45°偏振光的散射光V分量在入射面内反射光方向两侧呈两瓣反对称分布,说明可以用V分量来区分海水和油膜.该结果能够为海面溢油探测提供一定的理论参考.

青岛海洋地质研究所45年来海域油气资源调查进展

石油和天然气资源是重要的能源矿产和战略性资源,海洋蕴含着丰富的油气资源,青岛海洋地质研究所(简称青岛所)自1979年重建始,便开启了海域油气资源调查、研究与评价工作的序幕。45年来,青岛所持续开展了海域及邻区含油气盆地对比、黄东海新区新层系油气资源调查评价、中国海域和海丝路海域油气勘探开发形势分析,并于2019和2021年开展了2个航次的北印度洋重点海域联合地质科学考查。本文回顾了45年以来青岛所海域油气调查与研究历史,梳理了取得的主要进展,重点介绍了海域新区新层系油气资源调查技术、东部海域新区新层系油气地质新认识、印度扇近海盆地的科学考查发现与认识、海域油气资源勘探开发总体形势与战略性方向,梳理了面临的主要挑战,同时展望了油气调查主要领域和方向,这对进一步摸清海域油气资源家底、服务海域油气矿政管理和国家能源资源安全保障具有重要意义。

船舶溢油污染海冰可见光-近红外反射光谱特征及其角度效应

随着北极航线的开通,往来极地冰区的船只数量逐年增加,这使得发生冰区溢油的风险随之增加。冰区溢油具有清理难度大、污染持续时间长等特点,快速准确的监测手段成为提高清理效率、降低污染危害的重要途径之一。遥感技术在开阔水域溢油的监测中得到了广泛应用,但在有冰海区溢油的监测研究较少。尤其对于受溢油污染的海冰的反射光谱特征及其随角度变化规律的研究鲜有报道。通过开展海冰溢油模拟实验,测量不同观测天顶角和相对方位角下油污染海冰的可见光-近红外反射光谱,天顶角每间隔10°采集一次,范围为:-50°~50°,相对方位角包括了:0°、90°、180°、270°。利用光谱标准偏差分析海冰受污染前后的光谱差异,选取差异值最大的波段560 nm作为油污染海冰识别的特征波段。为探寻特征波段反射差异随观测几何变化的规律,构建了一种考虑海冰前向散射特征的核驱动模型Ross Thick-Roujean-r-RPV,并利用实测数据进行检验,在主平面和垂直主平面的拟合误差分别为0.00462、0.00416,拟合效果优于Ross Thick-Li sparse、Ross Thick-Li sparse R、Ross Thick(QU)-Roujean及Ross Thick(QU)-Li sparse R-r-RPV等常用核驱动模型。利用该模型,进一步模拟了不同观测几何条件下油污染前后海冰特征波段反射差异的角度效应。结果表明,海冰在相同观测几何条件下,受污染前后反射光谱存在差异,污染海冰反射率要低于清洁海冰,且清洁海冰在波段1013~1196 nm范围内存在一个波峰,而在受污染后此波峰消失;当观测方位角不同时,海冰反射率也存在差异,具体表现为,在前向方向随着观测角度的增大而增加,而在后向方向则表现为随观测角度的增加而降低;在主平面方向,反射率随观测角度增加则是先增加后降低。在天顶角为50°,相对方位角范围在250°~290°时,光谱差异最大,即最有利于海冰溢油的提取。研究结果能够为冰区船舶溢油监测传感器的波段和观测几何优选提供参考。