Characteristics of the Bohai Sea oil spill and its impact on the Bohai Sea ecosystem

In this paper, ENVISAT ASAR data and the Estuary, Coastal and Ocean Model was used to analyze and compare characteristics of the Bohai Sea oil spill. The oil slicks have spread from the point of the oil spill to the east and north-western Bohai Sea. We make a comparison between the changes caused by the oil spill on the chlorophyll concentration and the sea surface temperature using MODIS data, which can be used to analyze the effect of the oil spill on the Bohai Sea ecosystem. We found that the Bohai Sea oil spill caused abnormal chlorophyll concentration distributions and red tide nearby area of oil spill.

Characteristics of the sea ice reflectance spectrum polluted by oil spills based on field experiments in the Bohai Sea

Oil spilled on the sea ice surface in the Bohai Sea of China is studied through the field measurements of the reflectance of a simulated sea ice-oil film mixed pixel. The reflection characteristics of sea ice and oil film are also analyzed. It is found that the mixed pixel of sea ice and oil film is a linear mixed pixel. The means of extracting sea ice pixels containing oil film is presented using a double-band ratio oil-film sea-ice index（DROSI） and a normalized difference oil-film sea-ice index（NDOSI） through the analysis of the reflectance curves of the sea iceoil film pixel for different ratios of oil film. The area proportion of the oil film in the sea ice-oil film pixel can be accurately estimated by the average reflectance of the band of 1 610–1 630 nm, and the volume of the spilled oil can be further estimated. The method of the sea ice-oil film pixel extraction and the models to estimate the proportion of oil film area in the sea ice-oil film pixel can be applied to the oil spill monitoring of the ice-covered area in the Bohai Sea using multispectral or hyperspectral remote sensing images in the shortwave infrared band（1 500–1 780 nm）.

Numerical Simulation of Bohai Oil Spill in the Winter Sea Ice Period

The Bohai Sea is a seasonal icy sea area that has the lowest latitude of any sea experiencing icing in the northern hemisphere, and simulation studies on oil spills during its sea ice period are the key to analyzing winter oil spill accidents. This study applied the three-dimensional free surface to establish a high-resolution hydrodynamic model and simulate tidal distributions in the Bohai Sea. Then, the oil spill model of the open sea area and thermodynamic model were combined to establish a numerical model for the Bohai oil spill during the winter sea ice period. The hydrodynamic model and sea ice growth and melting model were verified, and the parameters were adjusted based on the measured values, which indicate that the numerical model established in this paper is of high accuracy,stability and ubiquity. Finally, after checking the calculations repeatedly, the diffusion coefficient for the Bohai Sea was determined to be 1.0×10^(–7 )m^2/s. It is better that the comprehensive weathering attenuation coefficient is lower than that of a non-winter oil spill, with 1.3×10^(–7 )m^2/s being the most appropriate coefficient. This study can provide the reliable technical support for the operational safety and reduction in losses caused by winter oil spill accidents for the petroleum industry.

Doppler Spectrum Analysis of Time-Evolving Sea Surface Covered by Oil Spills

Based on the model of a contaminated sea surface that was proposed by Lombardini et al., the influence of the damping effect of oil films on the sea surface roughness spectrum and the geometrical structure of the sea surface is examined in detail by comparing with a clean sea surface. Fhrthermore, based on a quasi-stationary algorithm, a time series of backscattered echoes from a time-evolving sea surface covered by oil slicks is obtained by utilizing the frequency-domain numerical method of the parallel fast multiple method. Then, the Doppler spectrum is evaluated by performing a standard spectral estimation technique. Finally, the influence of the oil film damping effect on the Doppler spectrum of the backscattered echoes from time-evolving sea surface is investigated in detail by making a comparison of the Doppler spectrum of an oil-covered sea surface with the Doppler spectrum of a dean sea surface. The numerical simulations show that the damping effect of oil films has an influence on the Doppler spectrum signature for both horizontal-to-horizontal and vertical-to-vertical polarizations.

Flammability risk assessment for oil spill response operations

Immediately following a spill at sea, released oil ranging from diesel to light crude and diluted bitumen, will initially weather through evaporation, resulting in an elevated concentration of light hydrocarbons in the air. As part of oil spill response operations, first responders use hand-held devices to monitor airborne concent- rations when approaching a spill. The feasibility of using numerical modelling as an additional tool to assess potential flammability and plan response operations in the spill area was explored in this study. The Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) is defined as the minimum concentration of a gas in air, in this case a mixture of evaporated hydrocarbons, which can produce a flash fire in the presence of an ignition source. This ignition source could be triggered by the vessel itself or by spill response operations. A framework was put into place, utilizing a three- dimensional hydrodynamic model (H3D), an oil spill model (SPILLCALC), and an air dispersion model (CALPUFF) to assess the risk of possible ignition of the hydrocarbon vapour in the event of a spill. The study looked at a hypothetical credible worst case tanker spill (16 500 m3) of diluted bitumen (cold lake winter blend) occurring at Arachne Reef in Haro Strait, British Columbia, Canada. SPILLCALC provided one-minute averaged vapour fluxes from the water surface for each of 17 modelled pseudo-components which were used as inputs to CALPUFF. Using the predicted airborne concentrations of each pseudo-component, time-scaled to one-second averages, the flammability potential in the immediate spill area was determined at each grid point using Le Chatelier’s mixing equation. The approach describe here was developed as a proof of concept, and could be established as a real-time system, bringing valuable information in addition to hand-held devices during a spill response, or during a response exercise. This modelling study was conducted as part of Kinder Morgan’s Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project. There are a number of commercially available oil spill models but few if any are equipped with the ability to model air dispersion and forecast hazardous conditions as discussed in this paper.

Effect of localized oil spills on Atlantic loggerhead population dynamics

The purpose of this study is to analyze the population dynamics of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) affected by localized oil spills. Methods include development of a spatial, stage-classified matrix model parameterized for the following primary loggerhead populations: Gulf of Mexico, western North Atlantic Ocean, and Florida peninsula. Oil spills are simulated deterministically in each population's nesting region, with 1) oil-induced mortality ranging from 25% to 100% and 2) stage classes affected either proportionally or equally. A transient sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the parameters most influential to the population growth rate. Results suggest that increased protection and understanding of young sea turtles found in the Sargasso Sea is essential to the survival of the species. In addition, findings provide insights into the population dynamics of the At- lantic loggerhead turtles and identify conservation measures appropriate in each oil spill case.

Lagrangian Model PETROMAR-3D to Describe Complex Processes in Marine Oil Spills

The version 2.1 of PETROMAR-3D model, created in the Center for Marine Meteorology of the Meteorology Institute of Cuba, is presented. This Lagrangian model has been designed to describe the physical processes of marine oil spills in the face of multiple scenarios of the marine environment. Although it is applicable to any part of the world, it is mainly designed for inter-American seas. The novelty has been to integrate the processes of drift and weathering into a model, with updated methods that incorporate 3D phenomena, a very favorable situation to achieve an operating system in Cuba and the region for the immediate and medium term. Python was chosen as the programming language because it has advanced libraries for numerical modeling, automation work and other useful tools for pre-and post-processing. By means of adapters, an important number of atmospheric, hydrodynamic and wave models have been considered to create the scenarios efficiently. The modular distribution in which the code has been created facilitates its use for other dispersion analysis and biophysical applications. Finally, a set of simple images are presented, aimed at informing decision-makers in order to mitigate the effects of the spill on the environment.

海面溢油激光探测系统及相关算法的研究

激光诱导荧光(LIF)技术是目前较为有效的海面溢油探测技术之一,但基于该技术的油膜厚度反演算法不适用于评估厚油膜(>800μm)。激光方向性强且能量集中,研究已表明其具备评估海面油膜的能力,然而现有探测系统将激光信号作为干扰信号加以抑制或去除。为了重新找回该信号以实现探测海面厚油膜的目的,研究了一种海面溢油激光探测系统并对其协调控制方法进行了探讨,另外,基于此系统建立了一种利用激光反射信号评估海面厚油膜的模型。通过选用原油和白油的混合油(1:50)作为实验油,验证了海面溢油激光探测系统的可行性和油膜厚度评估算法的有效性。

基于斯托克斯矢量对海面溢油的识别

利用JANSWAP海谱建立了海面与油膜的模型,采用基尔霍夫近似理论分析了海面和油膜对光波的散射,数值计算了S偏振光、P偏振光、45°偏振光、圆偏振光入射到海面和油膜时半球空间的散射光斯托克斯矢量,分析了入射角和风速对散射斯托克斯矢量中V分量的影响.发现P偏振光和45°偏振光以油膜布儒斯特角(56°)入射时,海面和油膜散射光的V分量存在较大差异,且风速越大越明显.对于海面,V分量都近似为0,对于油膜,P偏振光的散射光V分量在入射面两侧呈两瓣反对称分布,45°偏振光的散射光V分量在入射面内反射光方向两侧呈两瓣反对称分布,说明可以用V分量来区分海水和油膜.该结果能够为海面溢油探测提供一定的理论参考.

船舶溢油污染海冰可见光-近红外反射光谱特征及其角度效应

随着北极航线的开通,往来极地冰区的船只数量逐年增加,这使得发生冰区溢油的风险随之增加。冰区溢油具有清理难度大、污染持续时间长等特点,快速准确的监测手段成为提高清理效率、降低污染危害的重要途径之一。遥感技术在开阔水域溢油的监测中得到了广泛应用,但在有冰海区溢油的监测研究较少。尤其对于受溢油污染的海冰的反射光谱特征及其随角度变化规律的研究鲜有报道。通过开展海冰溢油模拟实验,测量不同观测天顶角和相对方位角下油污染海冰的可见光-近红外反射光谱,天顶角每间隔10°采集一次,范围为:-50°~50°,相对方位角包括了:0°、90°、180°、270°。利用光谱标准偏差分析海冰受污染前后的光谱差异,选取差异值最大的波段560 nm作为油污染海冰识别的特征波段。为探寻特征波段反射差异随观测几何变化的规律,构建了一种考虑海冰前向散射特征的核驱动模型Ross Thick-Roujean-r-RPV,并利用实测数据进行检验,在主平面和垂直主平面的拟合误差分别为0.00462、0.00416,拟合效果优于Ross Thick-Li sparse、Ross Thick-Li sparse R、Ross Thick(QU)-Roujean及Ross Thick(QU)-Li sparse R-r-RPV等常用核驱动模型。利用该模型,进一步模拟了不同观测几何条件下油污染前后海冰特征波段反射差异的角度效应。结果表明,海冰在相同观测几何条件下,受污染前后反射光谱存在差异,污染海冰反射率要低于清洁海冰,且清洁海冰在波段1013~1196 nm范围内存在一个波峰,而在受污染后此波峰消失;当观测方位角不同时,海冰反射率也存在差异,具体表现为,在前向方向随着观测角度的增大而增加,而在后向方向则表现为随观测角度的增加而降低;在主平面方向,反射率随观测角度增加则是先增加后降低。在天顶角为50°,相对方位角范围在250°~290°时,光谱差异最大,即最有利于海冰溢油的提取。研究结果能够为冰区船舶溢油监测传感器的波段和观测几何优选提供参考。

原油与柴油泄露影响海洋飞沫气溶胶中重金属与多环芳烃分布的实验室模拟研究

海洋泄漏原油中的重金属和多环芳烃等污染物会因为破碎波进入到海洋飞沫气溶胶中,造成更大范围的环境生态风险,而目前其具体机制和影响因素尚未充分探究。本研究以从长庆油田、新疆油田和渤海油田采集的原油以及中国石化的成品油为研究对象,设计了一套模拟产生海洋飞沫气溶胶的实验室装置,模拟了海洋表面浪花裹挟原油后再释放到大气的过程,并进行海洋飞沫气溶胶的粒径分布、多环芳烃和重金属的浓度及富集因子(EF)分析。研究发现,轻质油中的部分低分子量多环芳烃更易于从覆油海面迁移到海洋飞沫气溶胶中并发生富集(EF≥10);尽管油品本底值中的重金属浓度很低,但无论是柴油泄漏还是原油泄漏,重金属均会富集到在海洋飞沫气溶胶中,且浓度水平与多环芳烃相差较小,在300~1800μg/m^(3);油膜厚度对海洋飞沫气溶胶中的重金属有十分显著的影响,随着油膜厚度的降低,海洋飞沫气溶胶中的重金属呈现“减少增多减少”的变化趋势。

京唐港海域溢油漂移扩散模拟分析

为分析京唐港海域发生溢油漂移扩散产生的影响,基于三向不可压缩和Reynolds值均布的Navier-Stokes方程,并服从Boussinesq假定和静水压力的假定,对整个渤海海域建立二维潮流场数值模型。以水动力为基础,根据Lagrangian“油粒子”理论对粒子进行追踪,建立溢油漂移扩散预测模型,模拟不同工况下油膜在海水中的漂移扩散过程。结果表明,溢油污染对附近自然保护区、旅游休闲娱乐区、渔业养殖捕捞区及岸线均存在一定的影响,其大清河口附近渔业捕捞区的影响最大;72 h内油膜最大扩散面积出现在冬季强风涨潮时溢油,其面积为213.373 km 2。通过对油膜的运动轨迹和敏感区目标的影响进行分析预测,对在京唐港附近海域发生溢油事故采取应急措施、海洋环境影响评价等提供一定的依据和技术支持。

大气湍流对LIF探测海面溢油影响的BRRDF仿真研究

及时定位海面溢油事故发生地并监测海面溢油信息对海洋污染治理和海洋生态环境保护有重要意义。激光诱导荧光(LIF)可搭载于无人机构建LIF雷达系统并应用于海洋环境监测。LIF雷达系统以大气为传输信道,大气湍流会导致信号衰落。双向反射再辐射分布函数(BRRDF)利用受激辐射荧光光子的权重、位置和方向描述物质的荧光特性,为LIF探测海面溢油提供理论指导。基于大气湍流理论和蒙特卡罗方法模拟海面溢油的受激辐射荧光过程,建立光子传输模型进行海面溢油BRRDF的仿真研究。仿真分析不同湍流强度下,光强闪烁、光束漂移、光束扩展效应对海面溢油BRRDF的影响。仿真结果表明,海面溢油受激辐射荧光信号具有各向同性,其强度与激发光的强度成正比。光束漂移效应对荧光漂移范围影响微弱,可以忽略;在弱大气湍流下(湍流强度参数σ_(R)^(2)<1),BRRDF所表征的荧光信号强度集中在2×10^(-5)~5×10^(-5)范围内,荧光光斑半径由1mm扩展至5mm,LIF雷达系统可以正常进行探测工作;大气湍流强度到达中等后(σ_(R)^(2)≈1),荧光信号强度在10^(-5)~10^(-4)范围内波动,荧光光斑半径扩展至15mm,此时大气湍流的不利影响无法忽视,LIF雷达系统探测到的荧光信号不够稳定,最终导致光谱不理想。在实际探测中,可通过适当提高探测器性能参数来增强系统的抗湍流能力。强大气湍流下(σ_(R)^(2)=25),出现光斑破裂现象,荧光信号分散并衰落至某一阈值之下,LIF雷达系统无法探测到荧光信号。文中的分析与提出的可行的研究建议,为LIF探测海面溢油相关研究提供参考依据,对LIF雷达系统设计具有一定的参考价值。

基于多指标的海面溢油范围在轨提取方法研究

随着海洋石油勘探开发和海洋运输活动日益频繁,海洋溢油污染已成为海洋环境的最主要威胁之一。现有的海面溢油遥感监测均基于下传到地面的遥感数据进行,很少做到在轨实时监测溢油事故的发生以及变化,由于卫星下传数据带宽有限,而遥感监测具有高时效性要求,迫切需要提高星载在轨数据处理能力,实现溢油监测。文章采用Landsat数据建立一种基于多指标的海面溢油范围提取方法,分为溢油光谱分析、基于自适应参数的溢油提取指标构建、基于归一化植被指数的溢油提取指标构建和单一指标提取结果的加权融合四部分,最终获取海面溢油范围提取结果。通过对比不同方法下海面溢油的提取结果,文章提出的海面溢油提取方法可以快速去除陆表、云区和无油海面的影响,较准确地提取出溢油区域。该算法复杂度较低、运算过程无需占用大量的存储资源,因此适用于在轨应用。

海上溢油仿真与可视化技术研究

为提高溢油仿真的视觉真实感,针对海上溢油可视化问题进行相关研究,建立完整的溢油仿真模型;对于油膜漂移和扩散过程中传统油粒子方法采样不均匀的问题,提出采用泊松盘算法对油膜进行均匀采样,成功地模拟了油粒子与障碍物的交互;利用Mike Zero和Mike 21计算潮汐数据,使用Unity3D虚拟现实引擎搭建溢油可视化仿真平台进行实验验证.仿真结果表明,构建的模型可有效提升海上溢油仿真的视觉真实感.

舟山复杂海岛条件下某交通码头溢油环境风险评估

考虑到舟山海上运输业发达,一旦有溢油事故发生,会对周围海域水环境造成严重危害。为进一步了解舟山群岛范围内溢油风险影响,文中以舟山定海某交通码头工程为研究对象,建立工程区域二维水动力模型并对潮位和潮流进行验证。同时,针对码头前沿和航道处在不利风向和潮流因素的组合工况下,耦合“油粒子”模型对复杂海岛条件下溢油风险的影响进行预测分析。结果表明:(1)受岛屿狭道效应,初期潮流作用影响明显。码头前沿和航道处溢油会沿涨落潮流方向进行漂移,受不利风向SE的进一步作用,码头前沿涨潮阶段会朝着杭州湾方向漂移扩散,而码头前沿落潮阶段和航道处涨落潮阶段均向西北-东南方向震荡漂移。(2)群岛内岛屿众多,分别对码头前沿和航道处的涨落潮时刻油粒子漂移轨迹产生阻碍作用,导致油粒子漂移动力产生部分削弱,从而减小油膜影响面积。(3)数值结果表明航道处涨潮时段发生溢油风险危害最大,其油膜最大扫海面积达到1442.3 km^(2)。涨落时刻,溢油到达敏感区域时间存在明显差异,在6~7 h之间。

基于无人机多光谱光学特性的海面油污辨识方法

为提高海洋溢油识别能力以满足海洋巡检应用要求,通过对无人机海面油污巡检系统进行改进,建立了基于多光谱成像光学特性的综合海面油污巡检系统。首先,分析了多光谱成像辨识海面油污的工作原理,建立基于多光谱成像的无人机与人工巡检相结合的海面油污巡检系统,得到基于该系统下的海面油污实验结果,测量结果验证了对油污辨识的准确性。然后,基于建立的海面油污巡检系统,采用长距离无人机自主海面巡检与人工船舶海面巡检相结合的方法,能够准确快速地对海面油污进行辨识。最后,通过该系统对我国某港口附近海面进行油污检测,得到了海面溢油空间的准确位置和分布情况,油污辨识结果验证了该方法的准确性和可行性。

深远海恶劣海洋环境下溢油回收作业的风险评估方法

为了更科学合理地对深远海恶劣海洋环境下溢油作业进行综合风险评估,建立了一种多层耦合关系视角下的安全屏障绩效评估模型,基于各类安全屏障的特点,分别采用适宜的绩效评估方法,计算各类屏障的绩效水平,精细展现各类风险因素对系统整体安全状态的影响程度,量化深远海恶劣海洋环境下溢油回收作业的安全风险等级。结果显示,深远海恶劣海洋环境下溢油回收作业整体风险处于较高等级。从屏障层次细化角度来看,人员管理屏障与环境屏障风险等级处于较高风险,设备屏障风险处于中等风险。同时,针对各层屏障中定量挖掘出的较高风险因素,提出针对性的安全管控措施,也为其他类型的深远海救助作业风险评估提供有益借鉴。