Nonparametric estimations of the sea state bias for a radar altimeter

To estimate the sea state bias（SSB） for radar altimeter, two nonparametric models, including a Nadaraya-Watson（NW） kernel estimator and a local linear regression（LLR） estimator, are studied based on the Jason-2 altimeter data. Selecting from different combinations of the Gaussian kernel function, spherical Epanechnikov kernel function, a fixed bandwidth and a local adjustable bandwidth, it is observed that the LLR method with the spherical Epanechnikov kernel function and the local adjustable bandwidth is the optimal nonparametric model for the SSB estimation. The comparisons between the nonparametric and parametric models are conducted and the results show that the nonparametric model performs relatively better at high-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. This method has been applied to the HY-2A altimeter as well and the same conclusion can be obtained.

Optimal Stiffness for Flexible Connectors on A Mobile Offshore Base at Rough Sea States

This paper investigates a simplified method to determine the optimal stiffness of flexible connectors on a mobile offshore base(MOB) during the preliminary design stage. A three-module numerical model of an MOB was used as a case study. Numerous constraint forces and relative displacements for the connectors at rough sea states with different wave angles were utilized to determine the optimized stiffness of the flexible connectors. The range of optimal stiffnesses for the connectors was obtained based on the combination and intersection of the optimized stiffness results, and the implementation steps were elaborated in detail. The percentage reductions of the optimized and optimal stiffness of the flexible connector were determined to quantitatively evaluate the decreases of the constraint force and relative displacement of the connectors compared with those calculated by using the original range of the connector stiffnesses. The results indicate the accuracy and feasibility of this method for determining the optimal stiffness of the flexible connectors and demonstrate the rationality and practicability of the optimal stiffness results. The research ideas, calculation process, and solutions for the optimal stiffness of the flexible connectors of an MOB in this paper can provide valuable technical support for the design of the connectors in similar semisubmersible floating structures.

Trace-Norm Regularized Multi-Task Learning for Sea State Bias Estimation

Sea state bias(SSB)is an important component of errors for the radar altimeter measurements of sea surface height(SSH).However,existing SSB estimation methods are almost all based on single-task learning(STL),where one model is built on the data from only one radar altimeter.In this paper,taking account of the data from multiple radar altimeters available,we introduced a multi-task learning method,called trace-norm regularized multi-task learning(TNR-MTL),for SSB estimation.Corresponding to each individual task,TNR-MLT involves only three parameters.Hence,it is easy to implement.More importantly,the convergence of TNR-MLT is theoretically guaranteed.Compared with the commonly used STL models,TNR-MTL can effectively utilize the shared information between data from multiple altimeters.During the training of TNR-MTL,we used the JASON-2 and JASON-3 cycle data to solve two correlated SSB estimation tasks.Then the optimal model was selected to estimate SSB on the JASON-2 and the HY-270-71 cycle intersection data.For the JSAON-2 cycle intersection data,the corrected variance(M)has been reduced by 0.60 cm^2 compared to the geophysical data records(GDR);while for the HY-2 cycle intersection data,M has been reduced by 1.30 cm^2 compared to GDR.Therefore,TNR-MTL is proved to be effective for the SSB estimation tasks.

Wave Period Distributions in Non-Gaussian Mixed Sea States

The wave period probability densities in non-Gaussian mixed sea states are calculated by utilizing a transformed Gaussian process method. The transformation relating the non-Gaussian process and the original Gaussian process is obtained based on the equivalence of the level up-crossing rates of the two processes. A saddle point approximation procedure is applied for calculating the level up-crossing rates in this study. The accuracy and efficiency of the transformed Gaussian process method are validated by comparing the results predicted by using the method with those predicted by the Monte Carlo simulation method.

Estimating the evolution of sea state non-Gaussianity based on a phase-resolving model

The occurrence of rogue waves is closely related to the non-Gaussianity of sea states,and this non-Gaussianity can be estimated using corresponding two-dimensional wave spectra.This paper presents an approach to non-Gaussianity estimation based on a phase-resolving model called the high-order spectral method(HOSM).Based on numerous HOSM simulations,a set of precalculated non-Gaussianity indicators was established that could be applied to real sea states without any calibration of spectral shapes.With a newly developed extraction approach,the indicators for given two-dimensional wave spectra could then be conveniently extracted from the precalculated dataset.The feasibility of the newly developed approach in a real wave environment is verified.Using the estimation approach,phase-resolved non-Gaussianity can now be illustrated throughout the evolution of sea states of interest,not just at a few specific times;and the level of non-Gaussianity at any time in a duration can be identified according to the statistics(e.g.,quantities)of the phase-resolved indicators,that are obtained throughout the duration concerned.

Sea State Bias Estimation with Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator(LASSO)

With the sea-level rising,the measurement of sea surface height(SSH) is attracting more and more attention in the area of oceanography.Satellite radar altimeter is usually used to measure the SSH.However,deviation between the measured value and the actual one always exists.Among others,the sea state bias(SSB) is a main reason to cause the deviation.In general,one needs to estimate SSB first to correct the measured SSH.Currently,existing SSB estimation methods more or less have shortcomings,such as with many parameters,high prediction error and long training time.In this paper,we introduce an effective and efficient linear model called LASSO to the SSB estimation.The LASSO algorithm minimizes the residual sum of squares under the condition that the sum of the absolute values of each coefficient is less than a certain constant.In the implementation of LASSO,we use the significant wave height and wind speed to fit the LASSO model.Hence,the applied model has only 3 parameters,corresponding to the two inputs and a bias.Experimental results on the data of JASON-2,JASON-3,T/P and HY-2 radar altimetry show that LASSO performs better than geophysical data records(GDR) and ordinary least squares(OLS) estimator.Moreover,from the running time,we can see that LASSO is very efficient.

THE DEPENDENCE OF WIND STRESS ON SEA STATE

Based on up to date literature, this paper details the evolution of wave dependence of wind stress.Some typical models of the dependence of wind stress on waves are described in detail. Although there isno universally accepted theory and model, recent studies indicate that the wind strees strongly dependson the development state of sea waves, i. e., young seas are rougher than mature seas, in other words, thewind stress decreases with increasing wave age.

Statistical Analyses of Sea State Conditions in South China Sea

The statistical characterization of sea conditions in the South China Sea(SCS) was investigated by analyzing a 30-year(1976–2005) numerically simulated daily wave height and wind speed data. The monthly variation of these parameters shows that wave height and wind speed have minimum values of 0.54 m and 4.15 ms^(-1), respectively in May and peak values of 2.04 m and 8.12 ms^(-1), respectively in December. Statistical analysis of the daily wave height and wind speed and the subsequent characterization of the annual, seasonal and monthly mean sea state based on these parameters were also done. Results showed that, in general, the slight sea state prevails in the SCS and has nearly the highest occurrence in all seasons and months. The moderate sea condition prevails in the winter months of December and January while the smooth(wavelets) sea state prevails in May. Furthermore, spatial variation of sea states showed that calm and smooth sea conditions have high occurrences(25%–80%) in the southern SCS. The slight sea condition shows the largest occurrence(25%–55%) over most parts of the SCS. High occurrences(8%–17%) of the rough and very rough seas distribute over some regions in the central SCS. Sea states from high to phenomenal conditions show rare occurrence(<12%) in the northern SCS. The calm(glassy) sea condition shows no occurrence in the SCS.

An Improved Method of Retrieving Sea Surface Wind Speed Based on a Four-Layer Medium Model at High Sea States

Considering about the effect of whitecaps and foams on pulse-limited Radar Altimeters, an improved algorithm of retrieving sea surface wind speed is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a four-layer dielectric model is established in order to simulate an air-sea interface. Secondly, the microwave reflectivity of a sea surface covered by spray droplets and foams at 13.5 GHz is computed based on the established model. These computed results show that the effect of spray droplets and foams in high sea state conditions shall not be negligible on retrieving sea surface wind speed. Finally, compared with the analytical algorithms proposed by Zhao and some calculated results based on a three-layer dielectric model, an improved algorithm of retrieving sea surface wind speed is presented. At a high wind speed, the improved algorithm is in a better accord with some empirical algorithms such as Brown, Young ones and et al., and also in a good agreement with ZT and other algorithms at low wind speed. This new improved algorithm will be suitable not only for low wind speed retrieval, but also for high wind speed retrieval. Better accuracy and effectiveness of wind speed retrieval can also be obtained.

Theory of multivariate compound extreme value distribution and its application to extreme sea state prediction

In this paper, a new type of distribution, multivariate compound extreme value distribution (MCEVD), is introduced by compounding a discrete distribution with a multivariate continuous distribution of extreme sea events. In its engineering application the number over certain threshold level per year is fitting to Poisson distribution and the corresponding extreme sea events are fitting to Nested Logistic distribution, then the Poisson-Nested logistic trivariate compound extreme value distribution (PNLTCED) is proposed to predict extreme wave heights, periods and wind speeds in Yellow Sea. The new model gives more stable and reasonable predicted results.

Estimate of Global Sea-Air CO_2 Flux with Sea-State-Dependent Parameterization

Although the annual global sea-air CO2 flux has been estimated extensively with various wind-dependent-k parameterizations,uncertainty still exists in the estimates. The sea-state-dependent-k parameterization is expected to improve the uncertainty existing in these estimates. In the present study,the annual global sea-air CO2 flux is estimated with the sea-state-dependent-k parameterization proposed by Woolf(2005) ,using NOAA/NCEP reanalysis wind speed and hindcast wave data from 1998 to 2006,and a new estimate,-2.18 Gt C year-1,is obtained,which is comparable with previous estimates with biochemical methods. It is interesting to note that the averaged value of previous estimates with various wind-dependent-k parameterizations is almost identical to that of previous estimates with biochemical methods by various authors,and that the new estimate is quite consistent with these averaged estimates.

The Influence of Wave State and Sea Spray on Drag Coefficient from Low to High Wind Speeds

Ocean waves alter the roughness of sea surface,and sea spray droplets redistribute the momentum flux at the air-sea interface.Hence,both wave state and sea spray influence sea surface drag coefficient.Based on the new sea spray generation function which depends on sea surface wave,a wave-dependent sea spray stress is obtained.According to the relationship between sea spray stress and the total wind stress on the sea surface,a new formula of drag coefficient at high wind speed is acquired.With the analysis of the new drag coefficient,it is shown that the drag coefficient reduces at high wind speed,indicating that the sea spray droplets can limit the increase of drag coefficient.However,the value of high wind speed corresponding to the initial reduced drag coefficient is not fixed,and it depends on the wave state,which means the influence of wave cannot be ignored.Comparisons between the theoretical and measured sea surface drag coefficients in field and laboratory show that under different wave ages,the theoretical result of drag coefficient could include the measured data,and it means that the new drag coefficient can be used properly from low to high wind speeds under any wave state condition.

An Investigation of the Effects of Wave State and Sea Spray on an Idealized Typhoon Using an Air-Sea Coupled Modeling System

In this study, the impact of atmospherewave coupling on typhoon intensity was investigated using numerical simulations of an idealized typhoon in a coupled atmospherewaveocean modeling system. The coupling between atmosphere and sea surface waves considered the effects of wave state and sea sprays on airsea momentum flux, the atmospheric lowlevel dissipative heating, and the wavestateaffected sea spray heat flux. Several experiments were conducted to examine the impacts of wave state, sea sprays, and dissipative heating on an idealized typhoon system. Results show that considering the wave state and seasprayaffected seasurface roughness reduces typhoon intensity, while including dissipative heating intensifies the typhoon system. Taking into account sea spray heat flux also strengthens the typhoon system with increasing maximum wind speed and significant wave height. The overall impact of atmospherewave coupling makes a positive contribution to the intensification of the idealized typhoon system. The minimum central pressure simulated by the coupled atmospherewave experiment was 16.4 hPa deeper than that of the control run, and the maximum wind speed and significant wave height increased by 31% and 4%, respectively. Meanwhile, within the area beneath the typhoon center, the average total upward airsea heat flux increased by 22%, and the averaged latent heat flux increased more significantly by 31% compared to the uncoupled run.

INTERDECADAL SEA LEVEL VARIATION AT THE JAPANESE COAST AND LARGE SCALE CLIMATE STATE

Thirty years of monthly mean anomalies of sea level(SL) at 15 Japanese coastal stations, sea sur-face temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP) in or over the northern Pacific were analyzed bycanonical correlation analysis (CCA) to study the relationship between the interdecadal SL variationand large scale climate state. Given two time-varying fields this technique identifies the pair ofspacial patterns with optimally correlated time series.The results show that there are two important air-sea interactive processes in the extratropicalPacific region for the variation of the SL at the Japanese coast on interdecadal scale. One is theocean heating or cooling of the atmosphere over the Kuroshio extension region, which results in ahuge SLP anomalous vortex with planetary spacial scale big enough to change the global climate. An-other is the large Kuroshio meander phenomenon controlled by the large-scale wind-stress curls oneyear earlier in the adjacent region of the Hawaiian Islands. The first process

高海况下客滚船风浪阻力和功率航速预报

高海况下风浪阻力对客滚船航速预报的准确性有很大影响。对此,以某型客滚船为例,分别采用二维方法和三维方法预报船舶升沉和纵摇运动,采用全浪向波浪增阻预报方法SNNM计算波浪增阻,在此基础上开展高海况下的功率航速预报,并与模型试验结果进行对比分析。研究表明:当航速较低时,采用二维方法与三维方法预报的升沉运动结果的精度接近,随着速度的增加,二者的差异变大;当航速较高时,采用三维方法预报的纵摇结果比试验结果大,采用二维方法预报的纵摇结果比试验结果小;长波范围内采用SNNM方法预报的波浪增阻偏小,当谱峰周期为7 s和9 s时,采用SNNM方法近似预报的功率与试验值较为接近,但当谱峰周期变大时,近似预报结果偏小;整体来看,采用SNNM方法得到的航速预报值比试验值大。

双星跟飞测高卫星在轨初步验证

卫星测高反演重力场的常规做法是利用海面高差求解垂线偏差,进一步计算海洋重力异常和海洋大地水准面高等信息。显然,提高海面高差的测量精度可以直接提升海洋重力场的反演精度。本文给出了双星跟飞卫星测高原理,通过轨道设计使双星星下点跨轨间距(即分辨率)在1′左右,双星同时测量沿其轨道的海面高差及跨轨的星间海面高差,此时轨道径向误差表现为星间或单星历元间的相对轨道径向误差,而与大气传播和地球物理效应等有关的改正项,对于地面轨间距只有1′的双星近似相等,其在海面高差中几无体现,因此海面高差的精度相比于传统的单星测量将有显著提高。利用测高A/B双星的实际观测数据,初步验证了相对轨道径向误差和海面高差中的8项改正的差值误差。结果表明,对于定标阶段约25 km的星下点间距,干对流层、湿对流层、电离层、固体潮、极潮和逆大气压等改正项的差值误差均在5 mm量级;海潮改正差值、海况偏差差值中分别有约1 cm和2 cm的残留误差;对于业务轨道约2 km的星下点间距,相对轨道径向误差约为3 mm,除了海况偏差差值有约0.52 cm的残留误差,其他改正项的差值误差均小于0.05 cm,可完全忽略不计。

基于EtherCAT总线的八轴七联动高级海况环境仿真平台

针对水流模拟海况时存在的运动不受控以及常规海况模拟平台模拟海况等级低,运动自由度不足等问题,提出利用八自由度运动平台模拟高级海况环境进行海浪涌动测试的方法。设计了由直线运动平台、旋转机构和6自由度(6-DOF)并联机构组成的串并联混合八自由度高级海况环境仿真平台,其运动加速度大,自由度多,运动方式多样。基于Ether CAT实时总线技术设计了八轴七联动的运动控制算法,并采用惯量匹配技术抑制抖动和噪声,实现了宽惯量范围的精确、稳定、同步(小于1μs)控制。设计了基于外部信号接收器的实时精密补偿技术和双齿轮消隙技术,提高了速率精度和平稳性,定位精度达到10μm。设计了复合叠加摇摆、文件仿真、复合叠加摇摆与文件仿真叠加运动和实时仿真运动方式,可模拟到五级高海况或将实航数据回灌后模拟水下、水面或机载的运动,用于导航系统的姿态模拟测试。

Exploitable wave energy assessment based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data—A case study in the East China Sea and the South China Sea

Wave energy resources assessment is a very important process before the exploitation and utilization of the wave energy. At present, the existing wave energy assessment is focused on theoretical wave energy conditions for interesting areas. While the evaluation for exploitable wave energy conditions is scarcely ever performed. Generally speaking, the wave energy are non-exploitable under a high sea state and a lower sea state which must be ignored when assessing wave energy. Aiming at this situation, a case study of the East China Sea and the South China Sea is performed. First, a division basis between the theoretical wave energy and the exploitable wave energy is studied. Next, based on recent 20 a ERA-Interim wave field data, some indexes including the spatial and temporal distribution of wave power density, a wave energy exploitable ratio, a wave energy level, a wave energy stability, a total wave energy density, the seasonal variation of the total wave energy and a high sea condition frequency are calculated. And then the theoretical wave energy and the exploitable wave energy are compared each other; the distributions of the exploitable wave energy are assessed and a regional division for exploitable wave energy resources is carried out; the influence of the high sea state is evaluated. The results show that considering collapsing force of the high sea state and the utilization efficiency for wave energy, it is determined that the energy by wave with a significant wave height being not less 1 m or not greater than 4 m is the exploitable wave energy. Compared with the theoretical wave energy, the average wave power density, energy level, total wave energy density and total wave energy of the exploitable wave energy decrease obviously and the stability enhances somewhat. Pronounced differences between the theoretical wave energy and the exploitable wave energy are present. In the East China Sea and the South China Sea, the areas of an abundant and stable exploitable wave energy are primarily located in the north-central part of the South China Sea, the Luzon Strait, east of Taiwan, China and north of Ryukyu Islands; annual average exploitable wave power density values in these areas are approximately 10-15 kW/m; the exploitable coefficient of variation （COV） and seasonal variation （SV） values in these areas are less than 1.2 and 1, respectively. Some coastal areas of the Beibu Gulf, the Changjiang Estuary, the Hangzhou Bay and the Zhujiang Estuary are the poor areas of the wave energy. The areas of the high wave energy exploitable ratio is primarily in nearshore waters. The influence of the high sea state for the wave energy in nearshore waters is less than that in offshore waters. In the areas of the abundant wave energy, the influence of the high sea state for the wave energy is prominent and the utilization of wave energy is relatively difficult. The developed evaluation method may give some references for an exploitable wave energy assessment and is valuable for practical applications.

基于MDCFT与水平集的高海情弹载雷达成像检测方法

针对舰船三维摆动和海尖峰制约高海情环境弹载雷达探测性能的问题,面向高海情探测环境提出了一种新的成像检测思路。首先,基于高海情环境分别建立舰船与海杂波回波模型;其次,将改进离散调频傅里叶变换算法(modified discrete chirp Fourier transform, MDCFT)引入回波多普勒成像,消除了高阶项相位导致的散焦现象;在此基础上,利用水平集算法分割目标与背景区域,然后利用聚类算法确定每个目标区域;最后,基于提取的目标特征判决每个区域对应的目标身份。利用仿真数据的实验结果验证了所提算法的有效性。所提方法综合考虑了成像与检测环节性能的提升,为高海情环境下的弹载雷达制导提供了一种可行思路。

波浪影响下水下风筝式AUV建模与力学响应分析

针对强天气条件下相关参数难以获取,提出一种由水面智能拖体、水下高机动AUV和高强度拖缆组成的“水下风筝”式三体AUV,有望实现台风现场海气界面与上层水体同步探测。为探究高海况下“水下风筝”式AUV技术可行性,对其在波浪影响的力学响应特性进行分析,建立基于微振幅波理论和经典多体刚柔结构动力学建模方法的“水下风筝”式AUV动力学模型,采用数值模拟方法获得了不同拖曳速度、不同海况等级下AUV端受力和深度值,结果表明从力学角度当前技术条件可满足“水下风筝”式AUV高海况下同步观测需求。