Experimental Investigation of Wave-Current Loads on a Bridge Shuttle-Shaped Cap–Pile Foundation

To scrutinize the characteristics of wave-current loads on a bridge shuttle-shaped cap–pile foundation,a 1:125 test model was considered in a laboratory flume.The inline,transverse and vertical wave–current forces acting on the shuttle-shaped cap-pile group model were measured considering both random waves and a combination of random waves with a current.The experimental results have shown that the wave-current forces can be well correlated with the wave height,the wavelength,the current velocity,the incident direction and the water level in the marine environment.An increase in the current velocity can lead to a sharp increase in the inline and transverse wave-current forces,while the vertical wave-current force decreases.Moreover,the wave-current forces are particularly strong when a combination of high tide,strong wave and strong current is considered.

Design of foundation structures of sea-crossing bridges on serviceability limit state

The target reliability indices of the foundation structures of sea-crossing bridges on the serviceability limit state （SLS） are different from those of common bridges due to their different surroundings. Consequently, three levels of the target reliability indices, which are 1.5, 2. 0 and 2. 3, respectively, for those structures on the SLS are suggested based on the Joint Committee on Structural Safety （JCSS） model code, and a new method of calibrating factors of live loads, which is based on the contribution ratio of tensile stresses of reinforcing bars produced by various loads to the maximum crack width of concrete, is proposed. Finally, the calibration of the reliability-based factors of the frequent value and the quasi-permanent value of live loads is conducted by the Joint Committee （JC） method through an actual design, and the indices are proved to be reasonable and the new method is proved to be feasible.

Reliability Analysis of Numerical Simulation of Sea-Crossing Bridge Deformation Under Wave Forces

To study on the numerical simulation calculation reliability of sea-crossing bridge under complex wave forces,the paper applied GPS deformation monitoring and numerical simulation calculation by researching Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge.The db3 wavelet three-layer decomposition was used on the horizontal movement of the sea-crossing bridge and the wind speed of the waves to analyze their correlation.The complex wave forces value of Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge was loaded on FLAC3D software successfully to make numerical simulation calculation of bridge deformation.Since the accuracy of the GPS deformation monitoring reaches millimeter level,it was used to monitor the exact value of the bridge deformation to judge the reliability of numerical simulation.The relative errors of displacement in X,Y and Z directions were between 33%and 41%through comparison.It could be seen that the numerical simulation error was relatively large,which was mainly due to various environmental factors and the deviation of applied wave forces.However,numerical simulation generally reflects the deformation law of the sea-crossing bridge under complex wave forces,providing an effectively technical support for the safe operation assessment of the sea-crossing bridge.

Scour effect on a sea-crossing bridge under combined action of service and extreme seismic loads

Foundation scour is an important cause for structural failure of sea-crossing bridges. Usually, the sea-crossing bridges operate under the harsh natural environment in which service wind, wave and vehicle loads are stronger and extreme loads such as earthquake, hurricane, and ship collision, are more frequent. As a result of the foundation scour,the dynamic behavior of bridge under different combined action of service and extreme loads may be further escalated.In particular, this work has investigated the scour effect on a sea-crossing bridge under service wind, wave and vehicle loads as well as extreme seismic loads. The dynamic coupled earthquake-wind-wave-vehicle-bridge(EWWVB) system is established by considering the interactions within the system, and the p-y curve method is used to calculate the loaddisplacement relation of the pile and soil under various levels of foundation scour. After that, a case study has been performed on a cable-stayed bridge with foundation scour. The results indicate that the dynamic characteristics of bridge structure will change after considering bridge scour, and the dynamic responses of bridge and vehicle will be affected to different degrees under service and seismic loads considering bridge scour.

RELIABLE HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROLLED DUAL BUCK HALF BRIDGE INVERTER

A highly efficient and re liable topology-dual buck half bridge inverter (DBI) is introduced. The existenc e of discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) operation state requires the bias of in du ctor current for DBI implemented with linear controllers like ramp comparison SP WM (RCSPWM) controllers. A novel operation scheme for DBI and a hysteresis curre nt controlled dual buck half bridge inverter (HCDBI) are proposed. The bias curr ent required by RCSPWM DBI is eliminated and conduction losses are dramatically reduced. HCDBI has greatly improved the modulation performance in DCM region for the benefit of its excellent command tracking capability. The operational schem e and control strategy are presented. Power losses of the conventional half brid ge inverter (CHBI) and HCDBI are compared with mathematical computation, and exp erimental verification is also executed. Both calculational and experimental res ults verify that HCDBI has a superior switching performance over CHBI. Its exce llent high frequency operational capacity provides another access to realize high fre quency operation of inverters.

基于双主动全桥双向DC/DC变换器的混合单移相调制方案

对双主动全桥DAB(dual active bridge)双向DC/DC变换器的调制方案进行了研究,DAB变换器的主要优势在于具有对称结构、双向潮流能力、宽软开关区域和灵活的控制能力等特点。控制这种拓扑结构最简单的方法是通过控制变换器原副边全桥之间的移相角来控制功率传输的方向和大小。然而在轻载条件下,当变换器的输入或输出电压变化较大时,会产生大量的无功功率,同时部分开关管的零电压开关ZVS(zero voltage switching)操作会丢失而直接导致转换效率变低。因此,为了提高DAB变换器的效率,提出了一种混合单移相调制PSM(phase shift modulation)方案,在保持控制简单的基础上,通过减小电感电流有效值,扩大软开关的范围,提高了变换器的效率。首先,通过让拓展移相EPS(extended phase shift)、双移相DPS(dual phase shift)以及三移相TPS(triple phase shift)调制方案中的可控变量相等,从而形成了4种不同的PSM方案。接着,对这些调制方案进行了稳态特征的比较分析,包括传输功率容量、电感电流水平以及软开关性能等。在此基础上,提出了一种混合PSM方案。最后,通过搭建实验平台验证了所提出调制方案的有效性和正确性。

Bayesian operational modal analysis of a long-span cable-stayed sea-crossing bridge

Sea-crossing bridges have attracted considerable attention in recent years as an increasing number of projects have been constructed worldwide.Situated in the coastal area,sea-crossing bridges are subjected to a harsh environment(e.g.strong winds,possible ship collisions,and tidal waves)and their performance can deteriorate quickly and severely.To enhance safety and serviceability,it is a routine process to conduct vibration tests to identify modal properties(e.g.natural frequencies,damping ratios,and mode shapes)and to monitor their long-term variation for the purpose of early-damage alert.Operational modal analysis(OMA)provides a feasible way to investigate the modal properties even when the cross-sea bridges are in their operation condition.In this study,we focus on the OMA of cable-stayed bridges,because they are usually long-span and flexible to have extremely low natural frequencies.It challenges experimental capability(e.g.instrumentation and budgeting)and modal identification techniques(e.g.low frequency and closely spaced modes).This paper presents a modal survey of a cable-stayed sea-crossing bridge spanning 218 m+620 m+218 m.The bridge is located in the typhoon-prone area of the northwestern Pacific Ocean.Ambient vibration data was collected for 24 h.A Bayesian fast Fourier transform modal identification method incorporating an expectation-maximization algorithm is applied for modal analysis,in which the modal parameters and associated identification uncertainties are both addressed.Nineteen modes,including 15 translational modes and four torsional modes,are identified within the frequency range of[0,2.5 Hz].

Research on Service Life Prediction Model of Concrete Structure of Sea-crossing Bridge

According to the chloride corrosion environment,service life prediction model of concrete structure of sea-crossing bridge was built using modified Fick's second law and the whole probability calculation method,which was suitable for China. Furthermore,a visual service life prediction program of concrete structure was developed by optimized Monte Carlo method. Meanwhile,Life 365 program was compared,indicating reliability of the prediction program. Finally,the validity of prediction model was verified in JinTang Bridge of Zhoushan Island Mainland Linkage Project.

Design and Pilot Programs of Marine Exposure Station of A Sea-crossing Bridge

This paper presents the Location,the structural design as well as the anti-corrosion and the pilot programs of the marine exposure station of Zhoushan Archipelago seas sea-crossing bridges. Subjected to the marine environment,the concrete structures in serve with different mixing proportions,cover thickness,additional anti-corrosion measures such as rust-preventing agent,coating,penetration crystalline waterproof material,silicone and permeable fabric were studied. Those results obtained provide important information for the maintenance of marine concrete and the structural design of sea-crossing bridges in the above sea area.

跨海桥梁大尺度基础波浪荷载计算方法对比研究

波浪荷载是跨海桥梁基础的主要环境荷载之一。为了探究大尺度桥梁基础上各类波浪荷载计算方法的差异,分别采用了当前研究中较常用的Morison方程、规范、基于边界元法的三维绕射理论和基于Navier‐Stokes方程的CFD方法计算了某跨海桥梁大尺度圆端型沉井基础在规则波作用下的波浪荷载,研究了不同结构相对尺度对各方法计算结果的影响,并重点比较分析了后两种数值方法的三维流场分布,三维压力场分布,以及非线性二阶力效应的影响。结果表明,在结构相对尺度为0.2左右时,上述方法的计算结果接近,随着结构相对尺度的增加,边界元与CFD方法依然吻合较好,规范方法给出了较为保守的波浪荷载,Morison方程可能高估了波浪拖曳力的贡献。边界元与CFD方法计算得到的速度场与压力场结果整体趋势一致,但在沉井前端自由液面与物面,沉井侧面的波谷等局部区域会产生明显差异,这可能是由于二者考虑绕射效应与黏性效应的理论不同。在边界元方法中考虑非线性二阶力效应会使其波浪荷载结果小幅度增大,并在频谱中增加差频二阶力及和频二阶力成分,考虑非线性二阶力效应后,边界元与CFD方法的频谱曲线更加吻合,边界元方法能更精确地计算波浪荷载。边界元与CFD方法均能合理地给出大尺度结构物波浪荷载结果,研究结论可为跨海桥梁工程波浪荷载的准确计算提供了依据。

碳纤维对桥梁工程混凝土抗冻性能的影响

为了提高桥梁工程混凝土的抗冻性能,采用快速冻融试验法,以混凝土试件的质量损失率、相对动弹性模量和抗压强度为评价指标,考察了不同碳纤维体积分数对混凝土抗水冻融和抗盐冻融能力的影响。试验结果表明,空白混凝土试件在水冻融和盐冻融循环300次后,冻融损害较为严重;而掺入碳纤维的混凝土试件的抗水冻融和抗盐冻融能力均明显提高,当碳纤维体积分数为3%时,桥梁工程混凝土的抗冻能力达到最佳。

波形钢腹板组合桥梁内衬混凝土抗剪性能研究

波形钢腹板组合桥梁墩顶根部通常设置有一定厚度的内衬混凝土与波形钢腹板共同承担截面剪力,但钢-混组合腹板的剪力分配关系尚不明确,以滁河大桥为背景,通过理论计算和有限元分析研究了内衬混凝土的厚度对波形钢腹板抗剪性能的影响。结果表明:内衬混凝土能够增加腹板的有效抗剪面积,为波形钢腹板分担剪力,当内衬混凝土厚度大于20cm时,其腹板所承受的剪力大部分由内衬混凝土承担。

中国公路桥梁抗震设计规范中存在的问题及改进建议

对比1994年美国北岭地震、1995年日本阪神地震和2008年中国汶川地震中桥梁震害特点,分析了中国与国外桥梁结构在传力体系方面的差异,并对美国、日本与中国抗震规范中支座验算规定进行了比较,指出目前中国公路桥梁抗震设计规范在借鉴国外规范时存在的一些问题,给出以下改进建议:①中小跨径桥梁抗震设计时应利用桥梁上部结构在支座上发生摩擦滑移消耗地震能量,减小传递到下部结构的地震力;②抗震规范中板式橡胶支座的变形或抗滑稳定性不作为抗震验算是否满足要求的依据,应重视支座对桥梁整体性能的影响,综合考虑支座剪切变形、损坏以及防落梁装置的力学行为;③针对各国桥梁抗震设计规范中材料强度指标的差异,给出了中国常用混凝土抗压强度与美国规范混凝土抗压强度的换算公式;④《中国地震动参数区划图》(GB 18306—2001)中只提供了重现期475年的地震动参数,对应其他重现期采用不同重要性系数予以调整,而美国提供了重现期475,975,2 475年的地震动参数,建议直接采用地震动参数来描述地震危险性;⑤不同水准地震作用下,对桥梁结构不同部位、不同构件制定不同的设计目标,明确具体构件的强度、延性参数指标等;⑥桥梁抗震构造措施应按桥梁重要性及地震危险性划分,不应按照烈度划分。

高架桥爆破拆除塌落震动的测试与分析

为了探究现代城市爆破拆除塌落冲击产生地面震动的传播和衰减规律,对某城市大型高架桥爆破拆除塌落冲击地面振动进行了测试。根据测试数据,得到了地面振动的速度、加速度和主频率等参数,讨论了塌落震动的传播和衰减特点。基于震动衰减理论,对不同距离处的地面振动测试数据进行了计算分析,获得了不同测点处材料的阻尼系数。分析结果表明,在软土地基情况下高架桥的塌落震动主频率为几Hz左右,地面振动的衰减只与材料阻尼系数有关,材料的阻尼系数基本不随低频振动的频率变化,所得衰减规律可以为类似工程提供参考。

沪通长江大桥天生港专用航道桥粉砂地层超长钻孔桩施工技术

沪通长江大桥天生港专用航道桥为(140+336+140)m的三跨连续刚性梁柔性拱桥,该桥4号主墩位于长江深厚粉砂层河床区,采用36根2.5m钻孔桩基础,桩长115m,钻孔深度为121.5m。针对4号主墩基础地层层序复杂、相变剧烈、厚度较大的特点,4号主墩钻孔桩采用钻孔平台方案施工,并采用大功率气举反循环钻机配合优质PHP泥浆进行钻孔,钢筋笼采用长线法制作,钻孔桩成孔后,采用气举反循环工艺进行第1次清孔,清孔后分节下放钢筋笼,进行第2次清孔,清孔合格后,采用导管法进行桩基水下混凝土灌注施工。4号主墩钻孔桩施工后,根据超声波检测及孔深数据测量,其桩孔孔径、孔斜及二清沉渣厚度均达到工程专项质量检验评定的标准,桩身均达到Ⅰ类桩的标准。

先简支后连续T梁桥全过程力学行为及极限承载力分析

为研究先简支后连续T梁桥从施工至极限破坏的全过程受力性能,以河南省省道S318线西张村大桥为工程背景,运用有限元软件midas/FEA建立同时考虑几何非线性和材料非线性影响的全桥三维实体模型,分别在6种工况下进行了仿真分析研究。研究结果表明:桥梁达到极限承载力时,偏载工况下的活荷载系数小于相应对称荷载工况下的活荷载系数;偏载工况下边梁相应的支座截面底部混凝土先被压碎,对称荷载作用下,受荷位置主梁相应关键截面顶板的混凝土先被压碎;预制主梁上缘的混凝土先于湿接缝处的混凝土达到极限应力状态,二者受力不同步。

港珠澳大桥九洲航道桥主梁及桥塔施工关键技术

港珠澳大桥九洲航道桥为主跨268m的钢-混组合梁斜拉桥,主梁采用开口钢箱梁+混凝土桥面板的组合截面;桥塔为帆形,由竖直的塔柱和弯曲的曲臂组成,高114.7m,采用钢-混组合结构。受海上恶劣环境和航空净空影响,桥梁施工难度大,为确保施工质量,提高施工效率,帆形钢塔柱在工厂内分段制造,上塔柱在工厂组拼成整体后运至墩位,利用大型浮吊将其整体提升至桥面,再利用桥面钢管支架进行提升、滑移、竖转安装施工;钢-混组合梁采用分幅、大节段工厂化制造,利用纵、横移滑道滑移出海,利用运架一体船起吊运输,支架法架设,左、右幅对接成整体后,逐步完成顺桥向大节段间的组拼焊接、斜拉索挂设、合龙及体系转换施工。

大跨度三塔悬索桥主缆系统施工技术创新及改进

针对大跨度悬索桥主缆系统施工存在的一些技术难题,介绍近年国内3座三塔悬索桥主缆系统施工技术方面所做的创新和改进。通过使主索鞍底面在底板上直接滑移,简化主索鞍滑动副结构,方便施工过程索鞍顶推;设计制造支座型散索鞍结构,改善散索鞍摆动性能;采用左右对合的双吊耳板索夹结构,改善索夹结构受力性能;采用了主缆PPWS索股水平成盘放索架设方法,减少PPWS索股架设"呼啦圈"和散股问题。针对索鞍槽和主缆索股的抗滑移问题,探索应用了中塔主索鞍加厚鞍槽隔板和91丝规格PPWS索股增加"填充钢丝"的密实整形入鞍等方法。

波形钢腹板箱梁体外预应力隔板式转向结构试验研究

为了解大跨波形钢腹板箱梁体外预应力横隔板式转向结构的受力性能,以港珠澳大桥连接线工程前山河特大桥主桥[(90+160+90)m波形钢腹板连续箱梁桥]为依托,采用现场试验与有限元分析相结合的方法,研究转向结构的受力特点、应力分布及易开裂区域,并提出设计构造建议。结果表明:横隔板式转向结构的竖向受力主要为转向器上部区域受压、下部区域受拉;横隔板式转向结构配筋受拉计算时应考虑1.25倍的体外预应力相互影响系数;转向装置对横隔板的局部影响集中在转向孔道直径的1倍范围内;混凝土抗拉面积应按1倍转向孔道尺寸计算,转向孔道水平间距应不小于2倍转向孔道直径;在孔道附近设置环向钢筋、增加横隔板与箱梁底板连接部位的宽度可降低局部拉应力。

典型高墩大跨混凝土刚构桥模态参数测试

位于云南省鲁甸县的牛栏江大桥是三跨一联(90 m+170 m+90 m)的预应力混凝土刚构桥,混凝土薄壁空心墩高度为128 m,是典型的高墩大跨混凝土刚构桥。为了系统研究该类桥梁的抗震性能,对牛栏江大桥实施了模态测试。通过合理选择传感器和记录器,恰当地布置测点,克服了信号弱、频率低、测点间距大等困难,得到了高质量的反映该桥模态的数据。结合数值分析给出的振型形状,依据实测数据得出该桥的竖向、纵向和横向多阶模态。该桥构造上具有横向类似悬臂梁的特点,约束最少,相对薄弱,模态结果证实了这一认识。