Seismic performance of cable-sliding friction bearing system for isolated bridges

During past strong earthquakes, highway bridges have sustained severe damage or even collapse due to excessive displacements and/or very large lateral forces. For commonly used isolation bearings with a pure friction sliding surface, seismic forces may be reduced but displacements are often unconstrained. In this paper, an alternative seismic bearing system, called the cable-sliding friction bearing system, is developed by integrating seismic isolation devices with displacement restrainers consisting of cables attached to the upper and lower plates of the bearing. Restoring forces are provided to limit the displacements of the sliding component. Design parameters including the length and stiffness of the cables, friction coefficient, strength of the shear bolt in a fixed-type bearing, and movements under earthquake excitations are discussed. Laboratory testing of a prototype bearing subjected to vertical loads and quasi-static cyclic lateral loads, and corresponding numerical finite element simulation analysis, were carried out. It is shown that the numerical simulation shows good agreement with the experimental force-displacement hysteretic response, indicating the viability of the new bearing system. In addition, practical application of this bearing system to a multi-span bridge in China and its design advantages are discussed.

Effects of vertical excitation on the seismic performance of a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings

A finite element model is constructed for a sliding friction bearing in a seismically isolated bridge under vertical excitation with contact/friction elements. The effects of vertical excitation on the seismic performance of a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings and different bearing friction coefficients and different stiffness levels （pier diameter） are discussed using example calculations, and the effects of excitation direction for vertical excitation on the analysis results are explored. The analysis results shows that vertical excitation has a relatively large impact on seismic performance for a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings, which should be considered when designing a seismically isolated bridge with sliding friction bearings where vertical excitation dominates.

Probabilistic seismic response and reliability assessment of isolated bridges

Bridge seismic isolation strategy is based on the reduction of shear forcestransmitted from the superstructure to the piers by two means: shifting natural period andearthquake input energy reduction by dissipation concentrated in protection devices. In this paper,a stochastic analysis of a simple isolated bridge model for different bridge and device parametersis conducted to assess the efficiency of this seismic protection strategy. To achieve this aim, asimple nonlinear softening constitutive law is adopted to model a wide range of isolation devices,characterized by only three essential mechanical parameters. As a consequence of the random natureof seismic motion, a probabilistic analysis is carried out and the time modulated Kanai-Tajimistochastic process is adopted to represent the seismic action. The response covariance in the statespace is obtained by solving the Lyapunov equation for a stochastic linearized system. After asensitivity analysis, the failure probability referred to extreme displacement and the mean value ofdissipated energy are assessed by using the introduced stochastic indices of seismic bridgeprotection efficiency. A parametric analysis for protective devices with different mechanicalparameters is developed for a proper selection of parameters of isolation devices under differentsituations.

Dynamic performance analysis of a seismically isolated bridge under braking force

In order to study the dynamic performance of seismically isolated bridges under the most unfavorable loads in the longitudinal direction, a dynamic equation for vehicle braking in the longitudinal direction is established. A four or five- order Runge-Kutta method is adopted to obtain the time-history response of a wheel set under braking force. The quadratic discretization method is then used to transform this time-history into a braking and bending force time-history of a structural fixed node, and a dynamic response analysis of the seismically isolated bridge under the vehicle＇s braking force is carried out using ANSYS, a universal finite element analysis software. According to the results, seismic isolation design results in a more rational distribution of braking force among piers; the influence of the initial braking velocity on the vehicle braking force is negligible; the location where the first wheel set leaves the bridge is the most unfavorable parking location; a seismic isolation bridge bearing constructed according to typical design methods enters into a yield stage under the braking force, while the shearing force at the bottom of the pier declines as the isolation period is extended; the design requirements can be met when the yield displacement of the seismic isolation bearing is less than 5 mm and the yield strength is greater than the braking force.

Simplified Method and Influence Factors of Vibration Characteristics of Isolated Curved Girder Bridge

The isolated curved girder bridge's vibration characteristics play a major part in the seismic responses of structures and anti-seismic properties.A clear analytic relationship between design parameters and the system's vibration characteristics could be established by its simplified dynamic analysis model,making it convenient for providing a reference to the optimization of design and safety analysis.A double-mass six-degree-of-freedom model for curved girder bridges with isolation bearings installed at the top of the bridge piers is built and a simplified analysis method for the vibration characteristics of the system is provided.Combined with the Matlab programming,the influences of radius of curvature,central angle,bridge deck width and damping ratio of the isolation layer and circular frequency of the isolation layer of isolated curved girder bridges on the pseudo-undamped natural circular frequency(called pseudo-frequency for short)and system damping ratio are systematically analyzed,and the sensitivity of vibration characteristics of isolated curved girder bridges is studied.The results show that the vibration characteristics of isolated curved girder bridges can be reflected well with this simplified model and calculation method.The pseudo-frequency of curved girder and system damping ratios increases with the increase of the isolation layer.The third-order vibration characteristic is more sensitive to the parameters of a curved girder,and the first-order vibration characteristic is sensitive to both central angle and radius of curvature to some extent while insensitive to the width of the bridge deck.Furthermore,the second-order vibration characteristic is not sensitive to the parameters of a curved girder.

Design and performance of an EMI filter to reduce conducted EMI in an isolated full bridge buck converter power supply

EMI Filter Design and Performance for isolated full bridge buck converter is developed in this paper. In order to design a high performance EMI filter, many issues need to be considered beforehand. Some important issues including accurate model of converter components, parasitic elements, its effect on EMI noise and impedance mismatch are included in this paper. A numerical prediction of EMI/EMC has the potential to evaluate EMI performances at the design stage and before prototyping. It can also help reduce the post-prototype EMC cost by minimizing late redesign and modifications of a design implementation. Saber simulator is used to analyze the EMI noises and EMI filter’s performance. Conducted EMI noise measurement and EMI filter design of isolated full bridge buck converter has been achieved while successfully satisfying the FCC class B limits in the frequency range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz. Simulation results are compared with experimental data and the effectiveness of the EMI simulation approach is demonstrated.

Study of the seismic performance of expansion double spherical seismic isolation bearings for continuous girder bridges

The development of an expansion double spherical seismic isolation (DSSI) bearing by modifying the fixed DSSI bearing is described in this paper. The expansion DSSI bearing is characterized by its good energy dissipation and horizontal displacement capacity and has been successfully integrated into the seismic design of several important engineering projects in China. It is envisioned to be used as a substitute for ordinary expansion bearings in continuous girder bridges to distribute the longitudinal earthquake action among all the piers. Its development, configuration and working mechanism are introduced first. The test method and the seismic performance of an expansion DSSI bearing are then briefly described. A theoretical analysis followed by a numerical analysis for an actual four-span continuous girder bridge are provided as an example, and it is concluded that the expansion DSSI bearing can be integrated into the seismic design of continuous girder bridges.

Polynomial friction pendulum isolators(PFPIs)for seismic performance control of benchmark highway bridge

The seismic response of a benchmark highway bridge isolated with passive polynomial friction pendulum isolators （PFPIs） is investigated and subjected to six bidirectional ground motion records. The benchmark study is based on a lumped mass finite-element model of the 91/5 highway overcrossing located in Southern California. The PFPI system possesses two important parameters; one is horizontal flexibility and the other is energy absorbing capacity through friction. The evaluation criteria of the benchmark bridge arc analyzed considering two parameters, time period of the isolator and coefficient of friction of the isolation surface. The results of the numerical study are compared with those obtained from the traditional friction pendulum system （FPS）. Dual design performance of the PFPI system suppressed the displacement and acceleration response of the benchmark highway bridge. The dual design hysteresis loop of the PFPI system is the main advantage over the linear hysteresis loop of the FPS. The numerical result indicates that the seismic performance of the PFPI system is better than that of the traditional FPS isolated system. Further, it is observed that variations of the isolation time period and coefficient of friction of the FPS and PFPI systems have a significant effect on the peak responses of the benchmark highway bridge.

A Study on the Seismic Isolation Systems of Bridges with Lead Rubber Bearings

This study consists of the development and presentation of example of seismic isolation system analysis and design for a continuous, 3-span, cast-in-place concrete box girder bridge. It is expected that example is developed for all Lead-Rubber Bearing (LRB) seismic isolation system on piers and abutments which placed in between super-structure and sub-structure. Design forces, displacements, and drifts are given distinctive consideration in accordance with Caltrans Seismic Design Criteria (2004). Most of all, total displacement on design for all LRBs case is reduced comparing with combined lead-rubber and elastomeric bearing system . Therefore, this represents substantial reduction in cost because of reduction of expansion joint. This presents a summary of analysis and design of seismic isolation system by energy mitigation with LRB on bridges.

罕遇地震下高速铁路大跨矮塔斜拉桥减隔震性能研究

为研究不同减隔震装置对高速铁路大跨矮塔斜拉桥的减隔震机理,以某(90+180+90)m矮塔斜拉桥为研究背景,基于非线性时程分析建立有限元模型,研究摩擦摆支座、黏滞阻尼器和减隔震组合装置的减震效果及桥梁的抗震性能。结果表明:罕遇地震作用下,全桥主塔处采用摩擦摆支座和黏滞阻尼器的组合装置可以有效解决抗震问题,优化后选取摩擦系数为0.06、曲率半径为2 m的摩擦摆支座和阻尼系数为12000 kN·(m·s^(-1))-α、阻尼指数α为0.8的黏滞阻尼器;相比于单独使用摩擦摆支座或黏滞阻尼器,减隔震组合装置可大幅度减小全桥各关键截面的内力、桥墩位移及梁端转角,显著提升桥梁的抗震性能,剪力和弯矩的减震率分别达70.85%和76.94%,桥墩墩顶位移减震率达76.08%;各关键截面安全系数均大于1,结构均处于弹性范围,满足桥梁抗震性能的要求。

高铁大跨连续梁不同约束体系下抗震性能研究

研究目的:为研究不同抗震约束体系对高速铁路大跨度连续梁桥纵向抗震性能的影响,以一座跨径为(60+100+60)m的高速铁路连续梁桥为工程背景,采用OpenSees软件对全桥进行非线性时程分析,针对不同的设防烈度,从动力特性、桥墩墩底弯矩、墩顶位移、支座位移等方面,对比分析延性体系、减隔震体系以及延性体系加减隔震体系多种工况下桥梁的地震响应差别。研究结论:(1)与延性体系相比,减隔震体系可显著延长桥梁结构的自振周期;(2)对于墩高20 m的高铁大跨连续梁按罕遇地震设防时,在Ⅶ度区及以上设防烈度时,桥墩会进入延性,且位移延性系数随着桥墩配筋率的增大而减小;(3)采用延性抗震体系的高铁大跨连续梁,可通过增大配筋率和设置阻尼器减轻桥墩的损伤,使其处于轻微损伤状态;(4)采用减隔震体系可保证高烈度地震区的高铁大跨连续梁桥的桥墩在罕遇地震下处于弹性工作状态,结构的减震率可超过80%;(5)摩擦摆支座体系减震效果好,但需要通过附加阻尼的形式来满足支座设计位移需要;(6)本研究成果可为高铁大跨连续梁桥的抗震设计提供参考。

高烈度区长联PC连续梁桥减隔震措施分析

为了明确高烈度区长联预应力混凝土(prestressed concrete,PC)连续梁桥滑动摩擦摆式支座的减隔震性能,针对设防烈度为9度的某长联PC连续梁桥,利用CSiBridge软件建立大桥空间梁单元非线性分析模型,以普通球型钢支座地震响应为基准,对比分析铅芯橡胶支座与滑动摩擦摆式支座的减隔震性能,并对滑动摩擦摆式支座的摩擦系数和支座曲率进行参数分析。结果表明:在长联连续梁桥中,相比于铅芯橡胶支座,滑动摩擦摆式支座减隔震效果更好,固定墩内力与变形更小,全桥受力更加均匀合理;对于滑动摩擦摆式支座,摩擦系数越大,长联连续梁固定墩墩底弯矩与墩顶位移越大,摩擦系数变化20%,固定墩墩底弯矩最大值变化约1.67%,墩顶位移极值变化约1.45%;支座曲率半径对长联连续梁地震响应的减隔震性能影响较小,曲率半径增大1.5 m,固定墩墩底弯矩最大值增大约0.97%,固定墩墩顶位移增幅约为0.37%~1.39%。

不同地震激励方向下隔震曲线梁桥易损性分析

为进一步评估隔震曲线梁桥在地震激励下的抗震性能,从地震易损性角度出发并兼顾考虑地震激励方向对其易损性的影响。利用APDL建立采用板式橡胶支座的隔震曲线梁桥有限元模型,从PEER中选取同一地震事件中的近断层地震动,按规范规定比例输入水平双向地震动进行非线性动力时程分析,结合地震响应与损伤指标计算得到各构件地震易损性曲线;考虑地震激励方向的变化,通过MATLAB编程绘制得到桥梁结构构件(桥墩与支座)以及整体系统的地震易损性曲面,分析探讨地震激励方向对隔震曲线梁桥易损性的影响。结果表明:不同极限状态下各桥墩切向损伤条件概率明显大于其径向,各支座的切向与径向易损性相差不大,但仍是各支座的切向易损性略大于径向易损性;桥梁各构件(桥墩与支座)切向易损性对地震激励方向均表现出很强依赖性,而径向易损性对其的依赖性相对较弱,且伴随损伤等级的提高,构件易损性对地震激励方向更加敏感;桥梁整体系统易损性对地震激励方向的变化不太敏感,且因各构件响应之间的相关性较高,其系统易损性更接近于易损性最大的构件——易损性下限;当进行隔震曲线梁桥抗震性能评估时,应考虑不同地震激励方向对其地震易损性的影响,从而使得易损性分析结果更加合理,能够更加真实地反映隔震曲线梁桥的实际损伤状态。

近远场地震下RC大跨轻柔拱桥减隔震支座方案优化

为探明不同地震动输入对某大跨轻柔拱桥减隔震的影响,通过非线性有限元模型分析近远场地震下桥梁结构的响应规律,得到大桥支座的优化布置方案.首先,基于模态分析,对比该桥与传统钢筋混凝土(RC)拱桥动力特性差异;其次,选取不同脉冲周期的近场地震动、近场无脉冲及远场长周期地震动记录;最后,研究近远场地震下拱桥的响应行为和损伤演化路径,得到优化桥梁的减隔震支座设计方案.研究结果表明:近场脉冲及远场长周期地震下的桥梁结构响应大于无脉冲地震响应;纵竖向地震下高墩柱剪力及弯矩包络曲线呈“S”形,墩身中部易形成塑性铰,高阶振型影响显著;桥梁纵桥向先于横向震损,损伤路径依次为矮柱、高墩柱及拱肋实心-空心截面段;摩擦摆支座减震效果最佳但位移较大,高阻尼支座方案在近场中长脉冲周期及远场长周期地震下仍会发生损伤,板式橡胶支座方案因无法保证支座同步滑移而不能形成准隔震体系;“高阻尼+摩擦摆”混合方案的支座位移小,拱肋及墩柱均处于弹性,是近断层大跨轻柔RC拱桥的优选减隔震方案.

高烈度震区大跨径中承式钢箱系杆拱桥减隔震技术研究

为了研究高强度地震作用下大跨径中承式钢箱系杆拱桥地震响应及减隔震技术,以西双版纳黎明大桥为工程背景,选取类似场地的实际地震动记录作为输入地震波,采用非线性时程分析法,研究支座类型及参数变化对拱桥结构的减隔震效果。结果表明:相比于普通支座,减隔震支座能大幅降低结构内力,但纵向位移有所增加,且摩擦摆支座的减隔震效果要强于铅芯橡胶支座;摩擦摆支座+黏滞阻尼器联合抗震体系能够有效降低纵向和横向位移,进一步能提升桥梁的抗震性能;对联合抗震体系进行参数敏感性分析可知:最佳的参数范围是:摩擦因数为0.04,曲率半径在3 200~4 200 mm,阻尼系数为6 000,阻尼指数在0.2~0.4;在最优抗震体系下,结构位移和内力均显著降低,最大减震率分别达到了75.3%和82.3%,表明该体系大幅提高了拱桥抵抗地震的能力,为同类桥梁减隔震设计提供参考。

高铁大跨度斜拉桥上无砟轨道变形适应性理论与试验研究

高速铁路大跨度斜拉桥应用无砟轨道可提高线路平顺性和稳定性,消除线路的潜在限速点,统一轨道类型,减少轨道线路运维成本,是我国高速铁路的重要技术创新。依托世界首座无砟轨道大跨度斜拉桥-昌吉赣客专赣州赣江特大桥,建立大跨度斜拉桥-无砟轨道体系精细化有限元分析模型,探明了大跨度斜拉桥-无砟轨道一体化体系的变形特征,设计并制作了大跨度斜拉桥上无砟轨道变形适应性的等效比例室内试验模型,开展了大跨度斜拉桥上无砟轨道变形适应性理论与试验研究,对比分析了大跨度桥上无砟轨道的不同长度、隔离层类型及布置方式的影响,研究了在各类变形条件下大跨度斜拉桥上无砟轨道的变形跟随性和协调性。研究结果表明:大跨度斜拉桥梁端转角和主梁整体挠曲变形仍可依据现行规范中的中小桥梁相关限值进行控制;应合理控制斜拉桥主梁节间的局部变形,避免桥上无砟轨道层间出现脱空离缝;提出了大跨度斜拉桥上单元式无砟轨道设置橡胶隔离层的技术方案,论证了橡胶隔离层的应用效果,建立了桥上无砟轨道橡胶隔离层的“缓冲作用”理念和轨道层间“隔而不离”的设计目标,显著提高了桥上无砟轨道的变形适应性;本文研究成果可为高速铁路大跨度斜拉桥上无砟轨道的推广应用提供技术支持。

高速公路多联连续梁桥隔震研究

针对高速公路多联连续梁桥的抗震问题,本文对铅芯橡胶支座和摩擦摆支座进行了隔震效应分析与设计优化。本文基于多联有限元模型和非线性时程分析方法,分析了多联体系下各墩地震响应的差异,及铅芯橡胶支座和摩擦摆支座的隔震和耗能效果,并对隔震支座的参数布置进行了优化。结果表明:多联桥梁交界墩的地震响应较联内墩一般增大20%以上,交界墩上部结构跨径差异较大时甚至可达75%。铅芯橡胶支座位移限制能力和大震耗能更好,且屈服前刚度越大、屈服强度和屈服后刚度越小,滞回耗能能力越强;摩擦摆支座小震时即可发挥其隔震效果,且滑动摩擦系数越小、曲率半径越大,隔震效果越好。通过在交界墩布置更多隔震支座可在保证一定隔震率的同时改善桥墩受力不均匀的问题,具有一定的工程参考价值。