Self-Discharge in Valve-Regulated Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

Factors that cause the self-discharge in valve-regulated sealed lead-acid batteries are discussed and measures to inhibit the self-discharge are put forward.

Study of the Charge Acceptance of Small-Size Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries

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Research on thin grid materials of lead-acid batteries

A detailed investigation on Pb-Ca-Sn alloys was made in order to choose suitable grid alloys materials for thin plate lead-acid batteries. The electrochemical performances of alloys were investigated by electrochemical corrosion experiment, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) test. The results indicate that Pb-Ca-Sn-Bi-Cu alloys can be used to make the grids used for thin grid lead-acid batteries, the content of bismuth has primary effects on the corrosion resistance of grid alloys, the composition of alloys plays an important role on batteries performance, and appropriate scale of elements can be choosed to obtain optimal electrochemical performance. The lead-acid batteries using this kind of grid show good performance by cycle life test.

Experiments Study on Charge Technology of Lead-Acid Electric Vehicle Batteries

The basic theory of the fast charge and several charge methods are introduced. In order to heighten charge efficiency of valve-regulated lead-acid battery and shorten the charge time, five charge methods are investigated with experiments done on the Digatron BNT 400-050 test bench. Battery current, terminal voltage, capacity, energy and terminal pole temperature during battery experiment were recorded, and corresponding curves were depicted. Battery capacity-time ratio, energy efficiency and energy-temperature ratio are put forward to be the appraising criteria of lead-acid battery on electric vehicle （EV）. According to the appraising criteria and the battery curves, multistage-current/negative-pulse charge method is recommended to charge lead-acid EV battery.

Potentiometric Measurement of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Polymeric Ferrocene and Quinones Derivatives

Measurement of state-of-charge of lead-acid batteries using potentiometric sensors would be convenient;however, most of the electrochemical couples are either soluble or are unstable in the battery electrolyte. This paper describes the results of an investigation of poly (divinylferrocene) (PDVF) and Poly(diethynylanthraquinone) (PAQ) couples in sulfuric acid with the view to developing a potentiometric sensor for lead-acid batteries. These compounds were both found to be quite stable and undergo reversible reduction/oxidation in sulfuric acid media. Their redox potential difference varied linearly with sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 1 M - 5 M (i.e. simulated lead-acid electrolyte during battery charge/discharge cycles). A sensor based on these compounds has been investigated.

Development and Electrochemical Testing of Novel Bipolar Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries

Some aspects in the designt and development of bipolar Ni/MH battery are presented. After optimizing sealing technique and modifying capacity ratio of two adjacent electrodes in one sub-cell, some bipolar Ni/MH stacks with 6 sub-cells have been assembled and investigated. Electrochemical testing results show the bipolar battery has excellent high rate discharge capability and fast recharge ability, artd satisfactory charging efficiency in different states of charge. Moreover, the hattery also displays good stability under pulse cycles in simulating hybrid vehicle working oonditions.

Simple Rational Model for Discharge of Batteries with Aqueous Electrolytes, Based on Nernst Equation

A simple rational model is proposed for discharge of batteries with aqueous electrolytes, based on Nernst equation. Details of electrode kinetics are not taken into account. Only a few overall parameters of the battery are considered. A simple algorithm, with variable time step-length Δt, is presented, for proposed model. The model is first applied to Daniel cell, in order to clarify concepts and principles of battery operation. It is found that initial pinching, in time-history curve of voltage E-t, is due to initial under-concentration of product ion. Then, model is applied to a lead-acid battery. In absence of an ion product, and in order to construct nominator of Nernst ratio, such an ion, with coefficient tending to zero, is assumed, thus yielding unity in nominator. Time-history curves of voltage, for various values of internal resistance, are compared with corresponding published experimental curves. Temperature effect on voltage-time curve is examined. Proposed model can be extended to other types of batteries, which can be considered as having aqueous electrolytes, too.

Pb-Ca-Sn-Ba Grid Alloys for Valve-Regulated Lead Acid Batteries

The effect of barium additives on the process of anodic corrosion of lead-tin-calcium alloys in a 4.8 М sulfuric acid solution was studied. Cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, weight loss measurements and scanning electronic microscope analysis have allowed exploring the oxidation process and characterizing the formed corrosion layer. According to our results, barium introduction into lead-tin-calcium alloys increases their hardness, reduces their electrochemical activity, and improves their corrosion stability. Reduction of the calcium content in the alloy can be compensated by adding barium. Barium dopation at lead-tin-calcium alloys decreases the resistance of the oxide layer formed on the grid surface, in a deeply discharged state, and raises its resistance during floating conditions and at a charged state of the positive electrode.

Simple electrode assembly engineering:Toward a multifunctional lead-acid battery

Electrochemical energy storage is a promising technology for the integration of renewable energy.Lead-acid battery is perhaps among the most successful commercialized systems ever since thanks to its excellent cost-effectiveness and safety records.Despite of 165 years of development,the low energy density as well as the coupled power and energy density scaling restrain its wider application in real life.To address this challenge,we optimized the configuration of conventional Pb-acid battery to integrate two gas diffusion electrodes.The novel device can work as a Pb-air battery using ambient air,showing a peak power density of 183 mW cm^(−2),which was comparable with other state-of-the-art metal-O_(2)batteries.It can also behave as a fuel cell,simultaneously converting H_(2)and air into electricity with a peak power density of 75 mW cm^(−2).Importantly,this device showed little performance degradation after 35 h of the longevity test.Our work shows the exciting potential of lead battery technology and demonstrates the importance of battery architecture optimization toward improved energy storage capacity.

PREPARATION OF LEAD-ACID BATTERY USING ELECTROPLATED RETICULATED SiC AS THE POSITIVE CURRENT COLLECTOR

The possibility of using Pb-electroplated reticulated SiC as the positive current collector for lead-acid batteries was investigated. Reticulated SiC with two aperture sizes (3 and 2mm) were tested as the substrate of positive electrode. It was found that the reticulated SiC has an excellent corrosion resistance in H2SO4 solution, and the Pb layer electroplated on reticulated SiC showed analogous electrochemical behavior to metal Pb. Preliminary test of the battery performance indicated that the utilization efficiency of the positive active mass of new designed batteries are improved compared with the conventional batteries. The improvement could be ascribed to the high specific surface area of the reticulated structured positive current collector, which was further supported by the even better performance of the battery made from a smaller aperture size (2mm) reticulated SiC as the substrate of the positive electrode.

Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature Effect on Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery for PV Systems in Tropical Area

This paper presents Mathematical Model and Experiment of Temperature effect on Charge and Discharge of Lead-Acid Battery performance in PV system power supply. To test temperature effect on battery discharge cycles, a temperature range of tropical area from 25 - 60 degrees Celsius in a simulator is set up for testing. This temperature range is normally practical for battery usage. This allows the battery to determine the parameters of the battery quickly and high accurate. A Mathematical Model with MATLAB Program is written and constructed as block diagram using the equations of battery the parameters. By running program, the effects of various parameters are investigated. The results showed that time of discharge the battery is longer. Then, the experiment is set up by battery VRLA 12 V 20 AH. The results confirmed the mathematical model simulations.

A study on equivalent circuit model of lead-acid battery for electric vehicles

A 100Ah@42V lead-acid battery package for electric vehicles are used for study. 1he hybrid pulse test is applied to the battery package to acquire enough data, by which the partnership for a new generation of vehicles （PNGV） equivalent circuit model parameters are identified by the least square method. Then, the PNGV model is verified under two conditions, i.e., the composite pulse excitation and the constant-current respectively. The corresponding maximum relative errors of output voltage are less than 3 % and 3.5 %. Results show that the present PNGV equivalent circuit model and verification method is effective, which can satisfy requirement of simulation of power system of electric vehicles.

Application of a Sulfur Removal Hydrometallurgical Process in a Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Plant in Costa Rica

This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different lead-bearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: SO2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in SO2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean SO2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below US EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.

热封条件及氛围对蓄电池壳体力学性能的影响

采用热焊法制备了蓄电池专用PP样条,利用改变热封条件和气体氛围对PP材料的结晶行为、热稳定性能和力学性能进行了深入研究。DSC和偏光显微镜结果表明,样品的有效热封温度应不低于172.3℃,而热封后冷却温度应不高于117.5℃。TGA结果表明,与空气氛围下相比,样品在氮气氛围下的热稳定性较好,初始分解温度可达366℃。扫描电镜结果表明,氮气氛围下,样品具有更粗糙的断面且没有出现气孔(空气氛围下出现)。力学性能测试结果表明,与空气氛围下相比,在氮气氛围下,样品的拉伸强度较高,并且,随着热封温度、焊接时间和保压时间的增加,呈先升高后降低的趋势。综合以上结果可以得到最佳的热封条件为氮气氛围、热封温度为340℃、焊接时间为5 s、保压时间为5 s。

Techno-economic and environmental impact analysis of electric two-wheeler batteries in India

This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic and environmental impact analysis of electric two-wheeler batteries in India.The technical comparison reveals that sodium-ion(Na-ion)and lithium-ion(Li-ion)batteries outperform lead-acid batteries in various parameters,with Na-ion and Li-ion batteries exhibiting higher energy densities,higher power densities,longer cycle lives,faster charge rates,better compactness,lighter weight and lower self-discharge rates.In economic comparison,Na-ion batteries were found to be~12-14%more expensive than Li-ion batteries.However,the longer lifespans and higher energy densities of Na-ion and Li-ion batteries can offset their higher costs through improved performance and long-term savings.Lead-acid batteries have the highest environmental impact,while Li-ion batteries demonstrate better environmental performance and potential for recycling.Na-ion batteries offer promising environmental advantages with their abundance,lower cost and lower toxic and hazardous material content.Efficient recycling processes can further enhance the environmental benefits of Na-ion batteries.Overall,this research examines the potential of Na-ion batteries as a cheaper alternative to Li-ion batteries,considering India’s abundant sodium resources in regions such as Rajasthan,Chhattisgarh,Jharkhand and others.

电池分容设备的热设计与验证

电池分容化成设备总的热功耗大,充放电电流是化成工艺的数倍,受温度影响显著,更要求环境温度控制在±3℃范围内,因此热设计的好坏是影响分容化成设备工作性能的关键因素。分容库位的体积约1.98 m^(3),通过经验公式计算得设备单库位的总热功耗达到3.66 kW,根据GB/T31845-2015标准初步选择间接水冷方式散热。在考虑分容化成设备机械结构设计布局的基础上,对设备的风道进行初步设计。然后,借助CFD热仿真分析软件对分容化成设备进行热仿真分析,获得电池组、分容化成柜内环境温度和电子设备的温升与温差结果。CFD热仿真分析结果与实验结果相比,实际测试结果满足设计要求。考虑设备结构方便控制盒的大截面线缆的安装与维修要求,通过风机的合理布局与风道的优化设计,最终设计出满足产品结构布局与热设计的最佳方案,为同类型产品的热设计提供参考依据。

锂电材料用回转炉密封装置结构的优化

近年来,随着新能源锂电池产业的兴起和快速扩张,密封回转炉在锂电池材料各个生产工艺环节中得到了广泛应用。密封装置作为回转炉设备的重要组成部件,其性能优劣直接决定了设备工艺稳定性。近年来兴起一种石墨环轴向压紧密封结构,并通过迅速的技术迭代优化,目前已经发展成为一种新型的回转炉密封结构。在对当前石墨环轴向压紧密封结构进行利弊分析的基础上,提出了优化改进结构方案,解决了密封装置加工精度严苛、安装调试困难、密封面贴合效果不好、石墨材料容易被氧化等问题。通过实践和对比测试数据发现,新的密封结构各项密封性能显著提高,大幅提升了密封装置的密封性、耐用性、稳定性和可维护性,为进一步提升锂电材料用回转炉工艺技术水平打下了基础。

软包装锂离子电池封装寿命评估

软包装锂离子电池在使用过程中会因温度、湿度等环境条件出现膨胀、内部产气和水汽渗透等现象,造成密封失效,封装寿命缩短,进而影响使用寿命。在高温及高温高湿条件下进行加速老化试验,研究电池的水汽渗透量及热封区域粘接强度。基于阿伦尼乌斯模型和Hallberg-Peck模型,通过水汽渗透试验得到电池在常规应力下的封装寿命是6.31 a;通过高温试验得到电池在25℃条件下的封装寿命是29.69 a,高温高湿试验得到电池在常规应力下的封装寿命是33.18 a。在一定加速应力范围内,该方法可快速预测电池的封装寿命,缩短测试时间。

动力电池包装配式密封条的设计概况

以装配式密封条为例,介绍动力电池包密封条的设计要素,包括开发体系和分类、断面设计、性能要求、材料选择、定位精度和尺寸公差。密封条的上、下表面接触压力大于0.01 MPa,密封条即实现安全密封,密封等级达到IPX7。密封条橡胶材料的主体材料选用三元乙丙橡胶最佳,密封条的尺寸公差采用M1等级,定位采用分区定位法。

二次电池化成设备的防爆设计

通过对二次电池化成设备的防爆设计,减少设备危险区域,提高二次电池化成工序的安全性能,促进电池检测设备达到全球化安全认证的标准。以爆炸性环境系列标准为依据,结合化成工艺时序表,进行了异常和极端异常情况的电解液挥发浓度计算,分析了点燃源风险和危险区域。对设备的排风风道和风量进行仿真优化分析,通过软件系统监控设备的排风、环境温度、烟雾、液位、真空压力、电池充放电电压、电流、温度等参数,并进行及时地反馈与控制。详细规范了防爆监控相关元器件的安装、接地、隔离、校准及点检的要求。通过系统与规范的防爆设计使设备的安全区增大,危险点减少,提高了设备的安全性能。采用烟雾发生器对样机设备排风风道进行测试,验证表明设备的排风排烟效果与仿真一致,库位内无危险气体残留死角存在,满足防爆设计要求。分析、优化和规范方法对电池检测设备的防爆设计具有现实的指导意义。