Comparative study of mining methods for reserves beneath end slope in flat surface mines with ultra-thick coal seams

The paper aims to identify a reasonable method for mining ultra-thick coal seams in an end-slope in surface mine, With a case study of Heidaigou surface coal mine(HSCM), the paper conducted a comparative research on three mining methods, namely Underground Mining Method(UMM), Highwall Mining System(HMS) and Local Steep Slope Mining Method(LSSMM). A model was firstly established to simulate the impact that UMM and HMS exert on monitoring points and surface deformation. The way that stripping and excavation amount varies with different slope angle, and the corresponding end slope stability were analyzed in the mode of LSSMM. Then a TOPSIS model was established by taking into account six indicators such as recovery ratio, technical complexity and adaptability, the impact on surface mining production, production safety and economic benefits. Finally, LSSMM was determined as the best mining method for mining ultra-thick coal seams in end slope in HSCM.

Research of the electrical anisotropic characteristics of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams

Water flooding disasters are one of the five natural coal-mining disasters that threaten the lives of coal miners. The main causes of this flooding are water-conducting fractured zones within coal seams. However, when resistivity methods are used to detect water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams, incorrect conclusions can be drawn because of electrical anisotropy within the water-conducting fractured zones. We present, in this paper, a new geo-electrical model based on the geology of water-conducting fractured zones in coal seams. Factors that influence electrical anisotropy were analyzed, including formation water resistivity, porosity, fracture density, and fracture surface roughness, pressure, and dip angle. Numerical simulation was used to evaluate the proposed electrical method. The results demonstrate a closed relationship between the shape of apparent resistivity and the strike and dip of a fracture. Hence, the findings of this paper provide a practical resistivity method for coal-mining production.

Reservoir reconstruction technologies for coalbed methane recovery in deep and multiple seams

Multiple coal seams widely develop in the deep Chinese coal-bearing strata. Ground in situ stress and coal seam gas pressure increase continuously with the increase of the mining depth, and coal and gas outburst disasters become increasingly severe. When the coal is very deep, the gas content and pressure will elevate and thus coal seams tends to outburst-prone seams. The safety and economics of exploited firstmined coal seams are tremendously restricted. Meanwhile, the multiple seams occurrence conditions resulted in different methane pressure systems in the coal-bearing strata, which made the reservoir reconstruction of coal difficult. Given the characteristics of low saturation, low permeability, strong anisotropy and soft coal of Chinese coal seams, a single hydraulic fracturing surface well for reservoir reconstruction to pre-drain the coalbed methane(CBM) of multiple seams concurrently under the different gas pressure systems has not yet gained any breakthroughs. Based on analyses of the main features of deep CBM reservoirs in China, current gas control methods and the existing challenges in deep and multiple seams, we proposed a new technology for deep CBM reservoir reconstruction to realize simultaneous high-efficiency coal mining and gas extraction. In particular, we determined the first-mined seam according to the principles of effectiveness and economics, and used hydraulic fracturing surface well to reconstruct the first-mined seam which enlarges the selection range of the first-mined seam. During the process of mining first-mined seam, adjacent coal seams could be reconstructed under the mining effect which promoted high-efficiency pressure relief gas extraction by using spatial and comprehensive gas drainage methods(combination of underground and ground CBM extraction methods). A typical integrated reservoir reconstruction technology, ‘‘One well for triple use", was detailed introduced and successfully applied in the Luling coal mine. The application showed that the proposed technology could effectively promote coal mining safety and simultaneously high-efficiency gas extraction.

Analysis of effect of pressure on surface accuracy for inflatable antenna

Pressure is one of the important measures to control the surface accuracy of the reflector of inflatable antenna. Experiments and numerical analysis were carried out to highlight the effect of pressure on accuracy. The rapid, contactless and low-cost digital photogrammetry system （DIES） was employed to investigate the effect according to its lightweight and flexible characteristics. Measurement data show that the best pressure and the best area in this pressure can be obtained. Numerical analysis was conducted to check the measurement result. It is indicated that there is a little difference between them attributed to wrinkle. Results of analysis and experiments show that surface accuracy of the reflector can be adjusted by controlling pressure.

Prediction of rock fragmentation in a fiery seam of an open-pit coal mine in India

Spontaneous combustion of coal increases the temperature in adjoining overburden strata of coal seams and poses a challenge when loading blastholes.This condition,known as hot-hole blasting,is dangerous due to the increased possibility of premature explosions in loaded blastholes.Thus,it is crucial to load the blastholes with an appropriate amount of explosives within a short period to avoid premature detonation caused by high temperatures of blastholes.Additionally,it will help achieve the desired fragment size.This study tried to ascertain the most influencial variables of mean fragment size and their optimum values adopted for blasting in a fiery seam.Data on blast design,rock mass,and fragmentation of 100 blasts in fiery seams of a coal mine were collected and used to develop mean fragmentation prediction models using soft computational techniques.The coefficient of determination(R^(2)),root mean square error(RMSE),mean absolute error(MAE),mean square error(MSE),variance account for(VAF)and coefficient of efficiency in percentage(CE)were calculated to validate the results.It indicates that the random forest algorithm(RFA)outperforms the artificial neural network(ANN),response surface method(RSM),and decision tree(DT).The values of R^(2),RMSE,MAE,MSE,VAF,and CE for RFA are 0.94,0.034,0.027,0.001,93.58,and 93.01,respectively.Multiple parametric sensitivity analyses(MPSAs)of the input variables showed that the Schmidt hammer rebound number and spacing-to-burden ratio are the most influencial variables for the blast fragment size.The analysis was finally used to define the best blast design variables to achieve optimum fragment size from blasting.The optimum factor values for RFA of S/B,ld/B and ls/ld are 1.03,1.85 and 0.7,respectively.

Law of surface movement for multi-coal seam strip mining

It is an important part of green mining to control the disasters of coal mining which have caused irreversible damages to buildings and ecological environment. Strip mining is one of the efficient measures to control surface subsidence and mining damage. However, the research on the laws of the surface subsidence are still deficient in multi-coal seam strip mining at present. Based on the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua(short for FLAC3D) numerical simulation software, the laws of the surface subsidence and horizontal movement were systematically studied for different depths, different mining widths, different distances between seams, different mining thickness, different parameters between seams and the special relations of the upper pillar and the lower pillar in the vertical direction in multi-seam strip mining. The function relation between the maximum subsidence and the maximum horizontal movement with the depth, the mining width, the seam distance, mining thickness, different parameters between seams and the partial offset are summarized respectively. Finally the formula integrating the surface maximum subsidence value and the maximum horizontal movement was deduced. The results can be used for reference theory and measure in forecasting the surface displacement in multi-coal seam strip mining.

An Exploration into the West Henan Large Sliding Structure in the South of the North China Plate

The West Henan large sliding structure is located in the southern part of the North China plate. It is a planar structural feature of a relatively large scale. To its northwest lie the Taihang Mountains, and to the southwest the Funiu Mountain. In the east it extends between the broad plain and hilly land. Formed in the early Indosinian Period, its main sliding surface is the coal seam II|, with the sliding direction from NW to SE, and a sliding area of about 23,000 km2. Affected by the big sliding, the coal seam II|, in West Henan occurs in the state of powder, and thickens to the SE. Some small penetrating sliding structures were developed over II| in the early Yanshanian Period, causing a disorder on the south border of the North China coal-accumulating basin in the late Palaeozoic Era. An exploration into the West Henan large sliding structure is of great importance in the geological study.

倾斜碎软煤层群煤层气协调开发关键技术-以艾维尔沟矿区为例

为了明确与倾斜碎软煤层开采条件相适配的煤与煤层气协调开发关键技术,基于倾斜碎软煤层群瓦斯难抽采与煤层群非对称采动特征,形成了与之匹配的非对称卸压时空协同“三孔四区五量”煤与煤层气协调开发模式,明确了非对称采动下煤与煤层气协调开发策略,阐明了井上下联合煤与煤层气协调开发时空协同机制。针对倾斜碎软突出首采煤层消突困难的问题,优化了倾斜碎软煤层下向长钻孔施工工艺,研制了钻头电磁波无线随钻测量系统,实现了更高精度的钻孔轨迹防偏。针对非对称采动区地面井防护缺乏针对性的难题,阐明了非对称采动覆岩卸压破坏时空演化特征,获得了非对称采动下覆岩采动裂隙演化特征,确定了倾斜煤层地面井井位安全位置,研发了能够兼顾地面井稳定性和抽采效率双因素的采动区地面三开套管结构。应用结果表明:时空协同的“三孔四区五量”模式能够实现煤层气高效抽采,保障倾斜煤层群的抽掘采接替平衡;倾斜煤层下向钻孔递进式抽采方式拓展了递进式抽采的应用范围,破解了倾斜煤层煤层气抽采过程中的时间不协调问题;优化后的采动地面井维稳结构能够适应非对称采动作用,实现了采动区地面井煤层气高效抽采。上述成果在新疆焦煤集团艾维尔沟矿区得到推广应用,初步形成符合艾维尔沟矿区主要高瓦斯矿区倾斜煤层特点的煤层气抽采关键技术和典型模式。

巨厚煤层物质组成特征与成因机制——以柴北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗统为例

厚煤层蕴含着丰富的地质信息,在全球碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。国内外深时地层中厚煤层广泛分布,近年来其成因机制逐渐成为煤地质学的研究热点。为明晰等时层序地层格架中的巨厚煤层的物质组成特征与形成机理,选取柴北缘鱼卡地区中侏罗统层序S1湖侵体系域发育的巨厚煤层M7为研究对象,等间隔连续采样并进行室内显微组分与矿物鉴定,依据煤层关键界面的识别原理、显微组分与矿物的古环境指示意义进行综合分析。结果显示:显微组分中镜质组体积分数最高(48.5%),惰质组体积分数同样较高(37.22%),类脂组所占比例很低,仅为3.32%。矿物组分体积分数较为稳定,平均值为10.96%。依据煤层与碎屑沉积的交替出现、显微组分与矿物体积分数在垂向上的变化趋势,识别出了多种关键界面,包括陆化面(TeS)、陆地暴露面(ExS)、沼泽化面(PaS)、湖侵淹没面(GUTS)与可容空间转换面(ARS)。沿沉积倾向在向陆与向湖方向分别选择钻孔,与鱼卡煤矿对比分析沼泽环境垂向演化过程。鱼卡煤矿巨厚煤层M7识别出4个沉积旋回,向陆以及向湖方向的YQ6–22与YQ6–12中由陆源碎屑、湖相沉积所分隔的M7–1—M7–3则均识别出3个沉积旋回。发现了巨厚煤层中蕴含的高分辨率层序,经过分析划分为4个四级层序,结合煤层中关键界面所对应的层序界面,揭示了巨厚煤层的成因机制。建立了层序地层格架中的多期泥炭沼泽垂向叠置模式,可进一步应用于国内外更多深时地层中巨厚煤层的研究。

基于发射率修正模型的红外测温补偿方法

红外测温由于受到被测物体表面发射率的影响,温度测量结果存在一定误差。通过分析表面粗糙度对表面红外发射率的影响,提出一种基于发射率修正模型的红外测温补偿方法。首先,基于红外测温原理,建立针对表面粗糙度修正的红外测温补偿算法;其次,为确定红外测温补偿方法中表面发射率修正,通过双尺度粗糙表面建立粗糙表面发射率修正模型;最后,为验证提出红外测温补偿方法的可行性,在搅拌摩擦焊焊缝红外测温实验中对比了补偿算法前后测量结果,结果表明:红外测温最大误差由2.783℃降低为1.058℃,平均测量误差由1.683℃降低为0.649℃,验证了所提出的红外测温补偿方法可以提高红外测温精度。

浅埋多煤层群协调绿色开采关键技术研发与实践

西部矿区多煤层赋存条件导致了“采面布局矛盾、覆岩结构多变、地表运移叠加”的突出性、普遍性问题,探索适应多煤层高强度开采的协调绿色开采技术成为西部矿区多煤层安全、高效开采的关键。针对浅埋厚煤层群高强度开采面临的主要技术难题,从多煤层开采时空布局、工作面岩层稳定性控制、重复扰动下的地表沉陷等方面,系统地阐述了浅埋多煤层群协调绿色开采的几项关键技术。研究结果如下:(1)揭示了西部多煤层高强度开采层间相互作用机理,构建了多煤层重复开采扰动定量判据与评价方法,创新提出了以层间最小扰动为目标的“薄、中、厚”煤层交错分布协调开采技术;(2)提出了多煤层工作面岩层稳定控制技术,建立了全覆岩结构破断模型,揭示了全覆岩结构破断条件下的支架与围岩相互作用规律,在此基础上针对多煤层开采工作面支护在不同的位置需要采用不同支护策略的需求,研发了工作面支架抗冲双伸缩立柱和超前巷道支护状态监测系统,实现工作面多区域安全高效稳定支护;(3)通过揭示浅埋多煤层斜交叠置开采下地表动态移动特征和地表裂缝发育规律,给出地表下沉系数的确定方法,研发了塌陷区裂缝“土壤重构–原位充填–微地形改造”组合的治理关键技术,有效防治黄土沟壑区的采煤地表塌陷。上述核心技术在张家峁、柠条塔、红柳林等20余个大型煤矿成功应用,为我国西部矿区高质量、可持续开发提供了技术支撑。

神东矿区浅埋煤层开采地表裂隙分布及动态演化特征研究

神东矿区浅埋煤层群开采导致地表裂隙发育良好,立体漏风复杂。为研究神东矿区地表裂隙分布特征及动态演化规律,以大柳塔煤矿活鸡兔井和补连塔煤矿浅埋藏开采为工程背景,采用现场无人机定点观测、红外、地质雷达等技术相结合的方法,研究地表宏观裂隙、隐蔽裂隙分布特征,并对裂隙动态演化规律进行分析。结果表明:神东矿区浅埋煤层开采工作面采空区对地表走向裂隙的影响相比于倾向裂隙较大,其中活鸡兔井12下206工作面101条裂隙有效影响范围35 m,补连塔煤矿22310工作面122条裂隙为62 m,走向裂隙最大裂隙宽度达到80 cm,倾向裂隙普遍在10 cm以下;随工作面的推进,裂隙宽度逐渐变大,直至发育完全,裂缝位置不连续断面间距变大,落差增大;宽度较大的裂隙(裂隙宽度大于10 cm),如果距离工作面较近,随着工作面的推进,裂隙宽度会逐渐缩小,甚至可能闭合。

瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面润湿特性及其影响机制

煤层注水被广泛用于煤层瓦斯治理,其治理瓦斯的效果关键在于水分对含瓦斯煤体的润湿效果,然而高瓦斯煤层中瓦斯严重干扰着水分对煤体的润湿。为弄清瓦斯氛围下水分对煤体的润湿特性,采用自研的瓦斯氛围下煤-水接触角测试装备及自开发的瓦斯氛围下水的表面张力测试软件,研究了瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面润湿参数,阐释了瓦斯氛围下煤-水界面的润湿特性,并揭示了其影响机制。研究结果表明:瓦斯氛围下随着瓦斯压力的增加,水的表面张力、煤的表面能及黏附功逐渐减小,煤-水接触角及煤-水界面能逐渐增加,水对煤的润湿效果变差;基于煤的工业分析、元素分析及微光谱图分析,建立了无烟煤的分子结构模型,分子式为C_(99)H_(54)N_(2)O_(3)S,煤分子模型的桥碳比为0.61,其与^(13)C-NMR谱图的桥碳比一致;瓦斯氛围下煤水微观润湿体系中,煤水交界面以下,水分子的相对浓度随着瓦斯压力的增大而减小;煤水交界面以上,瓦斯压力越大,水分子相对浓度峰值越大;瓦斯氛围下煤水微观润湿体系中,随着瓦斯压力的增加,水分子的吸附程度减弱,煤中瓦斯被置换的程度减小,甲烷分子的扩散系数减小,水分子分散程度增加,聚集程度减弱,水分子的扩散系数增加。

西部矿区多煤层采动地表沉陷无人机观测方法研究

西部矿区煤矿开采具有浅埋深、薄基岩、多煤层开采、地表环境脆弱等特点,为化解开采地表沉陷传统观测方法覆盖范围小、作业强度高、自动化程度低等难题,引入无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV)摄影测量技术观测并分析某煤矿工作面地表沉陷规律。结果表明:UAV摄影测量观测开采沉陷的中误差为4.4 cm,满足地表沉陷整体观测需求;获取的2.53 km^(2)测区范围内地表整体沉陷模型可准确反映矿区地表沉陷区域及沉陷幅度;受多煤层开采影响地表沉陷模型呈不均匀盆状,沿工作面走向、倾向沉陷曲线均呈现不对称现象,最大沉陷值3.18 m。

上覆远距离煤层卸压瓦斯地面抽采技术研究

山西省昔阳县的煤矿多主采太原组15号煤层,而太原组8、 9号等煤层具有发育不稳定、层数多、单层厚度小的特点,不利于井下采掘,也不利于煤层气开发,造成很严重的煤炭资源和煤层气资源浪费。为了抽采太原组薄煤层的煤层气资源,采用地面煤层气钻井的方式对采动区上覆8、 9号等煤层进行抽采,使用三开井身结构,在太原组下入筛管,在井下回采前投运,日产气量稳定达到5 000 m3以上,具有产量高、浓度稳定、可连续抽采的特点。研究对类似煤层发育情况的区域具有重要的参考价值与借鉴作用。

浅埋极薄煤层无煤柱开采覆岩运移与地表损伤特征研究

为了探究浅埋极薄煤层切顶卸压无煤柱开采与常规留煤柱开采覆岩运移与地表损伤区别,以子长矿区浅埋极薄煤层为背景,基于关键层理论,得到了硬岩破断距及覆岩的垮落高度临界值的计算公式,结合3DEC数值模拟及现场试验,对比分析了无煤柱开采与留煤柱开采条件下浅埋极薄煤层覆岩运移破断及地表损伤特征,确定了极薄煤层覆岩两带高度。结果表明:当工作面回采达到60 m时,两带发育高度基本稳定,当大于60 m时,工作面后方覆岩裂隙由开裂逐渐闭合,裂隙区随工作面回采向前方移动,两带高度稳定在24.6~27.7 m;相较于常规留煤柱开采,切顶留巷无煤柱开采方式下覆岩呈连续移动变形,可有效修复煤层开采工作面两侧非连续移动变形导致的覆岩裂隙及地表损伤裂缝,消除了常规留煤柱开采方式下相邻工作面间区段煤柱两侧覆岩裂隙,现场观测较好地验证了该结果。

近距离煤层采掘关系对下位巷道围岩变形规律影响研究

近距离煤层上煤层工作面与下位煤层巷道采掘关系发生变化时,巷道围岩变形失稳机理会更加复杂,而目前针对上煤层工作面与下位煤层巷道推进方向不同时巷道受载动态演化规律及失稳特征的研究较少。以陕北能东煤矿近距离煤层为研究对象,采用理论分析、数值模拟与现场实测相结合的方法,对上煤层工作面回采后下位煤层巷道的稳定性进行了研究。理论分析得出,上煤层工作面开采后所产生的底板裂隙深度为22.5 m,未发育至下位煤层巷道。按采掘空间位置关系将回采工作面与巷道分为相向、相交、背向3个状态,数值模拟当巷道与工作面的空间位置关系发生变化时下位煤层巷道围岩的变形情况,结果表明:①上煤层工作面与下位煤层巷道的采掘关系为相交与背向推进时,巷道围岩应力呈先增后减再增的趋势,在推进距离为90 m时,最大应力为6.5 MPa,应力集中系数为1.49,在推进距离为100~110 m时,巷道围岩应力降低幅度最大,降低了53.2%,在推进距离为150 m时应力最小,为0.95 MPa,之后不断增大,直到恢复至原岩应力。②巷道围岩位移量在推进距离为100~150 m时增长幅度较大,在150 m时顶板位移量达到最大,为0.036 m,随着巷道越接近边界煤柱,其巷道位移量越小。现场实测结果表明:上煤层工作面过下位煤层巷道时,巷道位移量显著增长,顶板最大位移量为3.41 cm,与数值模拟结果一致;相交推进过程中若地质条件简单可以适当加快推进速度,减小上煤层工作面开采对下位煤层巷道的影响。

大倾角煤层协调开采地表移动变形控制

为实现大倾角(倾斜)煤层间协调开采地表减损的目的,以甘肃某矿煤层赋存条件为背景,采用UDEC数值模拟软件,对大倾角(倾斜)煤层间协调开采地表移动变形控制问题进行了探究。结果表明:大倾角(倾斜)煤层开采时,埋深浅的工作面对地表的破坏更严重;随工作面埋深的增大,对地表的影响程度逐步减弱;多煤层开采时,使埋深浅的工作面对应地表不移动或少移动,使煤柱影响范围内的地表进一步下沉,减小地表下沉、移动变形的不均匀变形程度,防止地表出现大的采动裂缝,是煤层间协调开采地表减损的核心问题;地表移动的均匀性、地表张拉程度、地表变形程度可以通过变异系数、张拉区水平移动斜率、地表水平,倾斜,曲率变形分别进行表征;该地质采矿条件下地表移动变形控制的工作面最优错距为80 m,1煤的遗留煤柱距4煤工作面上山边界水平距离约71.9 m,距下山边界39.9 m。

基于响应曲面法近距离煤层群导水裂隙带影响因素分析

针对近距离煤层开采后导水裂隙带发育高度判定的问题,采用Box-Behnken方法设计13组实验并利用数值模拟手段,得出每组试验的导水裂隙带发育高度,系统分析了东欢坨煤矿的累计煤厚、工作面长度和推进距离三因素的交互作用对近距离煤层导水裂隙发育高度的影响,构建了以导水裂隙带发育高度为响应值的二次响应面模型,并得到了最优三因素的采场参数。模拟结果的方差分析表明:累计煤厚是影响导水裂隙带发育高度的最大因素,影响导水裂隙带发育高度的因素权重由大到小排序为:累计采厚、工作面长度、推进距离。同时三因素最优参数为:累计煤厚为12 m时,工作面长度180 m为最优参数;累计煤厚为20 m时,工作面长度180 m为最优参数;累计煤厚为28 m时,工作面长度200 m为最优参数。

浅埋近距离煤层群上覆采空区火灾及气体下泄防治研究

针对沙坪煤矿13103工作面浅埋近距离煤层上覆采空区煤层自燃和气体下泄问题,综合利用地面红外探测和同位素测氡等多种方法探测13103工作面上覆采空区自然发火状态,在此基础上用SF6气体进行漏风通道测定,并采用数值模拟方法分析了CO气体的下泄机理。研究结果表明:煤层自燃倾向性、复杂埋藏条件和老窑火区是发生煤层自燃的主要原因,在标定12个火区中心点和39 077 m2隐患区域基础上,发现地面、采空区火区和工作面三者裂隙相互连接是导致CO气体在工作面后半部分涌入工作面并在回风隅角处聚集的主要原因。同时,研究发现,采用井上下联防联控手段可消除上覆采空区内高温点,使得CO气体浓度稳定在0.05%以下,有效控制了采空区自燃和气体下泄问题,保障了13103工作面安全生产。