Dissolved Inorganic Arsenic in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea—Distributions and Seasonal Variations

The distributions and seasonal variations of total dissolved inorganic arsenic （TDIAs, [TDIAs] = [As^5＋]＋[As^3＋]） and arsenite （As3.） in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea are presented hero based on the observations of 9 cruises carried out in 2000 - 2003. The study area covers a broad range of hydrographic and chemical properties. The emphasis is put on a southeast transect from Changjiang Estuary to the Ryukyu Islands （i.e. PN section） in the East China Sea to discuss the impact of terrestdal input on the marginal seas of China. Arsenic species （TDlAs and arsenite） are determined by selective hydride generation - atomic fluorescence spectrometry （HG-AFS）. TDIAs concentrations were high in the coastal area of Changjiang Estuary and decreased slightly towards the shelf region. High concentratiOns of TDIAs were also existed in the near bottom layer of shelf edge of the East China Sea which indicated another source of arsenic from the incursion of Kuroshio Waters. The seasonal variations of TDIAs in the study area depend on the hydrographic stages of Changjiang and the incursion intensity of Kuroshio Waters. Arsenite showed opposite distributions with TDIAs, with higher concentrations appeared at the surface layer of shelf region, which was positive correlated with the chlorophyll a. Biological conversion of arsenate into arsenite was hypothesized for the observed distribution pattern and its seasonal variations. The stoichoimetric ratios of As to P were estimated to be about 2×10^3 at PN Section in summer. The concentrations of dissolved arsenic in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were comparable with other areas in the world.

Seasonal Suspended Particles Distribution Patterns in Western South Yellow Sea Based on Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Observation

An Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler （ADCP） observation site was set up in the Western South Yellow Sea from 2012 to 2013 to study the local suspended particle matters （SPM） distribution pattern. The SPM concentration could be semi-quantitatively represented by backscatter intensity （Sv）, converted by the echo intensity （E/） of ADCP. Results show two types of SPM in the water column： the quasi-biological SPM and quasi-mineral SPM. The quasi-biological SPM mainly exists in summer half year and is con- centrated above the thermocline. It has periodically diurnal variations with high concentration at night and low concentration in the daytime. The quasi-mineral SPM is located in lower part of the water column, with similar relation to monthly tidal current variation all year round. However, the daily quasi-mineral SPM distribution patterns vary between summer and winter half year. The sunlight is thought to be the origin factor leading to the diurnally vertical motion of the biological features, which might cause the diurnal Sv variation. Unlike in winter half year when tidal current is relatively single driving force of the monthly SPM pattern, the high speed current near the thermocline is also responsible for the concentration of quasi-mineral SPM in summer half year. The sediment input difference between summer and winter half year contribute to the varied daily variation of quasi-mineral SPM with re-suspended SPM ir~ winter and sediments from Yellow Sea Mud Area （YSMA） in summer. The seasonal variations in hydrodynamics, water structure and heavy-wind incidents are the primary factors influencing the differential seasonal SPM distribution patterns.

Seasonal and spatial distribution of heavy metals in the Selenga River Delta

In order to estimate the present-day pollution levels in the ecosystem of the Selenga River Delta and to monitor the changes caused by the discharge of household refuse and industrial wastes,as well as the functioning of the agricultural and stock farming,a comprehensive study of the water and bottom sediments in the main branches of the Selenga River Delta was carried out.This study has determined the concentrations of heavy metals in river water and bottom sediments in its delta.

Seasonal Distribution of Meiofaunal Assemblages in the Mangrove Tidal Flat of Futian,Shenzhen,China

Meiofauna are fundamental components in mangrove ecosystem which play important roles in the energy flow and mat-ter cycling.In order to reveal the spatio-temporal distribution of meiofaunal assemblages in mangrove habitats,sediment samples were collected in July(summer)and October(autumn)of 2013,January(winter)and April(spring)of 2014 in the mangrove tidal flat of Futian,Shenzhen,China.A total of 14 meiofaunal taxa were identified,including free-living marine nematodes,benthic copepods,polychaetes,oligochaetes,ostracods,isopods,etc.Additionally,there were also undetermined taxa.Results showed that the abun-dance range of meiofauna was(488.35±71.29)-(5136.36±623.38)ind(10 cm)−2.Marine nematodes were the most dominant group,with an average abundance of(1869.56±227.92)ind(10 cm)−2,accounting for 98.35%of the total abundance of meiofauna.The sea-sonal distribution of meiofauna showed that the abundance was the highest in summer,followed by those in spring,winter,and au-tumn.Vertical distribution showed that meiofauna were mainly distributed in the upper sediment layer(0-5 cm),with a proportion of 89.56%.Correlation analysis between meiofauna and environmental factors showed that meiofaunal abundance and biomass had significantly negative correlation with salinity.BIOENV analysis between meiofaunal assemblages and environmental factors show-ed that meiofaunal assemblages were affected by the combined effects of temperature,salinity,sediment median grain size,water content,and chlorophyll a content.

Assessment of Selenium Contamination in Sediments of the Aby and Tendo Lagoons in Côte d’Ivoire

Selenium is a trace element that can have both beneficial and harmful effects on aquatic life. The Aby Lagoon is a coastal environment in Côte d’Ivoire that receives selenium inputs from various natural and anthropogenic sources. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of selenium in the sediments of the Aby Lagoon and its tributaries, the Tanoe River and the Tendo Lagoon, and to examine the spatial and seasonal variations of selenium concentrations. Sediment samples were collected from different sites and seasons, and selenium concentrations were measured by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The results showed that the average concentration of selenium in the sediments of the Aby Lagoon was 0.82 mg/kg, indicating moderate contamination. The concentration of selenium varied between sites and seasons, with higher values in the channel of the Tendo Lagoon and during the dry season. The study highlighted the complexity of selenium dynamics in aquatic ecosystems, and the need to take into account seasonal and spatial variability as well as interactions between environmental factors. The study also suggested potential ecotoxicological risks for some sensitive organisms in certain areas of the lagoon. This study contributes to the knowledge of the dynamics of selenium in lagoon ecosystems and to the assessment of the environmental risks associated with its presence.

Seasonal and spatial variations of macrobenthic community in intertidal Sargassum field off Naozhou Island, South China Sea

Seasonal and spatial variations in the macrobenthic community in an intertidal gulfweed field off Naozhou Island were investigated from April 2011 to January 2012.We identified 407 macrobenthic organism species:64 macroalgae(15.72%of total species);123 Arthropoda(30.22%);107 Mollusca(26.29%);67 Annelida(16.46%);15 Cnidaria(3.69%);14 Echinodermata(3.44%);8 Porifera(1.97%);4 Chordata(0.98%);2 Urochorda(0.49%);and 1 each of Echiura,Sipunculida and Angiospermae(0.25%).Arthropods,mollusks,annelids,and macroalgae were four main groups in the benthic organism community and accounted for 88.70%of the total species.In terms of abundance of biomass,there were 15 dominant species,including 8 macroalgal,5 mollusk and 2 arthropod species.The species diversity indices ranged from 1.21 to 4.42 with an average of 2.80;the annual average of evenness was 0.47.Species richness indices varied from 2.97 to 7.24(average 4.97);and Simpson dominance indices varied from 0.20 to 0.92 in annual average of 0.75.Macroalgal distribution showed clear vertical zonation and seasonal changes.The number of macroalgal species found in the high tide zone,upper middle tide zone,middle tide zone,lower middle tide zone,low tide zone,and below low tide zone were 1,8,10,16,22,and 32,respectively.Biomass among the benthic organisms,macroalgae and crustaceans had significant positive correlation(P<0.05)with the coefficients of 0.802,0.894,and 0.592,respectively.Macroalgal biomass showed a clearly negative correlation with the concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)(R=0.486,P<0.05).During the winter and spring,when macroalgae were growing vigorously,DIN reached the lowest level in seawater and displayed a clear weak correlation between macroalgal growth and the nutrient concentration.

Preliminary Study on the Distribution of Meridional Wind in Near Space

Based on high-altitude wind data in about one year, the seasonal changes and vertical profiles of meridional wind in near space were studied, and the reasons for the increase of meridional wind in spring and winter were analyzed. Meanwhile, the seasonal distribution of atmospher- ic circulation in the stratosphere was studied, and the seasonal changes and mechanism of wind conversion from the east to the west were re- vealed. The results show that the speed of meridional wind in near space was the highest in spring, followed by autumn and winter, while it was the lowest in summer; the increase of meridional wind in spring and winter was related to weather systems in the troposphere, such as the development of strong warm ridge over Xinjianq and cold trouclh system, and the svstem resulted in the increase of meridional wind.

Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Wave Energy Resources in Sri Lankan Waters over the Past 30 Years

For the survival and development of‘One Belt,One Road’,the present work aimed to evaluate the current situation of wave energy resources around Sri Lankan(SL)waters.Thirty-year ERA-Interim wind data were used to drive the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH-III,and the seasonal and regional distribution characteristics of wave energy resources in SL waters were analyzed.Furthermore,the optimal season and region that contribute most to wave power in the study area were determined.On the basis of 30-year hindcast wave data,the significant wave height and wave power density,the occurrence of available SWH and rich WPD,the effective storage of wave energy,and the contribution and stability of wave energy were also analyzed.Results show that extremely optimistic wave energy resources are found at the western,southern,and southeastern waters of SL;moreover,the period of June,July,August(JJA)has great advantages in terms of the overall level of WPD,wave energy effective storage,and the contribution rate of wave energy.In addition,the wave energy during JJA is more stable than that of other periods and thus is benefi-cial to the transformation and development of wave energy.This study also provides important guiding value for disaster prevention and reduction,coastal zone management,and coastal development in the crucial region of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.

Halophilic Vibrios in the waters of Xiamen Harbor and Daya Bay

The distribution featires, spotes composition and seasonal variation of halophilic Vibrios in 7 stations ofXiamen Harbor and 9 stations of the Daya Bay were studied. The counts of Vibrios were analyzed with the most probable number(MPN) technique. The media TCBS was used to isolate Vibrios, and API20E system employed to identifythe Vibrios. The results reveals that the density Of Vibrios in the Daya Bay ranged from 30. 0 x 105 to 2. 4 x 105 celldin-3 and the average density was 6. 61 x 103 cell·din-3, and that in Xiamen Harbor was 2. 3 x 102-2. 4 x 105 cen·din-3 and 7. 8 x 103 cell·din-3 on the average. The number of Vibrios varied seasonally with the water temperature,and was heher in the summer than in the autumn. The Vibrio species in the two bays mainly included Vibrioalginolyticus, V. parahaemolytic-us, V. fluvialis, V. vulnificus, V. mimices and V. metshnikovii and V.alginolyticus was the predominant spotes.

东亚有机气溶胶及其对下游大气影响的回顾（英文）

In this paper primary(i.e.,n-alkanes,PAHs,levoglucosan,and phthalates) and secondary organic aerosols(i.e.,dicarboxylic acids) are reviewed on a molecular level for their spatial distribution of concentrations over East Asia.Differences in the abundances and sources of those organic aerosols between China and India are further presented,along with a discussion on climate effect(e.g.,CCN activity and radiative forcing) of organic aerosols in the atmosphere.

Quantifying extreme climatic conditions for maize production using RZWQM in Siping,Northeast China

Climate change has a great influence on agricultural production,especially under extreme climatic conditions.In this study,Root Zone Water Quality Model(RZWQM)was used to predict grain yields of maize in the Siping region,Jilin Province,Northeast China during the period from 1951 to 2015;and the response of grain yield to main climatic variables was qualitatively analyzed,especially in three special years of 1954,2000 and 2009.Results showed that 1℃ increase for minimum,maximum and mean air temperatures may produce 1224 kg/hm^(2),1860 kg/hm^(2) and 1540 kg/hm^(2) more grain yields,respectively,and seasonal rainfall amount of less than 450 mm,especially at the flowering and grain filling stages,greatly reduced grain yields.In the years of 1954,2000 and 2009,grain yields were reduced by 41%,47%and 40%compared to their mean value,respectively,correspondingly because of extra low temperature(lower by 2.1℃-2.3℃),less rainfall at the grain filling stage(36 mm)and extra high temperature(higher by 1.7℃-1.8℃),and less seasonal rainfall(252 mm).To reduce extreme climate’s effects on grain yield,it is suggested that supplementary irrigation at the flowering and grain filling stages should be provided when rainfall is much less at this stage and also appropriate maize species based on the longtime weather forecast should be selected.

Comparison of aerosol characteristics during haze periods over two urban agglomerations in China using CALIPSO observations

Using CALIPSO （cloud-aerosol lidar and infrared pathfinder satellite observation） vertical observation data during haze periods from January 2007 to December 2008, we analyzed differences in aerosol char- acteristics near the surface, as well as in the middle troposphere between the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region （Area A） and the Yangtze River Delta region （Area B） in China. One significant dif- ference was that haze pollution in Area A was related to local and non-local aerosols, while in Area B it was related to local anthropogenic sources. In all seasons apart from autumn, aerosol pollution in Area A was more severe than in Area B, both near the surface and at higher altitudes, In Area A, non-spherical aerosols were dominant from 0 to 4 km in spring, summer, and winter; while in autumn, there were con- siderably high numbers of non-spherical aerosols below 0.5 km, and near-spherical aerosols from 0.5 to 4 km. In Area B, both near-spherical and non-spherical aerosols were common in all seasons. Moreover, aerosols with attenuated color ratios of 0-0.2 were more common in all seasons in Area A than in Area B, indicating that fine particle pollution in Area A was more serious than in Area B. Finally, relatively large aerosols linked to gravity settling appeared more frequently near the surface in Area A than in Area B.