Mechanical behaviors of warm and ice-rich frozen soil stabilized with sulphoaluminate cement

The warm and ice-rich frozen soil is characterized by high unfrozen water content, low shear strength and large compressibility, which is unreliable to meet the stability requirements of engineering infrastructures and foundations in permafrost regions. In this study, a novel approach for stabilizing the warm and ice-rich frozen soil with sulphoaluminate cement was proposed based on chemical stabilization. The mechanical behaviors of the stabilized soil, such as strength and stress-strain relationship, were investigated through a series of triaxial compression tests conducted at -1.0℃, and the mechanism of strength variations of the stabilized soil was also explained based on scanning electron microscope test. The investigations indicated that the strength of stabilized soil to resist failure has been improved, and the linear Mohr-Coulomb criteria can accurately reflect the shear strength of stabilized soil under various applied confining pressure. The increase in both curing age and cement mixing ratio were favorable to the growth of cohesion and internal friction angle. More importantly, the strength improvement mechanism of the stabilized soil is attributed to the formation of structural skeleton and the generation of cementitious hydration products within itself. Therefore, the investigations conducted in this study provide valuable references for chemical stabilization of warm and ice-rich frozen ground, thereby providing a basis for in-situ ground improvement for reinforcing warm and ice-rich permafrost foundations by soil-cement column installation.

Field experiment of subgrade vibration induced by passing train in a seasonally frozen region of Daqing

The vibration characteristics and attenuation of the subgrade caused by passing trains in a seasonally frozen region of Daqing, China are investigated. Three field experiments were conducted during different times through the year, in normal, freezing and thawing periods, respectively, and the influence of the season, train speed and train type, is described in this paper. The results show that： （1） the vertical component is the greatest among the three components of the measured vibration near the rail track, and as the distance to the railway track increases, the dominant vibration depends on the season. （2） Compared with the vibration in the normal period, the vertical and longitudinal vibrations increase while the lateral vibration decreases in the freezing period. However, in the thawing period, the vertical and longitudinal vibrations decrease, and the lateral vibration increases. （3） As train speeds increase, the subgrade vibration increases. （4） The vibration induced by a freight train is greater than by a passenger train. These observations provide a better understanding of the vibration and dynamic stability of the subgrade and may be useful in developing criteria for railway and building construction in cold regions.

In-situ experiment investigations of hydrothermal process of highway in deep seasonal frozen soil regions of Inner Mongolia, China

To reveal the influencing factors and changing rules for the hydrothermal interaction process of highway subgrade, the field measurements of Shiwei-Labudalin Highway in Inner Mongolia, China was conducted for 3 years, based on which the freezing-thawing rules and water content changing characteristics were analyzed. The main results show the subgrade presents a frequent freezing-thawing alternation, and the water content of subgrade exhibits an obvious seasonal alternation. The subbase has the maximum water content, while the base has the minimum water content. The change of water flux is concentrated in the thawing period and consistent with the change of temperature gradient. The subbase layer has the most active water flux due to the heat absorption and impermeability of pavement that easily causes the water accumulation in this layer. Therefore, the prevention and treatment for the freezing-thawing disease should be started from heat insulation and water resistance.

Different Responses of Vegetation to Frozen Ground Degradation in the Source Region of the Yellow River from 1980 to 2018

Frozen ground degradation under a warming climate profoundly influences the growth of alpine vegetation in the source region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.This study investigated spatiotemporal variations in the frozen ground distribution,the active layer thickness(ALT)of permafrost(PF)soil and the soil freeze depth(SFD)in seasonally frozen soil from 1980 to 2018 using the temperature at the top of permafrost(TTOP)model and Stefan equation.We compared the effects of these variations on vegetation growth among different frozen ground types and vegetation types in the source region of the Yellow River(SRYR).The results showed that approximately half of the PF area(20.37%of the SRYR)was projected to degrade into seasonally frozen ground(SFG)during the past four decades;furthermore,the areal average ALT increased by 3.47 cm/yr,and the areal average SFD decreased by 0.93 cm/yr from 1980 to 2018.Accordingly,the growing season Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)presented an increasing trend of 0.002/10 yr,and the increase rate and proportion of areas with NDVI increase were largest in the transition zone where PF degraded to SFG(the PF to SFG zone).A correlation analysis indicated that variations in ALT and SFD in the SRYR were significantly correlated with increases of NDVI in the growing season.However,a rapid decrease in SFD(<-1.4 cm/10 yr)could have reduced the soil moisture and,thus,decreased the NDVI.The NDVI for most vegetation types exhibited a significant positive correlation with ALT and a negative correlation with SFD.However,the steppe NDVI exhibited a significant negative correlation with the SFD in the PF to SFG zone but a positive correlation in the SFG zone,which was mainly limited by water condition because of different change rates of the SFD.

Field monitoring of railroad embankment vibration responses in seasonally frozen regions

To investigate the vibration characteristics of a railway subgrade in different seasons, three field experiments were carried out in the seasonally frozen Daqing area of China during spring, smnmer, and winter. The vibration characteristics and attenuation rates of the subgrade induced by passing trains were investigated, and the influences of the season, train speed, train type, train load, and number of train compartments are described in this paper. The results show that： （1） near the rail track the vibration in the vertical direction was more significant than in the lateral and longitudinal directions, and as the distance from the railway track increased, the acceleration amplitudes and the attenuation rates all decreased in all three directions; （2） the acceleration amplitudes and at- tenuation rates decreased in the three different study seasons as the distance from the railway track increased, and the attenuation rates in the freezing period were the largest; and （3） the acceleration amplitude induced by a freight train was greater than that by a passenger train, and the subgrade vibration increased with increasing passenger train speeds when the number of train compart- ments was similar. These results have great significance for enhanced understanding of the characteristics of wain-induced vibra- tion embankment response in seasonally frozen regions, and provide essential field monitoring data on train-induced vibrations in order to improve the performance criteria of railroading in seasonally frozen regions.

Cytopathological evaluations combined RNA and protein analyses on defined cell regions using single frozen tissue block

The co-existence of multiple cell components in tissue samples is the main obstacle for precise molecular evaluation on defined cell types. Based on morphological examination, we developed an efficient approach for paralleled RNA and protein isolations from an identical histological region in frozen tissue section.The RNA and protein samples prepared were sufficient for RT-PCR and Western blot analyses, and the results obtained were well coincident each other as well as with the corresponding parameters revealed from immunohistochemical examinations. By this way, the sampling problem caused by cell-cross contamination can be largely avoided, committing the experimental data more specific to a defined cell type. These novel methods thus allow us to use single tissue block for a comprehensive study by integration of conventional cytological evaluations with nucleic acid and protein analyses.

Study on potential evapotranspiration and wet-dry condition in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau

This study was based on the CEOP/CAMP-Tibet observed data at AWS （Automatic Weather Station） of MS3478 in the seasonal frozen soil region of northern Tibetan Plateau from March 2007 to February 2008. The variation characteristics of PE （potential evapotransph＇ation） were analyzed based on the Penman-Monteith method recommended by FAO （the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na- lions）. The contributions of dynamic, thermal and water factors to PE were discussed, and the wet-dry condition of the plateau region was further studied. The results indicated that daily PE was between 0.52 mm and 6.46 mm for the whole year. Monthly PE was over 107 mm from May to September, but decreased to less than 41 mm from November to February. Annual PE was 1,037.8mm. In the summer, thermal PE was significantly more than dynamic PE, but conversely in the winter. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern. In addition, drought and semi-drought climate lasted for a long time while semi-humid climate was short. The effect of water and dynamic factors on PE varied considerably with the seasons. Annual variation of thermal PE was of sine wave pattern.

A Hybrid Regional Model for Predicting Ground Deformation Induced by Large-Section Tunnel Excavation

Due to the large number of finite element mesh generated,it is difficult to use full-scale model to simulate largesection underground engineering,especially considering the coupling effect.A regional model is attempted to achieve this simulation.A variable boundary condition method for hybrid regional model is proposed to realize the numerical simulation of large-section tunnel construction.Accordingly,the balance of initial ground stress under asymmetric boundary conditions achieves by applying boundary conditions step by step with secondary development ofDynaflowscripts,which is the key issue of variable boundary conditionmethod implementation.In this paper,Gongbei tunnel based on hybrid regional model involvingmulti-field coupling is simulated.Meanwhile,the variable boundary condition method for regional model is verified against model initialization and the ground deformation due to tunnel excavation is predicted via the proposed hybrid regional model.Compared with the monitoring data of actual engineering,the results indicated that the hybrid regional model has a good prediction effect.

基于GPR探测的长江源地区冰川与冻土厚度研究

长江源地区的冰川变化揭示了青藏高原气候变化趋势。冰下地形探测作为冰川发育和运动过程研究的基础,对长江地区水土保持和淡水资源储量研究具有指导意义。长江科学院在长达10 a的江源科考基础上,分别于2022年、2023年采用探地雷达(GPR)技术对长江正源沱沱河发源地格拉丹东主峰的冰川厚度进行精准探测,并对查旦湿地冻土厚度上限进行了探测研究。结合多种冰川和冻土地质模型的GPR波场模拟结果,提高了GPR技术在长江源地区冰川和冻土探测的有效性和精准度。探测结果表明,格拉丹东主峰冰川厚度和查旦湿地冻土厚度上限均有不同程度降低,冰川厚度和冻土厚度上限观测是一个常年积累的结果,后续仍需持续进行观测,积累更多数据,分析变化趋势,以估算探测区域内冰储量,研究气候变化对冰川的影响效果。

卸载状态下非均质圆形寒区隧道围岩弹塑性统一解

以统一强度理论作为卸载状态下寒区隧道冻结围岩屈服准则,综合考虑围岩非均质特性和中间主应力效应对冻结围岩强度影响,建立寒区隧道应力位移弹塑性力学模型,联合各区域边界条件,计算获得冻结围岩均质与非均质状态下,弹性解、塑性统一解以及塑性区半径的隐式方程,分别对其应力位移场讨论分析。研究表明:考虑冻结围岩的非均质特性,塑性区环向应力峰值增大40%,塑性区范围相对减少40.4%,内壁位移减少9.3%,弹性极限承载力提高41%,塑性极限承载力提高14%,影响显著。中间主应力效应能充分发挥非均质冻结围岩承载潜能,计算得到的承载力明显增大,塑性半径明显减小。所得结果可为寒区隧道开挖支护设计以及数值模拟,提供理论指导。

无机材料改良季节冻土区碳酸盐渍土试验及其方案评价

为解决松嫩平原碳酸盐渍土对工程的不利影响,且削弱季节冻土区冻融循环对碳酸盐渍土带来的损伤,采用无机材料石灰和粉煤灰对碳酸盐渍土进行改良。研究了不同改良方案下碳酸盐渍土抗剪强度的变化及其抵抗冻融循环的能力;通过熵权-TOPSIS模型对各改良方案进行评价。结果表明:石灰和粉煤灰均会提升碳酸盐渍土的抗剪强度,但是石灰的改良效果远胜于粉煤灰,石灰会使得碳酸盐渍土的应力-应变曲线变成应变软化型;粉煤灰在提升碳酸盐渍土抵抗冻融损伤能力上表现得比较突出;而双掺石灰和粉煤灰明显兼顾了强度和抵抗冻融损伤能力这2个指标;在考虑力学性能、抗冻融能力以及经济等因素时,石灰和粉煤灰的掺量均为12%的方案最优。

岛状多年冻土区高速铁路路基热状态及工程措施效果分析

为揭示岛状多年冻土区高速铁路路基热状态,提出合理有效的制冷结构,在新建哈尔滨至伊春高速铁路某车站试验段开展现场监测,获得岛状多年冻土的地温数据;基于实测地温数据,采用冻土水热耦合理论,对将在试验段实施的两侧双排普通热棒路基、两侧双排+中心单排全季热棒路基、两侧单排+基底横向通铺全季热棒路基3种制冷路基结构进行数值模拟,对比了3种制冷路基结构的地温分布特征及对下伏岛状多年冻土的降温效果。研究结果表明:铁力地区年均气温和降水呈增大趋势,天然场地岛状多年冻土地温在-0.3℃左右,属于高温极不稳定多年冻土。3种制冷路基结构中,两侧单排+基底横向通铺全季热棒对岛状多年冻土保护及降温效果最优,两侧双排普通热棒最差。普通热棒路基的多年冻土上限呈“两侧凸,中间凹”形态,抬升不明显;全季热棒路基的多年冻土上限呈“上凸缓斜平顶”形态,抬升显著。研究成果可对多年冻土区高速铁路路基建设和结构优化提供技术支撑。

冻土区桥梁桩基础抗震试验研究现状及展望

总结了现阶段冻土区桥梁桩基础抗震试验研究的主要任务,从试验的目的、优势、设计和不足等方面对冻土三轴压缩试验、桩-冻土体系拟静力试验和地震模拟振动台试验的研究现状进行了系统的总结与分析,提出了相应的改进措施和发展方向。考虑到室内试验中桥梁桩基础-冻土相互作用体系实施难度的问题,提出了采用子结构试验方法开展冻土区桥梁抗震试验的思路。

高速铁路引起季冻区场地环境振动实测分析

为研究冬、夏两季高速铁路引起季冻区场地环境振动评价方法的适用性,文中分别于冬、夏两季在哈—齐高速铁路龙凤湿地段开展现场观测,并将数据进行时域和频域分析。结果表明随着距桥墩中心距离的增加,冬、夏两季各测点加速度时程均呈现出先急剧衰减后缓慢衰减的趋势,0~15m夏季加速度幅值要比冬季衰减的快;近轨道处冬季峰值频率为58Hz,夏季峰值频率为47Hz。研究为季冻区土场地的道路、桥梁等的选址提供参考。

温度及饱和度对粉质黏土变形特性的影响

为研究温度及饱和度对粉质黏土变形特性的影响,利用GDS非饱土三轴测试系统和GDS温控式静/动三轴测试系统对天然含水率下的非饱和土及饱和土进行三轴试验,研究不同温度对其变形参数影响并对比分析。结果表明在不同温度条件下,两种不同饱和度的粉质黏土均表现为应变硬化的特性。两种饱和度的粉质黏土在相同围压下轴向变形量均随温度降低而增加,且饱和土的变形量大于非饱和土。两种饱和度的粉质黏土在相同围压下弹性模量均随温度降低而增加,且在0~-2℃区间变化最剧烈。研究可为季冻区粉质黏土地基中的工程设计及施工提供理论参考。

高原露天台阶上部冻层破断规律数值分析

上部冻层是影响高原露天台阶爆破效果的主要因素之一,为明确高原露天台阶上部冻层在爆破荷载作用下的破断规律,利用颗粒流数值方法模拟了天然单冻层和人工复合双冻层分别在单、双排炮孔作用下的破断过程,分析了冻层破断过程的速度、冲击压力和破断后的块度特征。结果表明:冻层在爆破荷载作用下经历了产生裂隙-局部隆起-宏观断裂的破坏过程,对于人工复合冻层,由于上部增加了碎石土层,冻层厚度增大,削弱了冻层整体的隆起趋势,导致破碎块度增大。双排炮孔之间冻层受到的冲击压力率先达到峰值,但靠近自由面的冻层受到的冲击压力峰值更高。单、双冻层在爆破荷载作用下的破断问题可简化为冲击压力作用下的结构断裂问题。双冻层台阶爆破大块率比单冻层大块率高4%~6%,建议在高原露天矿山爆破中,优先通过冻土层厚度确定需要进行特殊处理的区域,并通过调整延期时间达到降低大块率,提高铲转挖运效率的目的。

盐冻作用下水泥路面毛细吸水系数演化及应力状态分析

为探究道面混凝土毛细孔吸水系数与损伤度之间的关系,开展了室内盐冻试验,以冻后混凝土为对象进行毛细吸水试验及力学性能测试,对高寒季冻区在役期水泥路面的路用性能指标控制进行分析。结果表明:混凝土毛细吸水系数与冻融循环次数及损伤度之间均具有较强的非线性关系;外部湿润对道面混凝土的影响深度随盐冻次数的增大而增大,当混凝土损伤度D达到0.13时,湿度影响范围增大20%;相较于抗弯折强度损失,盐冻损伤导致的道面混凝土自身湿度翘曲应力衰减可忽略不计;针对地处高寒季冻区的连续配筋混凝土路面,需重视盐冻损伤导致的湿润区间加剧引发的钢筋锈蚀问题,常规混凝土路面则需着重考虑盐冻对力学性能的影响。

高寒地区冬季渠道输水防冻结施工技术

渠道输水是跨区域长距离调水最有效的手段,可以将水从水源地输送到缺水地区,满足地区的生态系统需要。但在新疆、西藏等高寒地区,渠道输水在冬季易受冰冻灾害影响,冰盖、冰塞堵塞渠道,减小输水流量,严重影响了过流能力。本文研究出高寒地区冬季渠道输水加热装置,该系统配备发热电缆加热系统,利用电能将电缆加热系统中的发热电缆加热,从而防止渠道中的水结冰,最后通过渠道现场试验,验证装置的可行性。

Influencing factors of water resources in the source region of the Yellow River

Taking the source region of the Yellow River as a study area and based on the data from Madoi Meteorological Station and Huangheyan Hydrological Station covering the period 1955-2005, this paper analyses the changing trends of surface water resources, climate and frozen ground and reveals their causes. Results show that there exist frequent fluctuations from high to low water flow in the 51-year period. In general, the discharge has shown a de- clining trend in the 51 years especially since the 1990s. The annual distribution shows one peak which, year on year is getting smaller. （1） Precipitation has a significant and sustained influence on discharge. （2） A sharp rise of temperature resulted in the increase of evaporation and the decrease of discharge, which has a greater effect than on ice-snow melting. （3） Frozen ground tends to be degraded markedly. There is a significant positive correlation be- tween the permafrost thickness and the discharge. （4） Evaporation rates are significantly increasing, leading to the decrease of discharge. 70% of the discharge reduction resulted from climate change, and the remaining 30% may have been caused by human activities.

Changes in the depths of seasonal freezing and thawing and their effects on vegetation in the Three-River Headwater Region of the Tibetan Plateau

Frozen ground degradation plays an important role in vegetation growth and activity in high-altitude cold regions.This study estimated the spatiotemporal variations in the active layer thickness(ALT)of the permafrost region and the soil freeze depth(SFD)in the seasonally frozen ground region across the Three Rivers Source Region(TRSR)from 1980 to 2014 using the Stefan equation,and differentiated the effects of these variations on alpine vegetation in these two regions.The results showed that the average ALT from 1980 to 2014 increased by23.01 cm/10 a,while the average SFD decreased by 3.41 cm/10 a,and both changed intensively in the transitional zone between the seasonally frozen ground and permafrost.From 1982-2014,the increase in the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)and the advancement of the start of the vegetation growing season(SOS)in the seasonally frozen ground region(0.0078/10 a,1.83 d/10 a)were greater than those in the permafrost region(0.0057/10 a,0.39 d/10 a).The results of the correlation analysis indicated that increases in the ALT and decreases in the SFD in the TRSR could lead to increases in the NDVI and advancement of the SOS.Surface soil moisture played a critical role in vegetation growth in association with the increasing ALT and decreasing SFD.The NDVI for all vegetation types in the TRSR except for alpine vegetation showed an increasing trend that was significantly related to the SFD and ALT.During the study period,the general frozen ground conditions were favorable to vegetation growth,while the average contributions of ALT and SFD to the interannual variation in the NDVI were greater than that of precipitation but less than that of temperature.