Impacts of Climate Change on Seawater Temperature and Total Dissolved Solids: Challenges and Sustainable Solutions for Reverse Osmosis Desalination in the Arabian Gulf Region

This article examines the influence of seawater temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) on reverse osmosis (RO) desalination in the Arabian Gulf region, with a focus on the impact of climate change. The study highlights the changes in seawater temperature and TDS levels over the years and discusses their effects on the efficiency and productivity of RO desalination plants. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring TDS levels and controlling seawater temperature to optimize water production. The article also suggests various solutions, including intensive pre-treatment, development of high-performance membranes, exploration of alternative water sources, and regulation of discharges into the Gulf, to ensure sustainable water supply in the face of rising TDS levels and seawater temperature. Further research and comprehensive monitoring are recommended to understand the implications of these findings and develop effective strategies for the management of marine resources in the Arabian Gulf.

Energy Recovery Device with a Fluid Switcher for Seawater Reverse Osmosis System

Energy recovery device （ERD） is an important part of the seawater reverse osmosis （SWRO） desalination system. There are principally two kinds of ERDs, the centrifugal type and the positive displacement （PD） type. The PD type is of extensive concern and is preferred in large-scale plants. In this article, an innovative fluid switcher was presented and a two-cylinder hydraulic energy recovery unit with a lab-scale fluid switcher was set up. Tap water was used as the working medium instead of the actual seawater and brine in SWRO desalination plants. Under steady state operating conditions, the experimental results were obtained on the variations of the pressure and flow rate to and from the energy recovery unit. The hydraulic recovery efficiency （En） of the energy recovery unit with the fluid switcher reached up to 76.83%.

Study of reverse osmosis membranes fouling by inorganic salts and colloidal particles during seawater desalination

Fouling phenomenon is considered among the major reasons that cause significant increase of operating cost of desalination plants equipped with reverse osmosis(RO)membranes.This phenomenon is studied in the present work in the case of RO polyamide aromatic membranes using model seawater containing inorganic salts and colloidal compounds.Different solubility conditions of CaCO3 and CaSO4 were applied to study RO performances with and without colloid presence.During experiments,the membrane permeate fluxes were continuously monitored.Moreover,studies of chemical composition,structure,and morphology of the materials deposited on the membrane surface were conducted using energy dispersive microanalysis(EDS)X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscopy(SEM).Results show that in conditions of calcium carbonate oversaturation there is a reduction in the permeate flow of 11.2%due to fouling of the membrane by the precipitation of this compound.While in the same conditions of calcium sulphate oversaturation the reduction of the flow is 5%,so we can conclude that in conditions of oversaturation of both salts,calcium carbonate produces a greater fouling of the membrane that in its view causes greater decrease in the flow of permeate.All this based on the results of the test with both salts in oversaturated conditions.Resulting in the formation of calcite and gypsum crystals onto the membranes as XRD analyses stated.Additional presence of colloidal silica in those conditions intensifies strongly the fouling,leading until to 24.1%of permeate flux decrease.

Surface modification of mesoporous silica nanoparticle with 4-triethoxysilylaniline to enhance seawater desalination properties of thin-film nanocomposite reverse osmosis membranes

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles(MSN),with higher water permeability than NaA zeolite,were used to fabricate thin-film nanocomposite(TFN)reverse osmosis(RO)membranes.However,only aminoalkyl-modified MSN and low-pressure(less than 2.1 MPa)RO membrane were investigated.In this study,aminophenyl-modified MSN(AMSN)were synthesized and used to fabricate high-pressure(5.52 MPa)RO membranes.With the increasing of AMSN dosage,the crosslinking degree of the aromatic polyamide decreased,while the hydrophilicity of the membranes increased.The membrane morphology was maintained to show a ridge-and-valley structure,with only a slight increase in membrane surface roughness.At the optimum conditions(AMSN dosage of 0.25 g/L),when compared with the pure polyamide RO membrane,the water flux of the TFN RO membrane(55.67 L/m^2/h)was increased by about 21.6%,while NaCl rejection(98.97%)was slightly decreased by only 0.29%.However,the water flux of the membranes was much lower than expected.We considered that the enhancement of RO membrane permeability is attributed to the reduction of the effective thickness of the PA layer.

Fertilizer drawn forward osmosis as an alternative to 2nd pass seawater reverse osmosis: Estimation of boron removal and energy consumption

Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater.Desalinated seawater is an important alternative water source for sustainable irrigation.However,some issues of the current desalination technology hinder its use for agriculture irrigation,including low boron removal and high energy consumption.This study systematically explored the feasibility of employing fertilizer drawn forward osmosis(FDFO)as an alternative to 2nd pass reverse osmosis(RO)by considering the boron removal performance and specific energy consumption(SEC).Different operating conditions were investigated,such as the boron and NaCl concentrations in feed solution(FS),draw solution(DS)concentration,pH,the volume ratio of FS to DS,membrane orientation,flow rate,and operating temperature.The results indicated that a low boron concentration in FS and high DS pH(pH=11.0)decreased the boron solute flux,and led to low final boron concentration in the DS.The other operating conditions had negligible influence on the final DS boron concentration.Also,a lower flow rate and higher specific water flux with certain permeate water volumes were conducive to reducing the SEC of the FDFO process.Overall,our study paves a new way of using FDFO in irrigation,which avoids the phytotoxicity and human health risk of boron.The results show the potential of FDFO as an alternative to 2nd pass RO for irrigation water production.

反渗透海水淡化(SWRO)能量回收技术应用分析

反渗透技术已经在国内外的海水淡化工程中得到广泛应用,能量回收装置的应用使得反渗透海水淡化产水能耗大大降低,制水成本大幅下降。本文简要介绍了反渗透海水淡化能量回收技术及其经济成本分析,反渗透海水淡化能量回收装的分类,并对主流能量回收装置进行比较分析。SWRO系统中的流体能量回收利用技术有着良好的前景。

SWRO+MVR工艺处理净水厂浓盐水零排放工程设计

针对某生活净水厂排放的反渗透浓水的特点及处理要求,选择海水淡化反渗透膜(SWRO)+蒸汽机械再压缩(MVR)工艺进行处理,处理规模为5000 m3/d。系统出水回用于园区杂用水和工业用水,浓水则最终转化为固体杂盐后再外运处置。实现了废水“零排放”,工艺流程可以为其他类似项目提供参考和借鉴。

多介质过滤-超滤组合工艺用于SWRO预处理的中试研究

反渗透海水淡化的预处理能够有效控制膜污染,延长反渗透膜使用寿命。采用多介质过滤-超滤组合工艺对热法海水淡化浓盐水预处理进行了中试研究,组合工艺产水直接进入反渗透海水淡化除盐单元。中试结果表明,采用此组合工艺可将热法海水淡化浓盐水的浊度和SDI15值分别降至0.1 NTU和1.0以下,产水可直接安全进入后续反渗透海水淡化单元。反渗透单元脱盐率平均值为98.7%,对热法海水淡化浓盐水除盐具有较好的效果。

基于PLC反渗透海水淡化控制系统的设计与开发

针对反渗透海水淡化系统工艺复杂、运维繁琐、对操作人员专业技能要求高的特点,研发了一套反渗透海水淡化控制系统。详细研究整个工艺系统中预处理、反渗透等关键工艺环节的原理及自动控制过程。从系统的硬件设计和软件开发两个方面进行详细阐述。硬件设计方面,根据装置规模和控制需求完成控制系统设备选型。软件开发方面,完成控制器及人机交互界面多套软件的开发。该系统成功应用于高校反渗透海水淡化教学实践课。应用结果表明:该系统设计合理、操作界面简洁方便,在稳定安全运行的同时可实现教学培训、故障处理等目的。该系统在提高海水淡化操作人员专业技能的同时,也对高校创新其他专业的实操培训课程提供了借鉴和技术支撑。

反渗透海水淡化技术在核能综合利用上的应用研究

在全球能源与水资源日益紧张的背景下,探索高效且可持续的能源与水资源利用方式成为当务之急。聚焦于反渗透海水淡化技术与核能综合利用相结合,旨在探索一种新的资源利用模式,以应对能源和水资源的双重挑战。研究结果表明,基于核能供能的反渗透海水淡化可提高能效、减少化石燃料依赖和温室气体排放,同时降低水的黏度,优化能源的综合利用效率。

细菌在反渗透膜生物污染中的作用及防控研究进展

海水反渗透膜的生物污染是海水淡化行业面临的一个世界性难题。查阅近年国内外关于海水淡化系统反渗透膜生物污染的文献以及其他相关资料,对海水淡化系统RO膜上优势细菌群落组成及胞外聚合物在膜生物污染中的作用进行了总结,讨论了与膜污染有关的耐氯菌种并简述了以预处理为主的常见防控方法和使用群体抑制酶为主的生物防治新方法。为解决耐氯菌生物膜难以被杀菌剂去除、处理成本较高等问题,提出未来应针对耐氯菌及其他胞外聚合物分泌能力强的微生物等开展研究,并结合预处理、化学清洗和生物控制等方法设计因地制宜的全面防控方案。

国产IPX能量回收装置在大型反渗透海水淡化中的运行

介绍了国产电机驱动转子式能量回收装置在山东某海水淡化厂中的运行情况。该海水淡化厂采用气浮-超滤预处理,经二级反渗透淡化,二级反渗透产能为5万m^(3)/d。一级反渗透海水淡化设置了3套产能为1.96万m^(3)/d SWRO单元,其中1#单元采用了国产IPX-110能量回收装置,2020年5月完成调试,测试效率为90.5%,运行3年多,当前效率为92.0%,运行性能稳定;2#和3#单元采用了进口PX能量回收装置。运行结果各项指标均达设计目标,满足了周边工业企业用水要求。

海水淡化反渗透膜生物污堵防控及早期监测防控研究进展

海水淡化是生产清洁水的重要手段,反渗透(RO)是目前海水淡化系统中应用最广泛的技术之一。然而,随着RO系统的运行,RO膜表面或内部会发生有机物、无机物、微生物等污染现象,从而导致膜通量和截留率降低,影响膜性能和减少使用周期,大大增加了工程的运行成本,其中生物污染是引起膜功能下降的首要原因。综述了海水淡化RO膜的几种污染形式,对近年来国内外RO膜生物污染早期监测和防控方面的研究及分析成果进行了总结,阐述了微生物污染的形式、发生膜生物污染的原因及相关早期监测方法。有针对性地提出了解决方案,并对RO膜污堵防控提出了新思路。

超滤-反渗透海水淡化工程投资、成本及效益的影响因素分析

水资源问题如今已经成为世界性问题,海水淡化是缓解水资源问题的1个重要手段,其发展已经引起全球性的重视。目前,超滤-反渗透工艺是1种比较主流的海水淡化技术。由于海水淡化工程的投资与制水成本相较于一般给水工程更高,导致其推广应用受到一定制约。为了进一步推动此类工程降本增效,文章选取超滤-反渗透海水淡化工程实例,分析其工程投资、制水成本及工程效益的影响因素,并且提出控制投资、降低成本以及提升效益的建议。为控制投资,应选取水质较好且稳定的取水海域,制定合理的规划方案,使其拥有一定的规模效应;并充分优化取排水、产水输送方案,合理配置设备方案,避免非必要的建设投资。为控制成本,应选用低能耗、设备利用率高、投资性价比高的设备。为了提高工程效益,应结合工程所在地的产业配置,配置合适的配套产业,通过副产品的销售,提升海水淡化工程的工程效益。

反渗透海水淡化系统混合膜设计

节能型反渗透海水淡化系统的设计对于进一步降低制水成本,促进海水淡化的普及应用意义深远。混合膜设计(HID)是一种新颖的反渗透系统设计方式,其特色是在同一个压力容器内排列不同类型的膜元件,通过不同膜元件性能互补实现效益最大化。文中采用软件模拟方式,以水质、能耗、配流为考察指标,首先对杜邦(DuPont)、LG、东丽(Toray)、海德能(Hydranautics)四大主流膜产品在HID中的性能差异进行对比,结果表明,Toray膜在平衡流量和节能效率方面具有明显优势。进一步以Toray膜为研究对象,深入探讨温度和配置比例对性能指标的影响,结果表明,温度是影响HID的一个重要因素,在水温低、水质变化较小的北方海域,HID节能效应更突出,效率可达9%,流量平衡效应明显增强。

荧光示踪剂在监测二级水浓缩倍数中的应用

文章针对反渗透海水淡化二级产品水作为循环冷却系统补充水时,水中离子含量低、药剂干扰大,导致浓缩倍数计算结果偏差大的问题,采用添加荧光化合物的方法监测系统浓缩倍数,并探讨了荧光示踪剂1,3,6,8-芘四磺酸钠在去离子水中的荧光特性,考察了杀菌剂、阻垢缓蚀剂对荧光特性的影响;采用静态阻垢性能试验方法,模拟冷却系统条件,综合评价了浓缩条件变化对其荧光特性的影响。结果表明,1,3,6,8-芘四磺酸钠荧光信号稳定,能够有效监测循环冷却系统浓缩倍数变化。

海水淡化工程反渗透装置加载施工工艺研究

阿联酋乌姆盖万海水淡化项目采用先进的“反渗透膜法”海水淡化工艺,拥有数量庞大的反渗透膜,因此需要合理规划及控制反渗透膜加载进程。文章通过分析反渗透膜加载施工工艺,创新性地提出四个关键技术,研究成果可以有效提升反渗装置膜加载技术水平。

超级双相不锈钢内部化学清洗关键施工工艺研究

阿联酋乌姆盖万150MIGD海水淡化项目是全球第二大膜法海水淡化项目,拥有数量巨大的反渗透膜壳(ROPV)。反渗透膜壳的渗透侧与盐水侧均离不开超级双相不锈钢管,长期运营后污垢附着在不锈钢管表面,会影响淡化效率。基于此,文章提出了一种安全方便、环境友好的化学清洗方案,并创新性地提出了两大关键技术。研究成果可供相关专业研究人员参考。

正渗透膜技术及其应用

正渗透技术为水资源和环境问题提供了低能耗、高效率的解决方法,同时正渗透技术还是一种绿色能源技术,可以将自然界中常见的渗透能直接转化为电能。近年来,正渗透技术在国际上得到了广泛的重视,探索和研究工作正不断发展。本文就正渗透技术中的膜材料最新进展和正渗透技术在海水淡化、绿色能源、污水回用、航空航天、食品浓缩等行业的应用进行了详实的综述,并展望了我国在该领域的发展前景。

正渗透-水纯化和脱盐的新途径

正渗透作为一种潜在的水纯化和淡化新技术,国际上正对其进行着多角度、深层次的理论研究和实践探索。本文综述了正渗透的原理、当前的发展水平及其现存问题,旨在引起我国相关领域科研人员对它的重视。