Persistent organic pollutants control strategy in China

The development of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs) control policy in China in the context of international concerns on POPs was reviewed. The aspects of the Chinese POPs control strategies were analyzed, and compared with those of developed counterparts (e.g. US, EU, Japan). Currently, while the legal framework on POPs management, which complies with international guidelines has been established, it should be improved in the areas of special POPs management, risk assessment, the precautionary principle, life-cycle management and technical support capacity. The analysis of Chinese POPs policy and suggestions for strengthening the science-based decision making capacity are not only useful for Chinese decision-makers, but also a case study for developing world and make a great contribution for the global elimination of POPs to make a toxic-free future.

Detection of Persistent Organochlorine Pollutants in Eggs of Antarctic Seabirds Based on Gas Chromatography and Their Ecological Environment Significance

By using internal standard method based on gas chromatography-electron capture detector （GC-ECD）, the contents of persistent or- ganochlorine pollutants polychorinated biphenyls （PCBs） and organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） in eggs of seabirds （ Catharacta Ionnbergi, Cathar- acta maccormicki, Pygoscelis papua and Macronectes giganteus） breeding on King George Island, Antarctica were detected, and their ecological environment significance was discussed. The results showed that the recovery of various compounds ranged from 68.6% to 90.8% ; relative stand- ard deviation （RSD） was 3.6%, and the lowest detection limits of PCBs and OCPs were 0.8 - 16 and 2 - 12 pg respectively, which could meet the demands for the residue analysis of trace persistent organochlorine pollutants in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds. The contents of PCBs, DDTs, HCB and HCHs in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds were 0.5 -515.5, 2.0 -304.4,0.5 -70.5, and 0.5 -2.0 ng/g respectively. In addition, the accumula- tion of PCBs and OCPs in the skuas was enhanced gradually through the food chain. The maximums of persistent organochlorine pollutants ap- peared in the eggs of C. Ionnbergi, followed by the eggs of C. maccomicki. The detection of OCPs and PCBs in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds was not interfered by other compounds containing chlorine, showing that the extraction, purification and detection method was suitable for the analysis of OCPs and PCBs in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds and has high sensitivity and reliability.

Distribution of persistent organic pollutants in aggregate fractions of a temperate forest and semi-rural soil

The fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their interactions with aggregates of forest soils are not completely understood. Our objectives here were to quantify the distribution of different POPs in water-stable aggregate fractions and to study their influence on soil organic carbon (Corg) content. Soil samples were taken from a forest-site, Gogerddan (G) and a semi-rural site, Hazelrigg (H) in Great Britain, from 0-2 and 2-5 cm and 0-4 and 8-12 cm soil depth, respectively. POPs analyzed were PAHs, PCBs, total DDT, PBDEs and HCB. The bulk soil analysis showed that the concentration of POPs was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in forest site G than in semi-rural site H, particularly at the surface soil levels compared to the subsurface soil depths in both sites. Total concentrations of PCBs and PAHs of both sites were positively correlated with Corg contents. POPs concentrations and Corg, Nt contents of forest site G were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in water-stable macro aggregates (>0.25, >1, >2 mm) than the micro aggregates (>0.053 mm). The POP concentrations of all aggregate fractions after normalizing to their respective Corg content were increased due higher contamination and strong sorption by Corg. These results showed a strong effect of Corg on the partitioning of organic pollutants to soil aggregate size fractions. The present study affirms the ecological significance of forest soils act as a potential sink of POPs. In summary, our results suggest that aggregate fractions may promote soil C storage and act as a potential POP sink in surface soil without increasing their concentration in the aggregate fraction of subsoil.

Pollution Status of Dioxins Persistent Organic Pollutants in Guangxi and Control Countermeasures

Production and pollution control situations of dioxins persistent organic pollutants in Guangxi were introduced.Pollution status of dioxins persistent organic pollutants in Guangxi was understood,and the existing problems in pollution control were analyzed,and finally pollution control countermeasures and suggestions were proposed.

Sources and Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants at Three Passive Monitoring Sites in South Africa

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (SCPOPs) is an international treaty that operates under the patronage of the United Nations (UN) to control certain chemicals that are considered persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They are of great concern because of their adverse effects on human health and the environment. Exposure to POPs may lead to cancer, infertility, respiratory infections, and other health complications. It is therefore critical to study the degree of human and environmental exposure to these POPs. Passive air sampling was conducted in South Africa to evaluate the presence and trends of persistent organic pollutants at Barberspan (rural agricultural), Vanderbijl Park (urban industrial) and Molopo Nature Reserve (isolated nature reserve). Samples were collected in 2012. Passive air samplers using poly were used for sampling. The Buchi System B-811 automatic extractor was used to analyze for dichloro-diphenyl-trichlorethane (DDT), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB), hexechlorobenzene (HCB) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). Sampling was conducted for a period of one year. POPs concentrations were generally low at all sites, but Vanderbijl Park had the highest concentrations. Seasonal changes in concentrations were much the same at the three sites with temperatures and wind patterns being major factors. The presence of these chemicals in Molopo Nature Reserve and Barberspan is evidence of long range transportation over dry semi desert areas. Back-trajectories indicate possible sources, including areas where DDT is used for malaria control. The presence of POPs is areas they have never been in use poses health and environmental risks in these areas.

Research Progress and Challenges on Persistent Organic Pollutants in Lakes

Lakes are the main reservoirs of persistent organic pollutants(POPs)from land,atmo sphere and rivers.POPs in lakes undergo complex exchange,transformation,and degradation between water-air-sediment-biota interfaces,which are constrained and regulated by various physical,chemical and biological factors.POPs can affect ecological conditions,chemical properties of water and sedi ments,and biodiversity of the lake system.Therefore,it is important to study the sources,migration,transformation,environmental behavior and ecological impacts of POPs in lake ecosystems.This re view summarizes research progress on detection technologies,diversity and origins,historical records,migration and transformation,distribution patterns,degradation and toxic effects of POPs in lakes.Fi nally,future directions related to POPs in lakes were summarized.

Changes in Adipose Tissue and Circulating Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Midlife Women

Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)and organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)are persistent organic pollutants(POPs)that bioaccumulate in adipose tissue.We investigated the relationship between change in central adiposity and changes in circulating concentrations of POPs over a 12-year period during the midlife.Serum concentrations of 34 PCBs and 19 OCPs were measured at four time points(1999/2000,2002/03,2005/06,2009/11)in a cohort of midlife women,the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation.Linear mixed models were used to test the association between a change in waist circumference and a change in serum POP concentrations.Sixty-five women contributed 181 PCB observations.Fifty-nine women contributed 151 OCP observations.After adjustment for covariates(study site,race and ethnicity,age at baseline,parity),a one-inch(2.54 cm)increase in the change in waist circumference between visits was associated with a 4.9%decrease in the change in serum concentration of PCB 194(95%CI:−8.0%,−1.6%).No associations were observed for other PCB congeners or the presence of OCPs.An increase in the difference in waist circumference over time was not associated with a change in the difference in serum concentrations of PCBs and OCPs except for PCB 194,possibly due to the high lipophilicity.

Gender-and Age-Group Specific Association of Persistent Organic Pollutants(POPs)Exposure with Diabetes Mellitus:Korean National Environmental Health Survey(KoNEHS)2015−2017

Exposure to persistent organic pollutants(POPs)has been reported as a potential risk factor for diabetes in adults.However,effect modifications by sex and age,especially among Asian populations,have seldom been investigated.In the present study,we assessed associations of major POPs exposure including organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs),with diabetes in Korean adults(n=1,295),a subset of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey(KoNEHS)Cycle 3(2015−2017).In the adult population,serum levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs)and PCB167 showed an increased odds ratio(OR)for diabetes.When stratified by gender,associations became stronger and more consistent in women:In women,serum levels of OCPs including p,p′-DDT,p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene(p,p′-DDE),andΣOCPs and mono-ortho PCBs,such as PCB118 and PCB157,were significantly associated with diabetes.In the male participants,however,no significant positive associations were detected.When stratified by a cutoff age of 50 years,most studied POPs except PBDEs,i.e.,p,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDE,PCB118,PCB157,PCB167,PCB138,and PCB153,showed significant associations with diabetes,in the older adults.In the younger group,however,no measured POPs showed a significant positive association.Effects of endogenous sex hormones or interaction of POPs on aryl hydrocarbon receptors may partly explain the observed differences by gender and age,although further experimental confirmations should follow.Our findings show that POPs exposure at the current levels is associated with diabetes among general Korean adults,and such associations could be modified by gender and age.

浮游生物对持久性有机污染物迁移和转化影响的研究进展

持久性有机污染物(persistent organic pollutants,POPs)被持续排放到自然环境中,严重危害环境安全和生命健康。海洋、河流等水环境是POPs重要的“汇”,作为水生食物链的起点,浮游生物在水生生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中扮演着重要的角色,其对POPs的吸附、吸收、转化及运输,在很大程度上影响了POPs的环境行为。本文将浮游生物对POPs迁移和转化的可能影响进行了总结,综合分析了浮游植物和浮游动物对POPs的吸附-吸收和生物富集/放大过程及影响以上过程的生物和环境因素,从脱卤代谢、氧化代谢和微生物联合代谢3个方面阐述了浮游生物对POPs的降解及转化机制,最后讨论了浮游生物的生物泵作用对POPs垂直迁移的影响。本文能够为水生生物影响POPs迁移和转化的研究提供重要参考。

东海近岸持久性有机污染物分布及其影响因素

收集分析近10a东海近岸海水和沉积物中全氟烷基物(PFASs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)、有机氯农药(OCPs)、邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)和多环芳烃(PAHs)等六种典型持久性有机污染物(POPs)的分布及其影响因素的研究数据.结果表明,基于半数效应浓度(EC50)或海洋沉积物质量标准对海水和沉积物中POPs的生态风险评估,表明东海近岸大部分海域的PCBs、PBDEs和OCPs生态风险较低,但在杭州湾附近海域处于轻微至中等生态风险水平.PAHs整体上处于中等偏低及以下风险,PAEs处于中等偏高风险.PFASs处于中等及以下风险,但其中的全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)在长江口附近的生态风险较高.来自陆源输入的POPs在东海近岸海水和沉积物中的分布主要受到长江冲淡水、大气干湿沉降、沿岸流和潮汐作用的影响,呈现出绝大多数污染物含量在长江口和杭州湾附近较高,且向外海和南部沿岸总体降低的趋势.在浙闽沿岸泥质区、东海陆架泥质区,沉积物中部分污染物含量明显较高,与泥质区细颗粒泥沙对POPs的结合能力较强密切相关.长江冲淡水与东海海水交汇过程中温盐差异形成的“大陆边缘过滤器”效应,使得沉积物中部分POPs含量在盐度1~5的海域较高.东海的季节性低氧使得DDTs和PCBs等POPs普遍发生还原降解作用.除生物降解作用之外,生物泵和生物扰动等也会影响POPs在东海的分布.虽然我国已加强了对POPs的管控,但目前东海近岸的局部海域的POPs污染仍然存在,有待未来进一步完善POPs的监测手段和风险评价标准,并继续加强对新污染物的监测和环境行为研究.

华南地区典型食用鱼中4类卤代芳香化合物的污染特征和摄入风险

卤代芳香类化合物(HACs)具有环境普遍存在性、持久性、生物富集性和各种毒性,其污染和风险因此受到广泛关注。本研究对华南地区5种常见鱼肉中4类典型HACs进行了分析,结果表明,鱼肉中多氯代二苯并二噁英/呋喃(PCDD/Fs)、类二噁英多氯联苯(DL-PCBs)、多溴代二苯并二噁英/呋喃(PBDD/Fs)和总二噁英类(dioxins)毒性当量(TEQ)的平均值±标准偏差(范围)分别为(0.0680±0.3230)pg·g^(-1)(0~2.21 pg·g^(-1))、(0.118±0.124)pg·g^(-1)(0.000451~0.528 pg·g^(-1))、(0.139±0.164)pg·g^(-1)(0.00882~0.917 pg·g^(-1))和(0.325±0.366)pg·g^(-1)(0.0409~2.30 pg·g^(-1))(以单位湿质量计),均低于欧盟规定的鱼肉中dioxins的TEQ限值;5种鱼中桂花鱼的总TEQ和摄入风险最高,其次是鳗鱼和鲶鱼,鲈鱼最低,但种类间并无显著差异。鱼肉中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的浓度(0.347±0.297)ng·g^(-1)(0.0191~1.40 ng·g^(-1))(以单位湿质量计)与国内外相比中等偏低,种类变化顺序为三文鱼>鳗鱼>鲈鱼>桂花鱼>鲶鱼。鱼肉中的PCDD/Fs以高氯代PCDDs为主,可能源于污染饲料和五氯酚/五氯酚钠的使用;DL-PCBs以PCB-118和PCB-105为主,主要源于其商业品和金属冶炼过程;PBDEs的来源包括其商业品和高溴PBDEs脱溴降解;PBDD/Fs以高溴PBDFs为主,其污染与PBDEs密切相关。华南地区居民通过膳食鱼肉摄入4类HACs的致癌和非致癌风险值分别为6.56×10-6~2.87×10-5和0.0314~0.114,其中儿童风险值高于青少年和成人。PBDD/Fs对总TEQ和摄入风险的贡献(平均45.6%)远高于其他HACs,其生物体污染和风险值得持续关注。

填料、微生物和植物对生物滞留设施POPs归趋的影响研究进展

根据生物滞留设施中POPs的国内外相关研究,综述了生物滞留设施对POPs的去除效果及其影响因素、设施填料对POPs的吸附特性以及设施内微生物和植物对POPs的作用机理与响应情况等,并对未来发展方向进行了展望,为提高生物滞留设施的使用寿命及对POPs的控制效果提供理论依据。

持久性有机污染物在危险废物鉴别中的限值修订建议

持久性有机污染物(POPs)已频繁在多种环境介质和人体组织中检出并受到环境研究者的重点关注。固体废物是POPs重要的源和汇,科学合理地处置含POPs固体废物对于遏制和减少该类污染物的环境危害具有重要意义。随着《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》清单的更新,我国现行的GB 5085.6—2007《危险废物鉴别标准毒性物质含量鉴别》也需要及时修订完善。针对这一需求,对比了国内外含POPs固体废物的管理限值要求,梳理了我国典型固体废物或固体样品中POPs的残留现状。结果显示,大多数固体废物、环境样品或生物体中POPs含量在十亿分之一到百万分之一的水平,一些POPs在用途较大的样品中接近或可达千分之一的水平。其中,固体废物中POPs可能高于限值风险的种类有多溴联苯醚类、五氯酚和短链氯化石蜡等。结合我国现行危险废物鉴别标准制定的方法学,综合考虑技术可行性和社会经济影响等方面的因素,给出了我国《重点管控新污染物清单(2023年版)》中列举的19种(类)POPs在毒性物质含量鉴别中的建议修订限值。

2013—2023年兰州山谷持续性冷池空气污染特征

持续性冷池(Persistent Cold Air Pools,PCAPs)在山谷城市长时间聚集空气污染物,严重影响居民生活与身体健康。本文使用2013年1月—2023年11月的探空数据和空气质量逐日数据,计算并统计分析了兰州山谷PCAPs发生特点,以及PCAPs强度对污染物浓度变化的影响,最后对比分析PCAPs事件期间存在沙尘气溶胶污染时各污染物浓度的变化情况。结果发现:2013—2023年期间一共发生59次PCAPs事件,共计持续197 d。PCAPs期间的山谷热亏缺与PM2.5浓度比非PCAPs期间分别高4.4 J·m^(-2)和52.59μg·m^(-3)。PCAPs期间空气质量指数(Air Quality Index,AQI)、SO2浓度、NO2浓度、CO浓度、PM10浓度增长分别为70.37%、144.3%、84.3%、156%、73.15%,而O3浓度下降60.89%。在PCAPs期间并且无沙尘气溶胶时,PM2.5:PM10的值平均在0.58,在PCAPs期间并且有沙尘气溶胶时,PM2.5:PM10的值平均在0.31。当存在沙尘气溶胶时PM2.5浓度、PM10浓度、AQI、O3浓度增长分别为:18.33%、133.03%、84.44%、8.5%;而SO2浓度和CO浓度则分别降低17.54%和17.88%。研究结果可为兰州地区大气污染防治及管理策略提供参考。

2015~2022年重庆市近地面臭氧的暴露风险及环境影响

为综合评估近地面臭氧(O_(3))对人类健康和生态系统等的暴露风险,及其对二次颗粒物形成的环境影响,本文研究了重庆市2015~2022年O_(3)长期变化特征,采用多种指标综合表征O_(3)暴露对健康、经济和植被的长期影响及短期持续污染的暴露风险,并探讨O_(3)对夜间硝酸盐生成的潜在作用.结果表明:近年来重庆市近地面O_(3)呈总体上升趋势,夜间O_(3)浓度逐渐增长,春季的高O_(3)事件不容忽视.相应的各类O_(3)长期暴露风险指标均总体呈现2015~2019年先增加后逐渐下降的趋势.短期的O_(3)持续暴露风险相较污染前后显著增加.夜间O_(3)的升高会增大NO_(3)自由基生成速率(PNO_(3)),从而促进N_(2)O_(5)异质水解及夜间硝酸盐的形成,且在高湿伴随的污染条件下更为显著.可见,夜间O_(3)变化的潜在暴露风险及对二次无机盐的生成作用值得深入研究.

黑水虻幼虫降解磺胺类抗生素及其营养成分分析

目前,持久性有机污染物带来的生态风险和环境污染日益严重,尤其是抗生素在生产过程中残留大量有毒有害的有机废弃物抗生素菌渣。黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)是处理有机废弃物的良好选择,具有抗逆性强等特点。试验以黑水虻幼虫作为载体,选取磺胺类(SAs)抗生素作为有机污染物,设置不同浓度梯度的SAs,探究黑水虻幼虫降解SAs的可行性及其体内营养成分的变化。研究发现:黑水虻幼虫抗逆性很好,幼虫的生长发育没有受到抑制,其营养成分中粗蛋白质的含量由31.18%升高到54.60%,并且对SAs的降解效率可达80.47%,比无黑水虻幼虫降解的33.56%有明显提升,最重要的是在幼虫体内未检测到SAs的存在。通过进一步对幼虫肠道微生物进行16S rRNA分析发现,Enterococcus、Bacteria_unclassified、Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified和Dysgonomonas对SAs的胁迫响应明显。综合黑水虻幼虫的生长性能、幼虫营养成分、SAs的降解率以及肠道微生物分析结果,幼虫对SAs的降解是一种更实用、更环保的可行性方案,并且还可以增加幼虫体内的粗蛋白质含量。

气相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱测定植物油中57种持久性有机污染物

建立一种LPAS快速滤过净化柱结合气相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱测定植物油中57种持久性有机污染物(POPs)残留量的方法。样品用乙腈-乙酸乙酯(体积比2:1)超声重复提取3次,提取液氮吹浓缩后经LPAS柱净化,用气相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱在全扫描模式下检测。结果表明:57种POPs在0.4~100μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9950;检出限为0.25~2.00μg/kg,定量限为0.8~6.0μg/kg;基质加标水平为0.8~60μg/kg时,平均回收率为62.4%~125.3%,相对标准偏差为1.2%~9.9%。利用该方法检测市售30例样品,其中8例检出多环芳烃,多氯联苯和有机氯农药均未检出。建立的方法简单、准确,适用于植物油中POPs残留的快速筛查。

持续性大雾天气成因及大气污染程度变化研究

为了更好的治理大气污染,防止持续性大雾天气对生态系统的光合作用、植物呼吸、植物病害、生物多样性和飞行动物等方面产生负面的影响。提出持续性大雾天气成因以及大雾污染程度变化研究。选取江苏省作为研究区域,将江苏省2020年1月12日-15日出现的持续性大雾天气作为研究背景,分析了江苏省各市能见度变化情况,以及空气质量指数、PM2.5和PM10的变化情况。研究了气象因素(温度、湿度和风速)对持续性大雾天气形成产生的影响,同时分析了不同站点处空气污染物的浓度变化情况,结合相关性分析获取上述污染物与气象因素与雾时数和霾时数的相关性。