Turbulence-induced changes in degree of polarization,degree of coherence and spectrum of partially coherent electromagnetic beams

Based on a recently formulated unified theory of coherence and polarization, a method is described to study turbulence-induced changes in the polarization, the coherence and the spectrum of partially coherent electromagnetic beams on propagation. The electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beam is taken as a typical example of partially coherent electromagnetic beams, and the closed-form expressions for the degree of polarization, the degree of coherence and the spectrum of electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence are derived in the quadratic approximation of Rytov＇s phase structure function. Some interesting results are obtained, which are illustrated by numerical examples and are explained in physics.

Can two partially coherent cosh-Gaussian beams generate far fields with the same spectral degree of coherence?

Taking partially coherent cosh-Gaussian （ChG） beams as an example of more general partially coherent beams, we have studied the spectral degree of coherence of partially coherent ChG beams in the far field. It is shown that, unlike Gaussian Schell-model （GSM） beams, in the strict sense there do not exist two partially coherent ChG beams which can generate far fields with the same spectral degree of coherence. However, under certain conditions it is possible to find two partially coherent ChG beams with the same spectral degree of coherence in the far field.

NUMERICAL RESEARCH ON THE COHERENT STRUCTURE IN THE VISCOELASTIC SECOND-ORDER MIXING LAYERS

Numerical simulations have been performed in time-developing plane mixing layers of the viscoelastic second-order fluids with pseudo-spectral method. Roll-up, pairing and merging of large eddies were examined at high Reynolds numbers and low Deborah numbers. The effect of viscoelastics on the evolution of the large coherent structure was shown by making a comparison between the second-order and Newtonian fluids at the same Reynolds numbers.

Correction of the second-order degree of coherence measurement

The measurement of the second-order degree of coherence [g（2）（t）] is one of the important methods used to study the dynamical evolution of photon-matter interaction systems. Here, we use a nitrogen-vacancy center in a diamond to compare the measurement of g（2） （t） with two methods. One is the prototype measurement process with a tunable delay. The other is a start-stop process based on the time-to-amplitude conversion （TAC） and multichannel analyzer （MCA） system, which is usually applied to achieve efficient measurements. The divergence in the measurement results is observed when the delay time is comparable with the mean interval time between two neighboring detected photons. Moreover, a correction function is presented to correct the results from the TAC-MCA system to the genuine g（2）（t）. Such a correction method will provide a way to study the dynamics in photonic systems for quantum information techniques.

Robust far-field imaging by spatial coherence engineering

The degree of coherence(DOC)function that characterizes the second-order correlations at any two points in a light field is shown to provide a new degree of freedom for carrying information.As a rule,the DOC varies along the beam propagation path,preventing from the efficient information recovery.In this paper,we report that when a partially coher-ent beam carrying a cross phase propagates in free space,in a paraxial optical system or in a turbulent medium,the modulus of the far-field(focal plane)DOC acquires the same value as it has in the source plane.This unique propaga-tion feature is employed in a novel protocol for far-field imaging via the DOC,applicable to transmission in both free-space and turbulence.The advantages of the proposed approach are the confidentiality and resistance to turbulence,as well as the weaker requirement for the beam alignment accuracy.We demonstrate the feasibility and the robustness of the far-field imaging via the DOC in the turbulent media through both the experiment and the numerical simulations.Our findings have potential applications in optical imaging and remote sensing in natural environments,in the presence of op-tical turbulence.

Observer design for matrix second-order linear systems: a parametric approach

The issue of designing a type of generalized Luenberger observers for matrix second-order linear (MSOL) systems was addressed in the matrix second-order framework. By introducing the concept of stable matrix pair for MSOL systems, sufficient and necessary conditions for the design of the type of generalized Luenberger observers were given under the assumption of controllability and observability of the MSOL system. Based on the proposed conditions and the right coprime factorization of the system, a parametric approach to the design of such type of observers was presented. The proposed approach provides all the degrees of design freedom, which can be further utilized to achieve additional system specifications. A spring-mass system was utilized to show the effect of the proposed method.

Robust measurement of orbital angular momentum of a partially coherent vortex beam under amplitude and phase perturbations

The ability to overcome the negative effects,induced by obstacles and turbulent atmosphere,is a core challenge of long-distance information transmission,and it is of great significance in free-space optical communication.The spatial-coherence structure,that characterizes partially coherent fields,provides a new degree of freedom for carrying information.However,due to the influence of the complex transmission environment,the spatial-coherence structure is severely damaged during the propagation path,which undoubtedly limits its ability to transmit information.Here,we realize the robust far-field orbital angular momentum(OAM)transmission and detection by modulating the spatial-coherence structure of a partially coherent vortex beam with the help of the cross-phase.The cross-phase enables the OAM information,quantified by the topological charge,hidden in the spatial-coherence structure can be stably transmitted to the far field and can resist the influence of obstructions and turbulence within the communication link.This is due to the self-reconstruction property of the spatial-coherence structure embedded with the cross-phase.We demonstrate experimentally that the topological charge information can be recognized well by measuring the spatial-coherence structure in the far field,exhibiting a set of distinct and separated dark rings even under amplitude and phase perturbations.Our findings open a door for robust optical signal transmission through the complex environment and may find application in optical communication through a turbulent atmosphere.

Scattering of a general partially coherent beam from a diffuse target in atmospheric turbulence

The second-order and fourth-order statistical moments of the speckle field from a diffuse target in atmospheric turbulence are studied which have great influence on the performance of lidar systems. By expanding a general rotationally symmetric beam as a sum of Gaussian-Schell model （GSM） beams, the mean intensity of the general beam propagating over a distance in an atmospheric turbulence is formulated. Expressions for the degree of coherence （DOC） and the normalized intensity variance of the scattered field of a general beam from a rough surface in turbulence are derived based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. The general expressions reduce to the well-known forms for a GSM beam. Another example for the general beam used in this paper is the collimated flat-topped beam. The results of both kinds of beams show that the intensity profile on the target plane is a key factor affecting the statistical characteristics of the speckle field. A larger beam spot on the target plane induces a smaller coherence length and a smaller normalized intensity variance of the received field. As turbulence gets stronger, the coherence length becomes smaller, and the normalized intensity variance firstly increases and declines to unity finally.

Determination of myocardial ischemia and degree of reperfusion based on optical coherence tomography

The feasibility of applying optical coherence tomography （OCT） in determining the degree of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is assessed. The left anterior descending coronary artery of 90 Sprague-Dawley rats are ligated and reperfused at different times. The total attenuation coefficient obtained from the OCT images in the experimental group keeps increasing with reperfusion time and highly correlates with the histopathological characteristics （P 〈 0.01）. We present evidence proving the feasibility of using OCT for evaluating myocardial ischemia reperfusion.

A Design Method of Noncoherent Unitary Space-Time Codes

We generalized an constructing method of noncoherent unitary space time codes (N-USTC) over Rayleigh flat fading channels. A family of N-USTCs with T symbol peroids, M transmit and N receive antennas was constructed by the exponential mapping method based on the tangent subspace of the Grassmann manifold. This exponential mapping method can transform the coherent space time codes (C-STC) into the N-USTC on the Grassmann manifold. We infered an universal framework of constructing a C-STC that is designed by using the algebraic number theory and has full rate and full diversity (FRFD) for t symbol periods and same antennas, where M, N, T, t are general positive integer. We discussed the constraint condition that the exponential mapping has only one solution, from which we presented a approach of searching the optimum adjustive factor αopt that can generate an optimum noncoherent codeword. For different code parameters M, N, T, t and the optimum adjustive factor αopt, we gave the simulation results of the several N-USTCs.

Measurement of the degree of temporal coherence of unpolarized light beams

We measure the electromagnetic degree of temporal coherence and the associated coherence time for quasi-monochromatic unpolarized light beams emitted by an LED, a filtered halogen lamp, and a multimode He–Ne laser.The method is based on observing at the output of a Michelson interferometer the visibilities(contrasts) of the intensity and polarization-state modulations expressed in terms of the Stokes parameters. The results are in good agreement with those deduced directly from the source spectra. The measurements are repeated after passing the beams through a linear polarizer so as to elucidate the role of polarization in electromagnetic coherence. While the polarizer varies the equal-time degree of coherence consistently with the theoretical predictions and alters the inner structure of the coherence matrix, the coherence time remains almost unchanged when the light varies from unpolarized to polarized. The results are important in the areas of applications dealing with physical optics and electromagnetic interference.

Recent advances in partially coherent beams with prescribed degrees of coherence

Coherence is one of the most salient features of a laser beam,and laser beams which are not completely coherent,the so-called partially coherent beams,are preferred in many applications.The degrees of coherence of conventional spatial partially coherent beams can be described by Gaussian distributions.Currently,more and more attention is being paid to partially coherent beams with prescribed degrees of coherence due to their extraordinary optical properties,such as self-focusing,self-shaping,selfsplitting,periodicity reciprocity,and super-strong reconstruction. Manipulating the structure of the degree of a partially coherent beam provides a novel way for modulating and controlling its propagation properties and is useful in beam shaping,free-space optical communications,optical trapping,optical encryption and image or information transfer through adverse inhomogeneous environments.In this paper,we present a review on the recent advances in partially coherent beams with prescribed degrees of coherence.

Radar fast long-time coherent integration via TR-SKT and robust sparse FRFT

Long-time coherent integration(LTCI)is an effective way for radar maneuvering target detection,but it faces the problem of a large number of search parameters and large amount of calculation.Realizing the simultaneous compensation of the range and Doppler migrations in complex clutter back-ground,and at the same time improving the calculation efficiency has become an urgent problem to be solved.The sparse transformation theory is introduced to LTCI in this paper,and a non-parametric searching sparse LTCI(SLTCI)based maneuvering target detection method is proposed.This method performs time reversal(TR)and second-order Keystone transform(SKT)in the range frequency&slow-time data to complete high-order range walk compensation,and achieves the coherent integra-tion of maneuvering target across range and Doppler units via the robust sparse fractional Fourier transform(RSFRFT).It can compensate for the nonlinear range migration caused by high-order motion.S-band and X-band radar data measured in sea clutter background are used to verify the detection performance of the proposed method,which can achieve better detection performance of maneuvering targets with less computational burden compared with several popular integration methods.

SAR干涉测量的相干性特征分析及积雪划分

雪盖面积是高山地区和季节雪盖区水文、气象模型的重要输入因子。SAR干涉测量不仅能够生成高精度的DEM ,而且能够通过重复轨道雷达信号的相干性来探测地表覆盖的变化。通过分析比较四景重复轨道ERS 1/2的SAR图像发现 ,裸岩、裸地、灌丛等未受到扰动的地表相干性高 ,湖面、雪盖等变化明显的地表相干性低。积雪覆盖后的地表面 ,其相干性急剧降低 ,利用其相干性特征可以进行积雪划分。根据上述特性 ,利用地物的散射强度和SAR重复轨道的相干测量进行雪盖划分 ,分类精度达到 82 %,结果表明利用SAR干涉测量的相干性特征进行雪盖制图是可行的。

紫外光刻中部分相干光的传播及衍射效应

基于Hopkins公式,研究了接近式紫外光刻中扩展准单色光源经柯勒照明系统传播到掩模表面上任两点的复相干度,并建立相应的基于部分相干光理论的光刻模型.应用部分相干光的传播理论,研究掩模平面到光刻胶表面任意两点互强度的传播,进而得到光刻胶表面的光强分布.以此为基础,分析了由于掩模与光刻胶之间光的衍射效应而产生的光刻微结构的图形失真.给出了理论模型的计算模拟结果,并用实验对该理论模型的计算结果进行了验证.

联合干涉相位和相干性幅度的极化干涉SAR最优相干性估计

极化干涉SAR(PolInSAR)估计的复相干性包含相干性幅度和干涉相位,相干性幅度高低可以衡量干涉相位的质量,干涉相位是散射目标相位中心位置的重要体现,相干性幅度和干涉相位估计精度决定植被参数反演精度。由不同极化状态构成的相干区域中,相干性幅度差最大和干涉相位差最大的估计准则都从复相干性的某一方面建立最优估计函数,不能有效利用相干性幅度和相位信息。本文以相干区域边界为基础,结合相干性幅度和干涉相位信息,利用关联度建立联合干涉相位和相干性幅度的最优相干性估计准则,并在相干区域范围内获取最优散射机制及其相干性。试验结果表明,联合干涉相位和相干性幅度的最优估计准则可以有效区分地表散射和森林冠层散射的相干性和散射中心,提高植被高反演的可靠性。

Loyt光纤消偏器的原理及性能分析

本文运用琼斯矩阵和相干矩阵的方法分析了Loyt光纤消偏器的原理，讨论了消偏器的结构参数误差对其消偏性能的影响．对分析的结果作了计算仿真，得到消偏器的消偏性能与其结构参数误差间的定量关系．

论语篇的衔接和谐与连贯程度

Halliday&Hasan(1985)提出了衔接和谐理论,并力图以此衡量语篇连贯的程度。但衔接和谐理论对语篇连贯程度予以定量分析的理论目标与语篇连贯的盖然性特征相抵触;其衡量语篇连贯程度的三项参数在考察对象和具体操作手段上也存在不足,因此,衔接和谐在衡量语篇连贯程度方面也有其不足之处。同时,语篇连贯也并不一定蕴涵其在衔接上的和谐。但是,衔接和谐理论有力地推动了“语篇连贯具有不同程度”的思想的深入发展。

Kerr介质中“耦合双原子-单模光场”模型的反聚束效应

利用全量子理论,研究了在Kerr介质中,耦合二能级双原子与单模光场相互作用过程的反聚束效应,着重讨论了Kerr介质对场的二阶相干度的影响,并揭示了初始场强及原子间耦合系数的变化与场的二阶相干度的关系。

部分相干贝塞尔高斯光束在非柯尔莫哥诺夫湍流中的传输特性

根据广义惠更斯一菲涅耳原理，推导出了部分相干贝塞尔高斯光束在非柯尔莫哥诺夫湍流中传输时平均光强和偏振度的解析表达式，研究了部分相干贝塞尔一高斯光束在非柯尔莫哥诺夫湍流模型下的光强分布特征和偏振度变化规律，同时分析了指数项、折射率结构常量、湍流内外尺度以及拓扑荷、光源相干性等对光束传输性质的影响．数值计算表明，随着传输距离的增加，部分相干贝塞尔高斯光束的光强会从空心分布逐渐演变为高斯分布，同时光束会有一定程度的展宽．而且，当指数项值越接近于3．1，折射率结构常量越大，外尺度越大或者内尺度越小时，光强分布的演变越为迅速，展宽现象也越明显；当拓扑荷越小或者相干长度越小时，光强分布的演变越迅速，但是二者对展宽现象的影响并不明显．另外，偏振度在近距离处会经历一段振荡及升降变化过程，当距离足够远时会趋于一个稳定值，且该值等于光源平面上的初始偏振度．偏振度变化的快慢程度受指数项、折射率结构常量、湍流内外尺度、拓扑荷和相干长度等因素的影响．