Effect of lateral stress on frictional properties of a fracture in sandstone

The injection of large volumes of natural gas into geological formations,as is required for underground gas storage,leads to alterations in the effective stress exerted on adjacent faults.This increases the potential for their reactivation and subsequent earthquake triggering.Most measurements of the frictional properties of rock fractures have been conducted under normal and shear stresses.However,faults in gas storage facilities exist within a true three-dimensional(3D)stress state.A double-direct shear experiment on rock fractures under both lateral and normal stresses was conducted using a true triaxial loading system.It was observed that the friction coefficient increases with increasing lateral stress,but decreases with increasing normal stress.The impact of lateral and normal stresses on the response is primarily mediated through their influence on the initial friction coefficient.This allows for an empirical modification of the rate-state friction model that considers the influence of lateral and normal stresses.The impact of lateral and normal stresses on observed friction coefficients is related to the propensity for the production of wear products on the fracture surfaces.Lateral stresses enhance the shear strength of rock(e.g.Mogi criterion).This reduces asperity breakage and the generation of wear products,and consequently augments the friction coefficient of the surface.Conversely,increased normal stresses inhibit dilatancy on the fracture surface,increasing the breakage of asperities and the concomitant production of wear products that promote rolling deformation.This ultimately reduces the friction coefficient.

Micro sliding friction model considering periodic variation stress distribution of contact surface and experimental verification

Micro sliding phenomenon widely exists in the operation process of mechanical systems,and the micro sliding friction mechanism is always a research hotspot.In this work,based on the total reflection method,a measuring device for interface contact behavior under two-dimensional(2D)vibration is built.The stress distribution is characterized by the light intensity distribution of the contact image,and the interface contact behavior in the 2D vibration process is studied.It is found that the vibration angle of the normal direction of the contact surface and its fluctuation affect the interface friction coefficient,the tangential stiffness,and the fluctuation amplitude of the stress distribution.Then they will affect the change of friction state and energy dissipation in the process of micro sliding.Further,an improved micro sliding friction model is proposed based on the experimental analysis,with the nonlinear change of contact parameters caused by the normal contact stress distribution fluctuation taken into account.This model considers the interface tangential stiffness fluctuation,friction coefficient hysteresis,and stress distribution fluctuation,whose simulation results are consistent well with the experimental results.It is found that considering the nonlinear effect of a certain contact parameter alone may bring a greater error to the prediction of friction behavior.Only by integrating multiple contact parameters can the accuracy of friction prediction is improved.

Mechanism analysis and improved model for stick-slip friction behavior considering stress distribution variation of interface

Studying the evolution of interface contact state, revealing the “black box” behavior in interface friction and establishing a more accurate friction model are of great significance to improve the prediction accuracy of mechanical system performance. Based on the principle of total reflection, a visual analysis technology of interface contact behavior is proposed. Considering the dynamic variation of stress distribution in interface contact, we analyze the nonlinear characteristics of contact parameters in different stages of stick-slip process using the above-mentioned experimental technology. Then,we find that the tangential stiffness of the interface is not a fixed value during the stick-slip process and the stress distribution variation is one of the important factors affecting the tangential stiffness of interface. Based on the previous experimental results, we present an improved stick-slip friction model, considering the change of tangential stiffness and friction coefficient caused by the stress distribution variation. This improved model can characterize the variation characteristics of contact parameters in different stages of stick-slip process, whose simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data. This research may be valuable for improving the prediction accuracy of mechanical system performance.

Constraints on rupture speed of the 2001 MS 8.1 West Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake by co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements based on the slip-weakening mechanism with frictional undershoot involved

With co-seismic surface rupture slip displacements provided by the field observation for the 2001 MS8.1 West Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake, this paper estimates the rupture speed on the main faulting segment with a long straight fault trace on the surface based on a simple slip-weakening rupture model, in which the frictional overshoot or undershoot are involved in consideration of energy partition during the earthquake faulting. In contrast to the study of Bouchon and Vallée, in which the rupture propagation along the main fault could exceed the local shear-wave speed, perhaps reach the P-wave speed on a certain section of fault, our results show that, under a slip-weakening assumption combined with a frictional undershoot (partial stress drop model), average rupture speed should be equal to or less than the Rayleigh wave speed with a high seismic radiation efficiency, which is consistent with the result derived by waveform inversion and the result estimated from source stress field. Associated with the surface rupture mechanism, such as partial stress drop (frictional undershoot) associated with the apparent stress, an alternative rupture mechanism based on the slip-weakening model has also been discussed.

Mathematical Modeling of Shear Stress and Direct Shear Test for Compressible Soil: Case of Soil Bordering the Wouri River

This paper focuses on the development of the mathematical model of shear stress by direct shear test for compressible soil of the littoral region, which will be a great tool in the hand of geotechnical engineers. The most common use of a shear test is to determine the shear strength which is the maximum shear stress that a material can withstand before the failure occurs. This parameter is useful in many engineering designs such as foundations, roads and retaining walls. We carried out an experimental laboratory test of ten samples of undisturbed soil taken at different points of the border of Wouri river of Cameroon. The samples were collected at different depths and a direct shear test was conducted. The investigations have been performed under constant vertical stresses and constant sample volume with the aim to determine the frictional angle and the cohesion of the compressible soil which are so important to establish the conditions of buildings stability. Special care was taken to derive loading conditions actually existing in the ground and to duplicate them in the laboratory. Given that the buildings constructed in this area are subjected to settlement, landslide, and punch break or shear failure, the cohesion and the frictional angle are determined through the rupture line after assessed the mean values of the shear stress for the considered ten samples. The bearing capacity of the soil, which is the fundamental soil parameter, was calculated. From the laboratory experimental results, the least squared method was used to derive an approximated mathematical model of the shearing stress. Many optimizations methods were then considered to reach the best adjustment.

闸片摩擦块排列方式对高速列车制动盘磨损深度的影响

制动盘的摩擦磨损是高速列车盘式制动工作失效的重要原因,且摩擦块的排列方式是影响制动盘最大磨损深度的重要因素。为研究摩擦块排列方式对制动盘最大磨损深度的影响,考虑摩擦温度、接触应力和相对滑移速度在制动过程发生变化,基于Archard磨损模型进行修正,利用ANSYS有限元仿真软件,建立制动盘-闸片三维瞬态模型,采用列车在通过42号道岔紧急制动时的工况,仿真计算不同摩擦块排列方式下制动盘摩擦面的最大磨损深度。分析最大接触应力,提出“应力磨损因子”参数,用来表征应力对最大磨损深度的影响。提取径向节点磨损深度,分析摩擦表面的磨损形貌,给出摩擦块不同排列方式对制动盘磨损深度的影响规律。研究成果为改善制动盘磨损提供理论依据和新的思路,为今后铁路制动系统闸片结构的设计提供借鉴。

托底抗拔桩侧摩阻力发挥机理及计算模型研究

抗拔桩有效解决地下水对建筑物产生上浮效果的负面影响。托底抗拔桩将无粘结钢绞线与普通抗拔桩有效结合,充分利用桩体承压性能。基于有效应力法确定桩侧极限摩阻力分布范围,采用双折线荷载传递函数模拟桩侧摩阻力发挥特性,探讨托底抗拔桩的承载力变化规律,建立桩侧摩阻力发挥范围和荷载-位移的计算公式,提出托底抗拔桩承载力计算模型,并与普通抗拔桩性能进行对比。结果表明,相比于传统抗拔桩,托底抗拔桩改善桩体受荷状态,有效提高承载力、降低桩顶位移,具有较好的应用效果。该文研究成果为托底抗拔桩的应用提供理论基础。

Subloading-friction model with saturation of tangential contact stress

The incorporation of the saturation of the tangential contact stress with the increase of the normal contact stress is required for the analysis of the friction phenomenon of solids and structures subjected to a high normal contact stress,which cannot be described by the Coulomb friction condition,in which the tangential contact stress increases linearly with the increase of the normal contact stress.In this article,the subloading-friction model,which is capable of describing the smooth elastic-plastic transition,the static-kinetic transition,and the recovery of the static friction during the cease of sliding,is extended to describe this property.Further,some numerical examples are shown,and the validity of the present model will be verified by the simulation of the test data on the linear sliding of metals.

平整机组暗纹缺陷形成机理

针对国内某双机架平整机组生产过程中带钢出现的暗纹缺陷,分析了暗纹缺陷的宏观形貌,推断出暗纹形成的原因为平整轧制过程中金属流动受阻,并对比机组在湿平整改造之后的暗纹缺陷消失情况,进一步证实了推断的准确性。首先,通过平整过程中带钢的整体受力情况分析,确定了影响暗纹生成的主要作用力为平整轧制力和带钢与工作辊的摩擦力。针对平整过程中辊系和带钢的受力与变形情况,分别建立了辊系弹性变形模型、带钢出口厚度模型和金属塑性变形模型,进一步确定了通过联立模型求解轧制力沿带钢横向分布的计算方法,根据平整过程中轧制力计算模型给出了摩擦系数的反算方法。在此基础上,采取半无限平面假设分析带钢暗纹的受力模型,并考虑带钢平整过程中受到的垂直集中力和水平集中力,给出了暗纹判定标准并命名为暗纹指数。最后,选取典型规格生产带钢的生产工艺进行计算,确定了不同取样厚度下的暗纹指数,分析了取样厚度与暗纹缺陷发生的关系。

FINITE-ELEMENT MODELLING OF SOIL-GEOGRID INTERACTION DEALING WITH THE PULLOUT BEHAVIOUR OF GEOGRIDS

To predict the behavior of geogrids embedded in sand under pullout loading conditions, the two dimensional plane-stress finite element model was presented. The interactions between soil and geogrid were simulated as non-linear springs, and the stiffness of the springs was determined from simple tests in the specially designed pullout box. The predicted behavior of the geogrid under pullout load agrees well with the observed data including the load-displacement properties, the displacement distribution along the longitudinal direction and the mobilization of the frictional and bearing resistance. (Edited author abstract) 8 Refs.

断层相互作用与地震触发机制研究回顾与展望

断层相互作用与地震触发关系研究是震源物理学领域的热点问题,能够帮助认识强震的孕育过程与物理机理,在地震危险性分析与预测研究中也有良好的应用前景.前人的综述文章从应力触发的基本原理、方法、适用性及多个震例研究的角度,提供了详细的阐述,然而从地震活动性分析这一角度对地震触发的介绍并不详尽,也未对这两个角度的结合和互补提供进一步的探讨.本文从物理模型和统计模型两个角度,综述了过去几十年针对断层相互作用和地震触发机制研究的成果与进展;通过介绍速率-状态摩擦律,展现这一科学问题的内在统一性,并对目前存在的问题和未来的可能研究方向进行了梳理和展望.从物理模型角度,着重分析了断层相互作用来源的几个重要机制:静态应力触发、动态应力触发和黏弹性应力触发,以及计算的基本原理和方法.在统计模型方面,介绍了地震活动性分析的基本原理和方法,重点分析了ETAS模型和b值在断层相互作用和地震触发机制中的应用.从两个模型结合的角度,指出两者互相验证的统一内涵以及速率-状态摩擦律的基本原理和方法.分析指出通过库仑应力计算和ETAS模型这两种不同的角度,可以综合研究多断层或地震之间的应力相互作用,并提供交叉验证,增加结果的可靠性;应用速率-状态摩擦律可以回溯性地研究地震序列的发生过程,为认识地震触发关系和断层相互作用提供了新的视角.

Experimental investigation on the anisotropy of friction property for dry and water-saturated rock

Friction properties of rock are closely connected with the anisotropy.The anisotropy of rock friction can provide a valuable assessment for geotechnical and geological engineering.In this study,the rotary friction tests were conducted to analyze the water effect on the friction property and the friction anisotropy of the four types of rock.The drilling response model(DD-model)was employed to characterize the rotary friction behavior of the rocks.The parameters of this model include the three types of friction parameters:1/ς,μ,and f,where 1/ςandμare constant,and f is a variable.A quantitative method is proposed for assessing the anisotropy of rock friction.The results of the rotary friction tests indicate that the relation between torque force and thrust force conforms to the DD-model.The changes of two friction constants 1/ςandμfrom dry state to water-saturated state suggest that the water effect on the friction strength of the rocks exhibits significant anisotropy.The friction strength determined by the friction variable f increases first,then decreases,and finally stabilizes with the increasing of depth.AIf is an anisotropy index calculated by the proposed method.The percentage difference of the average value of AIf between water-saturated and dry states shows the degree of the water effect on the friction anisotropy of the rocks,mudstone(MU)>granite(GR)>fine sandstone(FS)>argillaceous siltstone(AS).The quantitative model is hopefully constructed for characterizing the relation between the anisotropic friction strength of rock and the moisture state in future.

钢-铝搅拌摩擦焊接头的孔洞参数化建模和仿真

为探究钢-铝搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding, FSW)接头中不同特征的孔洞缺陷对应力分布的具体影响,课题组利用CATIA二次开发程序对孔洞缺陷开展仿真研究。首先,根据钢-铝焊接接头的特点对孔洞和基体进行简化,为量化分析提供基础;然后,编写CATIA二次开发程序对孔洞进行参数化建模,同时建立基体模型,并对孔洞和基体模型进行布尔操作生成接头模型;最后,利用ABAQUS软件对接头模型进行仿真分析,得到孔洞不同特征变量对钢-铝FSW接头的影响。结果表明:孔洞的参数化建模可以很好地提高建模效率;空间角度α和β对应力分布的影响较大,而空间角度γ对应力分布的影响较小;在空间角度相同时,表面孔洞的应力集中系数大于内部孔洞的应力集中系数,表面孔洞的危险程度更大;且应力集中程度最高的位置位于钢-铝交接处。参数化建模和仿真方法为孔洞危险程度的评估提供了一定参考。

基于搅拌摩擦焊技术的水陆两栖飞机隔框及焊接接头强度分析

为了验证带有搅拌摩擦焊的小型水陆两栖飞机机身强度,本文利用有限元仿真技术,建立机身精细化有限元模型,在不同着水工况下对小型水陆两栖飞机机身隔框进行了强度计算分析以及焊接接头强度校核。本文对有限元模型采用静强度求解分析,得到机身隔框的von Mises应力云图;同时,给出焊接处强度校核的工程方法,在对隔框分析的基础上,着重分析了危险隔框处搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头的连接强度。结果分析表明,在对称船艉着水工况下,飞机部分隔框裕度值为负,可能发生强度破坏,但焊接接头强度满足要求,没有发生失效,验证了本文对象应用搅拌摩擦焊技术的可行性。

金属矿山阶段嗣后充填胶结充填体矿柱力学模型分析

矿柱宽度和充填体自立高度是阶段嗣后充填顺利实施的重要影响因素。基于弹性力学平面应变基本假设,建立阶段嗣后胶结充填体矿柱力学模型并进行理论求解。以某铁矿为工程分析实例,采用控制变量法(CVM)研究矿柱不同宽度、高度条件下,水平应力和剪应力的变化规律。研究表明:矿房极限宽度和高度分别为19.8 m和103.2 m。胶结充填体矿柱水平应力随矿柱高度的增高而逐渐增大;剪应力在矿柱中心位置达到最大,且高度越大,剪应力值也越大。在胶结充填体矿柱与非胶结充填体接触侧剪应力趋于定值。矿柱宽度分别为15、18、20 m时,其剪应力分别为243.8、292.6、325.1 k Pa。而产生剪应力的主要原因是非胶结充填体受水平应力作用在与胶结充填体矿柱接触面产生滑动摩擦力所致。

海流及海床摩擦对油气管道提吊及沉放影响分析

基于海洋管道海上提吊、沉放的工程实际,建立了管道提吊沉放的有限元模型,以建立的模型为基础确定了管道提吊沉放的方法和步骤,并对纵向水流、侧向水流及海床摩擦对管道提吊沉放的影响进行了研究。利用有限元分析软件研究了纵向水流、侧向水流及海床摩擦作用下管道提吊及沉放过程中的管道形态及应力分布。研究结果表明:纵向水流对管道提吊及沉放过程中的空间形态及应力分布几乎没有影响;侧向水流会使管道在水平面内产生明显变形,并提高管道的整体应力水平;海床与管道间的摩擦对管道沉放过程中的侧移有一定的阻碍作用,海床越粗糙,管道最终的整体侧移变形越小,沉放完成后管道达到平衡状态时,管道与海床之间的摩擦力随摩擦系数增大而增大。

基于真实接触面积的摩擦模型

分析了经典摩擦理论中关于摩擦系数的问题,利用弹塑性力学建立摩擦微元体,并给出3个假设:(1)摩擦力与真实接触面积成正比,(2)摩擦剪应力与正应力(压力)无关,(3)无磨损.然后提出了基于真实接触面积的摩擦模型,并利用该模型分析了等高粗糙、随机粗糙和极端条件下的摩擦力.结果表明:该模型与经典摩擦系数方法相比有较大的不同,反映了界面摩擦的起因,可以用来有效分析不同类型的摩擦问题.

构造摩擦热的初步研究

构造摩擦热是地质学中的重要基础理论问题。构造摩擦热可使岩石软化，加速岩石的形变作用，还可导致岩石的变质甚至熔融作用，发生同步的地球化学作用。许多内生矿床的形成，都与构造摩擦热有关。本文通过对构造摩擦热的数学计算和分析，认为构造摩擦热的大小与摩擦面两盘岩石的滑动速度和正压应力相关，且滑动速度是决定因素。摩擦力的大小和破裂面与σ１的夹角θ及外力大小有关。在同一应力场中，摩擦热随着θ角而变化。当σ１＝５０ＭＰａ，μ＝１情况下，当θ≈３０°时，单位体积大约可产生１～２℃的升温效应。

薄板7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊三维有限元数值模拟

薄板7075高强度铝合金在经过搅拌摩擦焊接后,存在不同程度的焊后残余变形,对精度要求较高的航空结构件的制造和装配带来了困难。本文通过建立4mm薄板7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊热源模型,利用ANSYS对搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的温度场和应力应变场进行热机耦合数值分析,解释了薄板铝合金搅拌摩擦焊的温度场和表面残余应力的分布。采用古典摩擦理论建立合适的热源模型,将搅拌头的机械载荷和压板的压力考虑到模型当中。分析结果表明,此数值模拟对研究薄板高强度铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊具有一定的借鉴意义。

地震动态应力触发研究进展

本文从以下几方面阐述了近几年来地震动态应力触发的研究进展:地震动态应力触发问题的提出;地震动态应力触发存在的证据(包括地震频度图中探寻被触发震群和独立地震、数字滤波后新发现的被触发地震和形变仪器记录的同震变化和应力阶跃等);地震动态触发的研究现状和机理等。还提出了目前动态应力触发研究中存在的问题,并对其近期的发展进行了展望。