Active organic carbon pool of coniferous and broad-leaved forest soils in the mountainous areas of Beijing

In order to explore the effects of different forest types on active soil carbon pool, the amounts and density of soil organic carbon （SOC） were studied at different soil horizons under typical coniferous and broad-leaved forests in the mountainous area of Beijing. The results showed that the amount of total SOC, readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons and the amounts at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm in broad-leaved forest was clearly higher than that in coniferous forests. The trend of a decrease in SOC density with increasing depth of the soil horizon was similar to that of the amount of SOC. However, no regular trend was found for SOC density at different depths between coniferous forest and broad-leaved forests. The ratio of readily oxidizable carbon to total amount of SOC ranged from 0.36-0.45 and the ratio of particulate organic carbon to total amount of SOC from 0.28-0.73; the ratios decreased with increasing depths of soil horizons. Active SOC was significantly correlated with total SOC; the relationship between readily oxidizable carbon and particulate organic carbon was significant. A broad-leaved forest may produce more SOC than a coniferous forest.

Effect of thinning intensity on understory herbaceous diversity and biomass in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests of Changbai Mountain

Background:Herbs are an important part of the forest ecosystem,and their diversity and biomass can reflect the restoration of vegetation after forest thinning disturbances.Based on the near-mature secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Jilin Province Forestry Experimental Zone,this study analyzed seasonal changes of species diversity and biomass of the understory herb layer after different intensities of thinning.Results:The results showed that although the composition of herbaceous species and the ranking of importance values were affected by thinning intensity,they were mainly determined by seasonal changes.Across the entire growing season,the species with the highest importance values in thinning treatments included Carex pilosa,Aegopodium alpestre,Meehania urticifolia,and Filipendula palmata,which dominated the herb layer of the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest.The number of species,Margalef index,Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index all had their highest values in May,and gradually decreased with months.Pielou index was roughly inverted“N”throughout the growing season.Thinning did not increase the species diversity.Thinning can promote the total biomass,above-and below-ground biomass.The number of plants per unit area and coverage were related to the total biomass,above-and below-ground biomass.The average height had a significantly positive correlation with herb biomass in May but not in July.However,it exerted a significantly negative correlation with herb biomass in September.The biomass in the same month increased with increasing thinning intensity.Total herb biomass,above-and below-ground biomass showed positive correlations with Shannon-Winner index,Simpson index and Pielou evenness index in May.Conclusions:Thinning mainly changed the light environment in the forest,which would improve the plant diversity and biomass of herb layer in a short time.And different thinning intensity had different effects on the diversity of understory herb layer.The findings provide theoretical basis and reference for reasonable thinning and tending in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests.

Responses of soil Collembolans to vegetation restoration in temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests

A total of 900 soil samples were collected from five habitats,including primary coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests,secondary coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests,secondary broad-leaved forests,secondary shrub forests,and cutover lands in spring,summer,and autumn to quantify responses of soil Collembolans(springtails)to the restoration of vegetation of temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests.The results reveal that the taxonomic composition of Collembolans varied in the different stages of vegetation restoration.Seasonal variations were in regard to their abundance and richness.High similarities existed in Collembola communities at different stages of vegetation restoration,and distribution patterns of Collembola taxa displayed an evenness throughout all habitats.Soil Collembolans tended to gather on litter layers and soil surface;the highest abundance was found in the upper 5 cm soil layer during the initial stages of vegetation recovery.Tomocerus,Proisotoma,and Folsomia genera responded positively to the restoration of vegetation.However,responses of Ceratophysella and Parisotoma genera were negative.In addition,the Onychiuridae family did not respond to the vegetation restoration process.It was concluded that restoration of vegetative cover can increase the abundance of soil Collembolans,but different genera respond differently.

Microbial biomass in subtropical forest soils： effect of conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation

Conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation is a common management practice in subtropical China. In this study, we compared soil physico-chemical properties, microbial biomass in one natural secondary broad-leaved forest and two C. lanceolata plantation sites to estimate the effects of forest conversion on soil microbial biomass at the Huitong Experimental Station of Forestry Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Concentrations of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, NH4^＋-N and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were much lower under C. lanceolata plantations as compared to natural secondary broad-leaved forest. Soil microbial biomass C in the first and second rotation of C. lanceolata plantations was only 53%, 46% of that in natural secondary broad-leaved forest, and microbial biomass N was 97% and 79%, respectively. The contribution of microbial biomass C to soil organic C was also lower in the plantation sites. However, the contribution of microbial N to total nitrogen and NH4^＋-N was greater in the C. lanceolata plantation sites. Therefore, conversion of natural secondary broad-leaved forest to C. lanceolata plantation and continuous planting of C. lanceolata led to the decline in soil microbial biomass and the degradation of forest soil in subtropical China.

Soil Nitrogen Status of Larch Plantations in Comparison with SecondaryBroad-leaved Forest

Soils were collected from.three neighboring forest sites: 36-year-old larch plantation, 11-year-old larch plantation, and natural secondary broad-leaved forest (as control). Soil pH, total C. totaI N, C/N ratio. and available N (NO3-N and NH4-N) were measured. Laboratory incubations of soil samples were conducted during a 50 days period for the measurement of nitrogen mineralization rate and nitrification potenial. The results proved a degeneration in soil nitrogen status with stand age of larch plantations, which implicated one important aspect of soil degradation when natural forest was replaced by coniferous plantations.

NITROGEN NUTRIENT MECHANISM IN SECONDARY SUCCESSION PROCESS OF THE MIXED BROAD-LEAVED/ KOREAN PINE (PINUS KORAIENSIS) FOREST

Chemical and biochemical analysis methods were used to monitor the vedations of nitrogen nutrient among the dominance trees species in secondary succession process of the mixed broad - leaved/Korean pine forest on Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Amounts of total nitrogen, anunonium and NRA in soils of virgin broad-leaved/Korean pine forest which is in climax were higher than those of secondary birch forests those are in succession Stage. The amount of nitrate was in the other hand. In climax, dominance trees species are tolerant mesophytic trees such as Pinus Koraiensis, Tilia amurensis, Acer mono and also Fraxinus mandshurica, they are all ammonium + nitrate adapted species, but they show a preference for the anunonium rather than those of the pioneer trees species in secondary birch forest, such as Populus davidiava and Betula platyphylla. Because they have more ammonium in their leaves and roots, especially Pinus koraiensis. Populus davidvana and Betula plaaphlla are intolerant trees, amounts of nitrate and total nitrogen is higher in their leaves and roots and also NRA in their leaves, so they preference for the nitrate rather than the others.In secondary birch forest, the regeneration trees species adapt their nitroggn nutrient to the variation of nitrogen nutrient situation in soil, finally they could survival well and the secondary birch forest would succession to climax. In climax, dominance trees species adapt their Nitrogen nutrient to the situation in soil and there are not strong competition in nitrogen nutrient among them, so they can coexist well and keep the climax as stable vegetation.

Species spatial distributions in a warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in China

Spatial distribution is fundamental for understanding species coexistence mechanisms in forest communities.Here we comprehensively explored fine-scale spatial patterns of tree species in a secondary warm-temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest community in north China.Aggregated distribution patterns were predominant.Species functional traits had no significant effects on their spatial patterns.The aggregation intensity decreased with increasing DBH and abundance.The multivariate linear stepwise regression showed that abundance and maximum DBH were correlated with the aggregation intensity.Our results partially confirm that species attributes(abundance,DBH)and habitat heterogeneity may primarily contribute to spatial patterns and species coexistence in this secondary forest.

CO_2 flux evaluation over the evergreen coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Dinghushan, China

The Dinghushan flux observation site, as one of the four forest sites of ChinaFLUX, aims to acquire long-term measurements of CO2 flux over a typical southern subtropical evergreen coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest ecosystem using the open path eddy covariance method. Based on two years of data from 2003 to 2004, the characteristics of temporal variation in CO2 flux and its response to environmental factors in the forest ecosystem are analyzed. Provided two-dimensional coordinate rotation, WPL correction and quality control, poor energy-balance and underestimation of ecosystem respiration during nighttime implied that there could be a CO2 leak during the nighttime at the site. Using daytime (PAR > 1.0μmol-1·m-2·s-1) flux data during windy conditions (u* > 0.2 m·s-1), monthly ecosystem respiration (Reco) was derived through the Michaelis-Menten equation modeling the relationship between net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Exponential function was employed to describe the relationship between Reco and soil temperature at 5 cm depth (Ts05), then Reco of both daytime and nighttime was calculated respectively by the function. The major results are: (i) Derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation, the apparent quantum yield (α) was 0.0027±0.0011 mgCO2·μmol-1 photons, and the maximum photosynthetic assimilation rate (Amax) was 1.102±0.288 mgCO2·m-2·s-1. Indistinctive seasonal variation of o or Amax was consistent with weak seasonal dynamics of leaf area index (LAI) in such a lower subtropical evergreen mixed forest. (ii) Monthly accumulated Reco was estimated as 95.3±21.1 gC·m-2 mon-1, accounting for about 68% of the gross primary product (GPP). Monthly accumulated NEE was estimated as -43.2±29.6 gC·m-2·mon-1. The forest ecosystem acted as carbon sink all year round without any seasonal carbon efflux period. Annual NEE of 2003 and 2004 was estimated as -563.0 and -441.2 gC·m-2·a-1 respectively, accounting for about 32% of GPP.

Diurnal Variations of Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Mixed Broad-leaved and Coniferous Forest Soil in Dinghushan

The subtropical mixed broad-leaved and coniferous forest, a typical successional monsoon forest, is one of the major forests in the subtropics of China. Therefore, it is very important to estimate the fluxes of the greenhouse gases from the forest soil in order to evaluate the impact of subtropical forests on the greenhouse gas emissions or absorptions. This study investigated the diurnal variations of fluxes of three greenhouse gases （CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O） from a mixed broad-leaved and coniferous forest soil. A static chamber-gas chromatograph technique was used to measure the fluxes of three greenhouse gases. By using the improved gas chromatography sampling system, the fluxes were analyzed with a single injection. In order to find out the effects of litter and seedling on the emissions or absorptions of these greenhouse gases, three treatments were set in the field:（1）bare soil surface （litter was removed previously）; （3） litter + soil; （3） seedling + litter + soil. The experimental results demonstrated that the forest soil was a source of CO 2 , N 2 O and a weak sink of CH 4 .The daily fluxes of CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O from the soil surface were in the range of 488.99700.57, 0.0490.108 and –0.025 –0.053 mg/（m 2 ·h ）, respectively. CO 2 from the litter decomposition accounted for about 1/3 of the total CO 2 emission from the soil surface, while the litter and seedling had no significant effect on the fluxes of CH 4 and N 2 O. The fluxes of CO 2 and N 2 O measured at 9:00 11:00 a.m. were significantly different from their daily averages. Therefore, caution must be taken if the CO 2 and N 2 O fluxes measured within 9:0011:00 a.m. are used for extrapolation.

Insights into seasonal variation of litter decomposition and related soil degradative enzyme activities in subtropical forest in China

We used a litterbag method to investigate litter decomposition and related soil degradative enzyme activities across four seasons in a broad-leaved forest and a coniferous forest on Zijin Mountain in sub-tropical China. Across four seasons, we quantified litter mass losses, soil pH values, and related soil degradative enzyme activities. Litter decomposition rates differed significantly by season. Litter decomposi- tion rates of broadleaf forest leaves were higher than for coniferous for- ests needles across four seasons, and maximal differences in litter de- composition rates between the two litter types were found in spring.

Restoration of mixed-species forest by gap technique in Sanjiang Plain

Many methods of restoration and rebuilding of forestry ecosystem were used, because the function of the secondary broad-leaved forests declined. one of these methods was the artificial regeneration carried out with gap technique in the forest. The results showed that the communities had been getting to Korean pine forests mixed with broad-leaved trees and the speed of development was much faster than before.

净月潭国家森林公园凋落物层土壤动物群落多样性

为了解中温带地区城市森林凋落物层土壤动物群落结构及大面积针叶人工林对凋落物层土壤动物群落多样性的影响,对长春净月潭国家森林公园凋落物层土壤动物进行调查,共采获土壤动物8 630头,隶属于3门6纲18个类群,其中弹尾目、蜱螨目、膜翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目幼虫、蜘蛛目、双翅目幼虫和石蜈蚣目是该地区森林生态系统凋落物层土壤动物的主要类群,其个体数占土壤动物个体总数的97.91%。天然次生林与针叶人工林间凋落物土壤动物的类群数、密度、多样性指数、均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数和密度-类群指数均无显著差异(P>0.05),而2种林分间伪蝎目、石蜈蚣目、缨翅目和鳞翅目幼虫的密度及蜱螨目和弹尾目个体数之比差异明显。2种林分Jaccard相似性系数为0.67。

长白山次生针阔混交林群落结构特征及群落动态

长白山次生针阔混交林是东北地区典型的次生林类型之一,处于向地带性顶级植被阔叶红松林方向演替的重要阶段。全面分析长白山次生针阔混交林群落动态,能为东北地区森林保护、恢复和可持续经营提供理论支撑。基于长白山地区5.2 hm^2次生针阔混交林动态监测样地,以2005和2017年样地内所有胸径(DBH)≥5cm的木本植物为研究对象,分析了12年间群落的物种组成、物种多样性、胸径结构和密度结构等非空间结构,以及林木空间分布格局、树种混交和林木竞争等空间结构的变化。结果表明:群落个体数量由6614株降至5884株,2017年调查到木本植物13科25属42种,较2005年增加2属2种,群落物种组成和多样性变化较小。平均胸径由14.4 cm增加至15.5 cm;径级结构在两次调查中均呈倒"J"型,虽然群落保持稳定的更新态势,但是各径级的个体数量显著下降。胸径变异系数和基尼系数分别由0.77和0.37增至0.79和0.38,群落复杂程度提高。群落株数密度由1272株/hm^2降至1132株/hm^2,林分密度由33.12 m^2/hm^2增至34.74m^2/hm^2。群落空间结构在两次调查中没有变化,群落水平分布格局为随机分布(U=0.51),大小分化程度为中庸分布(U=0.50),混交度为强度混交(U=0.76),空间结构稳定。研究还比较了样地和20m×20m样方尺度上的群落结构变化趋势,发现大部分指标在两个尺度上变化一致。综上所述,本研究中的长白山次生针阔混交林的群落非空间结构呈现正向演替趋势,而空间结构保持相对稳定,群落整体在12年内并未发生本质性改变。在未来经营中,可适当伐除假色槭和色木槭等林下层树种,为红松、蒙古栎和紫椴等顶级树种的生长和更新提供空间。

关帝山天然次生针叶林的林隙特征

通过对山西省关帝山天然次生针叶株中63个林隙的调查，研究了林隙的基本特征。结果表明，关帝山天然次生针叶林林冠空隙的大小变化范围为5．78～234．48m^2，平均为60．07m^2；扩展林隙的大小变化范围为18．49-349．68m^2，平均为114．92m^2。大多数林隙是由1～4株形成木创造的。径级为20～40cm，高度在20～30m的主林层树木形成林隙的可能性最大。林隙形成时间以5-20a这段时间为主。不同森林类型的林隙大小存在较大的差异，云杉Picea spp．林以小林隙为主，而油松Pinus tabulaeformis林则分布着不同面积的林隙。林隙形成的原因主要是人为砍伐、折干、掘根风倒和枯立等。

张广才岭次生针阔混交林空间结构

确定林分空间结构是次生林保护和可持续经营的前提.次生针阔混交林是张广才岭最主要的林分类型,运用大小比数、角尺度、混交度3个空间结构参数研究张广才岭次生针阔混交林永久样地的空间结构.结果表明:样地大小比数为0.497,平均角尺度为0.538,平均混交度为0.630;针阔混交林林木相邻个体在垂直方向上分化不明显,存在激烈竞争的中层;林木配置处于中度到强度混交水平之间,林分总体上属于聚集分布格局;次生针阔混交林的空间结构特征已接近当地原始阔叶红松林水平.

关帝山天然次生针叶林林隙大小模型研究

对关帝山3种天然林(华北落叶松、云杉、油松林)林隙大小进行实地调查,通过对实测数据的分析与研究可得:3种林分的林隙(冠层林隙CG、扩展林隙EG)大小都有差异,其中各种林分CG的大小主要集中在0～100m2之间,以云杉林最大,其次是油松林,华北落叶松林最小。EG的大小主要集中在50～100m2之间,以油松林最大,其次是云杉林,华北落叶松最小;对林分CG及EG大小分布进行了拟合,结果发现正态分布模型、对数正态分布模型及Weibull分布模型都可以对3种林分CG、EG林隙大小进行拟合;最后通过复相关系数对3种分布拟合模型进行了优度比较,结果为对数正态分布的拟合精度更高。

东北人工红松针叶林和天然次生阔叶混交林林下土壤氮初级转化速率特征

[目的]为了解森林土壤氮素转化特征及土壤氮供应能力,为森林生态系统合理经营管理提供科学依据。[方法]以东北寒温带人工红松针叶林和天然次生阔叶混交林表层土壤为研究对象开展室内培养试验,采用^(15)N同位素成对标记技术和FLUAZ数值优化模型,研究不同深度的土壤氮初级转化速率特征。[结果]林地土壤的氮初级转化速率受林型、土壤深度及二者间交互作用的影响。人工红松针叶林土壤氮初级矿化速率和无机氮固定速率显著低于天然次生阔叶混交林土壤,而初级硝化速率显著高于天然次生阔叶混交林土壤,2个林型土壤的氮初级转化速率都随着土壤深度的增加显著降低。土壤氮初级矿化速率和固定速率与土壤pH、有机碳、水溶性有机碳与水溶性有机氮含量呈显著正相关,土壤初级硝化速率与土壤pH呈显著负相关。人工红松针叶林土壤初级硝化速率与铵态氮固定速率比值显著高于天然次生阔叶混交林土壤,而对硝态氮的固定速率显著低于天然次生阔叶混交林土壤。[结论]2种林型土壤氮素转化特征差异明显,人工红松针叶林土壤的硝态氮产生能力较强而无机氮固持能力较弱,容易发生硝态氮的淋溶风险,天然次生阔叶混交林土壤氮矿化-固定过程耦合较好且硝化作用较弱,不易引发硝态氮的积累和淋溶风险。

针阔混交林次生演替群落土壤营养元素的对比研究

[目的]群落演替和土壤环境的关系一直是生态学研究的重要领域。[方法]采用时空迭代法,在吉林省左家自然保护区内选择典型、有代表性的针阔混交林次生演替阶段群落,进行植被调查和土壤分析。[结果]在同一气候和母质条件下,针阔混交林次生演替群落中土壤有机质与氮、磷、钾等在剖面分布上的变化趋于一致,且在表层土壤中养分积累作用明显,与凋落物-土壤的分解吸收作用有关。随着群落演替的发展,土壤养分含量明显提高,土壤营养元素供给能力有较大幅度的改善,改善后的土壤条件更适合下一代群落的生长。群落自组织、自我施肥能力增强与植物群落演替规律相适应。[结论]该研究为进一步研究多种干扰形成的"干扰系统"、群落动态变化以及东北地区次生林保育与生态恢复等提供依据。

天然次生针叶林蛀干害虫大发生原因

在吉林省延边地区蛀干害虫严重威胁着针叶林生长,并有逐步扩展的趋势。采用踏查和解析木调查的方法,对针叶林蛀干害虫的种类、危害情况及特点进行了调查,并对其发生原因做了初步分析。

浙江铜铃山国家森林公园次生常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林乔木群落特征研究

对浙江铜铃山国家森林公园次生常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林乔木群落的物种组成、径级结构、优势种种群存活曲线及稳定性进行了调查和研究。结果表明:次生常绿阔叶林乔木层包含31科51属84种,针阔混交林乔木层包含26科48属76种;2个林型的优势种明显,次生常绿阔叶林重要值排名前5的物种为木荷(Schima superba Gardn.et Champ.)、甜槠〔Castanopsis eyrei(Champ.)Tutch.〕、短尾柯〔Lithocarpus brevicaudatus(Skan)Hayata〕、马银花〔Rhododendron ovatum(Lindl.)Planch.ex Maxim.〕和尖连蕊茶〔Camellia cuspidata(Kochs)Wright ex Gard.〕,针阔混交林重要值排名前5的物种为杉木〔Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook.〕、木荷、马尾松(Pinus massoniana Lamb.)、黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis Hayata)和柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk ex Otto et Dietr.)。次生常绿阔叶林乔木层中木荷、甜槠和短尾柯种群径级分布均呈倒“J”型,存活曲线均为直线型,属于稳定型种群;红楠(Machilus thunbergii Sieb.et Zucc.)种群径级分布接近“L”型,存活曲线为“凹”型,属增长型种群。针阔混交林乔木层中杉木种群径级分布呈“L”型,存活曲线为“凹”型,属于增长型种群;木荷种群径级分布呈倒“J”型,存活曲线为直线型,属于稳定型种群;黄山松和马尾松种群径级分布接近正态分布,存活曲线均呈“凸”型,属于衰退型种群。MGodron群落稳定性分析结果表明:铜铃山国家森林公园2种林型均处于不稳定状态。CCA分析结果显示:海拔是影响这2个林型的主要环境因子。综合研究结果显示:铜铃山国家森林公园次生常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林处于相对稳定的演替中期,未达到稳定的顶极群落状态。