Effects of low dose Glibenclamide on secondary damage after acute spinal cord injury in rats

Objective To investigate the effects of Glibenclamide on reduction of secondary damage after acute spinal cord injury in rats.Methods Ninety rats were randomly divided into control group(laminectomy alone),spinal cord injury group(injury group),and treatment group(treated

Secondary damage in trauma and limited access dressing: a review

Secondary damage in trauma may increase morbidity,mortality and the cost of treatment considerably.This article reviews the literature of 46 relevant articles on this topic.We hope to provide a better understanding of the various mechanisms that can lead to secondary damage following major trauma and aim to improve the management of such in trauma patients.We also explore the utility of limited access dressing and its ability to minimize and treat secondary musculoskeletal trauma.Four interdependent cellular mechanisms have been described that contribute and perpetuate secondary tissue damage-lysosomal,protein/enzyme denaturation,membrane permeability and mitochondrial.Systemic changes are mainly due to systemic hypoxia and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome.Limited access dressing appears to be an efficient and cost-effective method for the management of secondary damage,as evidenced by the reduced number of debridements,shorter wound coverage time,and reduction in total length of hospital stay while lowering treatment costs and improving quality of care.

Preventive and therapeutic effect of simvastatin on secondary inflammatory damage of rats with cerebral hemorrhage

Objective:To investigate the preventive and therapeutic effect and mechanism of simvastatin on secondary inflammatory damage of rats with cerebral hemorrhage.Methods:Sixty SD rat aged 9-12 weeks were chosen and divided into the control group,model group and simvastatintreated group randomly with 20 rats in each group.Rats in the model group and simvastatintreated group were infused with autologous fresh uncoagulated blood to the right brain tissue of the basal ganglia to build the cerebral hemorrhage model,while rats in the control group were treated with the same amount of normal saline.Then,rats in the simvastatin-treated group were given a gavage of 3 mg/kg of simvastatin once a day after modeling.Rats in the three groups were given nerve dysfunction score(NDS) and wet-dry weighting method was used to detect the brain water content(BWC) of brain tissues around the lesion of the rats.Then Nissl staining was conducted and the undamaged neurons were counted.Immunohistochemical SP method was applied to count the number of NF-d the immuno fluorκB,TLR4 and IL-1escence method wasβ positive cells in brain tissues around the lesions,an employed to determine the expression levels of NF-κB,TLR4 and IL-1me points were aβ proteins.Results:The NDS results of the simvastatin-treated group at all till significantly higher than those of the model group(P < 0.05);the BWC values of the simvastatin-treated group at all time points were all significantly lower than those of the model group at the same periods(P < 0.05);the number of the undamaged neurons around the lesions of the simvastatin-treated group at all time points were all significantly higher than those of the model group(P < 0.05);seven days after treatment,the number of the NF-κB,TLR4 and IL-1β positive cells in brain tissues around the lesions of the simvastatin-treated group were all significantly lower than those of the model group(P < 0.05),and its expression levels of NF-ower than those of the model group(κB,TLR4 and IL-1P < 0.05).Conclusioβ protein were also significantly lns:Simvastatin can inhibit the expressions of NF-κB,TLR4 and IL-1β proteins in rats with cerebral hemorrhage,and protect neurons and reduce secondary inflammatory damages by down-regulating the above protein-mediated inflammatory responses.

Expression of long non-coding RNAs in complete transection spinal cord injury: a transcriptomic analysis

Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)are abundantly expressed in the central nervous system and exert a critical role in gene regulation via multiple biological processes.To uncover the functional significance and molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in spinal cord injury(SCI),the expression signatures of lncRNAs were profiled using RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)technology in a Sprague-Dawley rat model of the 10th thoracic vertebra complete transection SCI.Results showed that 116 of 14,802 detected lncRNAs were differentially expressed,among which 16—including eight up-regulated(H19,Vof16,Hmox2-ps1,LOC100910973,Ybx1-ps3,Nnat,Gcgr,LOC680254)and eight down-regulated(Rmrp,Terc,Ngrn,Ppp2r2b,Cox6a2,Rpl37a-ps1,LOC360231,Rpph1)—demonstrated fold changes>2 in response to transection SCI.A subset of these RNA-seq results was validated by quantitative real-time PCR.The levels of 821 mRNAs were also significantly altered post-SCI;592 mRNAs were up-regulated and 229 mRNAs were down-regulated by more than 2-fold.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analyses showed that differentially expressed mRNAs were related to GO biological processes and molecular functions such as injury and inflammation response,wound repair,and apoptosis,and were significantly enriched in 15 KEGG pathways,including cell phagocytosis,tumor necrosis factor alpha pathway,and leukocyte migration.Our results reveal the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the rat spinal cord of a complete transection model,and these differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs represent potential novel targets for SCI treatment.We suggest that lncRNAs may play an important role in the early immuno-inflammatory response after spinal cord injury.This study was approved by the Administration Committee of Experimental Animals,Guangdong Province,China.