The Mechanism of Heating Rate on the Secondary Recrystallization Evolution in Grain Oriented Silicon Steel

Grain-oriented silicon steels were prepared at different heating rates during high temperature annealing,in which the evolution of magnetic properties,grain orientations and precipitates were studied.To illustrate the Zener factor,the diameter and number density of precipitates of interrupted testing samples were statistically calculated.The effect of precipitate ripening on the Goss texture and magnetic property was investigated.Data indicated that the trend of Zener factor was similar under different heating rates,first increasing and then decreasing,and that the precipitate maturing was greatly inhibited as the heating rate increased.Secondary recrystallization was developed at the temperature of 1010℃when a heating rate of 5℃/h was used,resulting in Goss,Brass and{110}<227>oriented grains growing abnormally and a magnetic induction intensity of 1.90T.Furthermore,increasing the heating rate to 20℃/h would inhibit the development of undesirable oriented grains and obtain a sharp Goss texture.However,when the heating rate was extremely fast,such as 40℃/h,poor secondary recrystallization was developed with many island grains,corresponding to a decrease in magnetic induction intensity to 1.87 T.At a suitable heating rate of 20℃/h,the sharpest Goss texture and the highest magnetic induction of 1.94 T with an onset secondary recrystallization temperature of 1020℃were found among the experimental variables in this study.The heating rate affected the initial temperature of secondary recrystallization by controlling the maturation of precipitates,leading to the deviation and dispersion of Goss texture,thereby reducing the magnetic properties.

SOLIDWORKS Electrical在通过式脚踏封口机自动化改造设计中的应用

小型企业塑封工艺中通过式脚踏封口机应用广泛,但在塑封重型工件时,工人操作非常费力且次品率高,无法保障塑封质量,为此对其进行机构优化与软硬件设计自动化改造。利用SOLIDWORKS Electrical快速建立3D虚拟电气配盘与生成各类BOM清单,大大缩短了研发周期,安装人员还可以根据虚拟电气装配路径进行准确安装。最终设计出结构合理,满足生产工艺要求的自动化装置,企业以极少改造成本提质增效,为机电一体化装置自动化设计提供了一个高效开发途径。

Strigolactones modulate cotton fiber elongation and secondary cell wall thickening

Cotton is one of the most important economic crops in the world,and it is a major source of fiber in the textile industry.Strigolactones(SLs)are a class of carotenoid-derived plant hormones involved in many processes of plant growth and development,although the functions of SL in fiber development remain largely unknown.Here,we found that the endogenous SLs were significantly higher in fibers at 20 days post-anthesis(DPA).Exogenous SLs significantly increased fiber length and cell wall thickness.Furthermore,we cloned three key SL biosynthetic genes,namely GhD27,GhMAX3,and GhMAX4,which were highly expressed in fibers,and subcellular localization analyses revealed that GhD27,GhMAX3,and GhMAX4 were localized in the chloroplast.The exogenous expression of GhD27,GhMAX3,and GhMAX4 complemented the physiological phenotypes of d27,max3,and max4 mutations in Arabidopsis,respectively.Knockdown of GhD27,GhMAX3,and GhMAX4 in cotton resulted in increased numbers of axillary buds and leaves,reduced fiber length,and significantly reduced fiber thickness.These findings revealed that SLs participate in plant growth,fiber elongation,and secondary cell wall formation in cotton.These results provide new and effective genetic resources for improving cotton fiber yield and plant architecture.

The secondary injury cascade after spinal cord injury:an analysis of local cytokine/chemokine regulation

After spinal cord injury,there is an extensive infiltration of immune cells,which exacerbates the injury and leads to further neural degeneration.Therefore,a major aim of current research involves targeting the immune response as a treatment for spinal cord injury.Although much research has been performed analyzing the complex inflammatory process following spinal cord injury,there remain major discrepancies within previous literature regarding the timeline of local cytokine regulation.The objectives of this study were to establish an overview of the timeline of cytokine regulation for 2 weeks after spinal cord injury,identify sexual dimorphisms in terms of cytokine levels,and determine local cytokines that significantly change based on the severity of spinal cord injury.Rats were inflicted with either a mild contusion,moderate contusion,severe contusion,or complete transection,7 mm of spinal cord centered on the injury was harvested at varying times post-injury,and tissue homogenates were analyzed with a Cytokine/Chemokine 27-Plex assay.Results demonstrated pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factorα,interleukin-1β,and interleukin-6 were all upregulated after spinal cord injury,but returned to uninjured levels within approximately 24 hours post-injury,while chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 remained upregulated for days post-injury.In contrast,several anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors including interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor were downregulated by 7 days post-injury.After spinal cord injury,tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1,which specifically affects astrocytes involved in glial scar development,increased more than all other cytokines tested,reaching 26.9-fold higher than uninjured rats.After a mild injury,11 cytokines demonstrated sexual dimorphisms;however,after a severe contusion only leptin levels were different between female and male rats.In conclusion,pro-inflammatory cytokines initiate the inflammatory process and return to baseline within hours post-injury,chemokines continue to recruit immune cells for days post-injury,while anti-inflammatory cytokines are downregulated by a week post-injury,and sexual dimorphisms observed after mild injury subsided with more severe injuries.Results from this work define critical chemokines that influence immune cell infiltration and important cytokines involved in glial scar development after spinal cord injury,which are essential for researchers developing treatments targeting secondary damage after spinal cord injury.

Experimental study on secondary air mixing along the bed height in a circulating fluidized bed with a multitracer-gas method

A multitracer-gas method was proposed to study the secondary air(SA)mixing along the bed height in a circulating fluidized bed(CFB)using carbon monoxide(CO),oxygen(O_(2)),and carbon dioxide(CO_(2))as tracer gases.Experiments were carried out on a cold CFB test rig with a cross-section of 0.42 m×0.73 m and a height of 5.50 m.The effects of superficial velocity,SA ratio,bed inventory,and particle diameter on the SA mixing were investigated.The results indicate that there are some differences in the measurement results obtained using different tracer gases,wherein the deviation between CO and CO_(2) ranges from 42%to 66%and that between O_(2) and CO_(2) ranges from 45%to 71%in the lower part of the fluidized bed.However,these differences became less pronounced as the bed height increased.Besides,the high solid concentration and fine particle diameter in the CFB may weaken the difference.The measurement results of different tracer gases show the same trends under the variation of operating parameters.Increasing superficial velocity and SA ratio and decreasing particle diameter result in better mixing of the SA.The effect of bed inventory on SA mixing is not monotonic.

Saturation Estimation with Complex Electrical Conductivity for Hydrate-Bearing Clayey Sediments:An Experimental Study

Clays have considerable influence on the electrical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments.It is desirable to understand the electrical properties of hydrate-bearing clayey sediments and to build hydrate saturation(S_(h))models for reservoir evaluation and monitoring.The electrical properties of tetrahydrofuran-hydrate-bearing sediments with montmorillonite are characterized by complex conductivity at frequencies from 0.01 Hz to 1 kHz.The effects of clay and Sh on the complex conductivity were analyzed.A decrease and increase in electrical conductance result from the clay-swelling-induced blockage and ion migration in the electrical double layer(EDL),respectively.The quadrature conductivity increases with the clay content up to 10%because of the increased surface site density of counterions in EDL.Both the in-phase conductivity and quadrature conductivity decrease consistently with increasing Sh from 0.50 to 0.90.Three sets of models for Sh evaluation were developed.The model based on the Simandoux equation outperforms Archie’s formula,with a root-mean-square error(E_(RMS))of 1.8%and 3.9%,respectively,highlighting the clay effects on the in-phase conductivity.The fre-quency effect correlations based on in-phase and quadrature conductivities exhibit inferior performance(E_(RMS)=11.6%and 13.2%,re-spectively)due to the challenge of choosing an appropriate pair of frequencies and intrinsic uncertainties from two measurements.The second-order Cole-Cole formula can be used to fit the complex-conductivity spectra.One pair of inverted Cole-Cole parameters,i.e.,characteristic time and chargeability,is employed to predict S_(h) with an E_(RMS) of 5.05%and 9.05%,respectively.

Environmental Assessment and Dielectric Performances of the Secondary Electrical Insulation in Low Voltage Motors Impregnated by Different Techniques

A recent technique, using to potentially replace the conventional impregnating one in low voltage electric motors, has been studied in this communication. The conventional technique that uses?both primary and secondary insulations;?i.e.: enamel and varnish, has been compared to this recent technique which only uses one component,?i.e.: self-bonding wires. Self-bonding wires polymerization is very quick compared to that of the conventional technique. Environmental impact and both dielectric and mechanical properties of these two techniques have been estimated and compared. The goal is to estimate if this recent technique has not only a better environmental footprint but also good technical properties. The dielectric properties that have been measured are the dielectric strength and?the lifetime under pulse?voltage while mechanical consists in measuring the bonding strength that is crucial for impregnation.?For that purpose, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) that can simultaneously evaluatenumerous impacts on ground, water and air,?has been performed. The results show clearly that the recent technique significantly reduces the environmental footprint. Both mechanical and dielectric properties are then compared and analyzed.

Secondary diabetes due to different etiologies:Four case reports

BACKGROUND As research on diabetes continues to advance,more complex classifications of this disease have emerged,revealing the existence of special types of diabetes,and many of these patients are prone to misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis,leading to treatment delays and increased health care costs.The purpose of this study was to identify four causes of secondary diabetes.CASE SUMMARY Secondary diabetes can be caused by various factors,some of which are often overlooked.These factors include genetic defects,autoimmune disorders,and diabetes induced by tumours.This paper describes four types of secondary diabetes caused by Williams–Beuren syndrome,Prader–Willi syndrome,pituitary adenoma,and IgG4-related diseases.These cases deviate significantly from the typical progression of the disease due to their low incidence and rarity,often leading to their neglect in clinical practice.In comparison to regular diabetes patients,the four individuals described here exhibited distinct characteristics.Standard hypoglycaemic treatments failed to effectively control the disease.Subsequently,a series of examinations and follow-up history confirmed the diagnosis and underlying cause of diabetes.Upon addressing the primary condition,such as excising a pituitary adenoma,providing glucocorticoid supplementation,and implementing symptomatic treatments,all patients experienced a considerable decrease in blood glucose levels,which were subsequently maintained within a stable range.Furthermore,other accompanying symptoms improved.CONCLUSION Rare diseases causing secondary diabetes are often not considered in the diag-nosis of diabetes.Therefore,it is crucial to conduct genetic tests,antibody detection and other appropriate diagnostic measures when necessary to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention through proactive and efficient management of the underlying condition,ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Flexible and Robust Functionalized Boron Nitride/Poly(p‑Phenylene Benzobisoxazole)Nanocomposite Paper with High Thermal Conductivity and Outstanding Electrical Insulation

With the rapid development of 5G information technology,thermal conductivity/dissipation problems of highly integrated electronic devices and electrical equipment are becoming prominent.In this work,“high-temperature solid-phase&diazonium salt decomposition”method is carried out to prepare benzidine-functionalized boron nitride(m-BN).Subsequently,m-BN/poly(pphenylene benzobisoxazole)nanofiber(PNF)nanocomposite paper with nacremimetic layered structures is prepared via sol–gel film transformation approach.The obtained m-BN/PNF nanocomposite paper with 50 wt%m-BN presents excellent thermal conductivity,incredible electrical insulation,outstanding mechanical properties and thermal stability,due to the construction of extensive hydrogen bonds andπ–πinteractions between m-BN and PNF,and stable nacre-mimetic layered structures.Itsλ∥andλ_(⊥)are 9.68 and 0.84 W m^(-1)K^(-1),and the volume resistivity and breakdown strength are as high as 2.3×10^(15)Ωcm and 324.2 kV mm^(-1),respectively.Besides,it also presents extremely high tensile strength of 193.6 MPa and thermal decomposition temperature of 640°C,showing a broad application prospect in high-end thermal management fields such as electronic devices and electrical equipment.

Safety and effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in cardiac surgery:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Lack of mobilization and prolonged stay in the intensive care unit(ICU)are major factors resulting in the development of ICU-acquired muscle weakness(ICUAW).ICUAW is a type of skeletal muscle dysfunction and a common complication of patients after cardiac surgery,and may be a risk factor for prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation,associated with a higher risk of readmission and higher mortality.Early mobilization in the ICU after cardiac surgery has been found to be low with a significant trend to increase over ICU stay and is also associated with a reduced duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay.Neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES)is an alternative modality of exercise in patients with muscle weakness.A major advantage of NMES is that it can be applied even in sedated patients in the ICU,a fact that might enhance early mobilization in these patients.AIM To evaluate safety,feasibility and effectiveness of NMES on functional capacity and muscle strength in patients before and after cardiac surgery.METHODS We performed a search on Pubmed,Physiotherapy Evidence Database(PEDro),Embase and CINAHL databases,selecting papers published between December 2012 and April 2023 and identified published randomized controlled trials(RCTs)that included implementation of NMES in patients before after cardiac surgery.RCTs were assessed for methodological rigor and risk of bias via the PEDro.The primary outcomes were safety and functional capacity and the secondary outcomes were muscle strength and function.RESULTS Ten studies were included in our systematic review,resulting in 703 participants.Almost half of them performed NMES and the other half were included in the control group,treated with usual care.Nine studies investigated patients after cardiac surgery and 1 study before cardiac surgery.Functional capacity was assessed in 8 studies via 6MWT or other indices,and improved only in 1 study before and in 1 after cardiac surgery.Nine studies explored the effects of NMES on muscle strength and function and,most of them,found increase of muscle strength and improvement in muscle function after NMES.NMES was safe in all studies without any significant complication.CONCLUSION NMES is safe,feasible and has beneficial effects on muscle strength and function in patients after cardiac surgery,but has no significant effect on functional capacity.

Assessment of the Protective Capacity of Vadoze Zone over Aquifer Systems Using Secondary Geoelectrical Parameters: A Case Study of Kaltungo Area North East, Nigeria

An assessment of the protective capacity of the vadose zone overlyingthe aquifer systems in the Kaltungo area was carried out to determine itsinfluence on groundwater quality. Applying the schlumberger array with amaximum electrode spread AB/2 = 100m through VES, thirty water wellpoints were surveyed using Omega terrameter (PIOSO1) resistivity meter.The field data was first subjected to manual interpretation through curvemarching and then digitized modeled curves using computer software. Theinterpreted data revealed that the area is characterized by eleven differentcurve types representing three to five geo electrical layers. In order toassess the protective capacity of the vadoze zone over the aquifer systems,the longitudinal conductance (S) and transverse resistance (T) (secondarygeoelectric parameters) were computed from the primary data using theDar Zarouk formula. The values of S obtained range from 0.0018 to 0.4056ohms with a mean value of 0.0135 ohms while the values of T range from0.55 ohms to 1195.68 ohms with a mean value of 39.84 ohms. The valuesof S and T obtained reveal that 90% of probed points has poor protectivecapacity, 10 % has moderate protective capacity and 83 % has hightransmissivity, 17 % has intermediate transmissivity. The T and S values areskewed towards poorly protective capacity thus making groundwater in thearea highly vulnerable to contamination from the surface. To achieve goodgroundwater quality in the area, proper completion of newly constructedwells should install protective casing through the entire vadose zone.

Optimal transcorneal electrical stimulation parameters for preserving photoreceptors in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa is a hereditary retinal disease that affects rod and cone photoreceptors,leading to progressive photoreceptor loss.Previous research supports the beneficial effect of electrical stimulation on photoreceptor survival.This study aims to identify the most effective electrical stimulation parameters and functional advantages of transcorneal electrical stimulation(tcES)in mice affected by inherited retinal degeneration.Additionally,the study seeked to analyze the electric field that reaches the retina in both eyes in mice and post-mortem humans.In this study,we recorded waveforms and voltages directed to the retina during transcorneal electrical stimulation in C57BL/6J mice using an intraocular needle probe with rectangular,sine,and ramp waveforms.To investigate the functional effects of electrical stimulation on photoreceptors,we used human retinal explant cultures and rhodopsin knockout(Rho^(-/-))mice,demonstrating progressive photoreceptor degeneration with age.Human retinal explants isolated from the donors’eyes were then subjected to electrical stimulation and cultured for 48 hours to simulate the neurodegenerative environment in vitro.Photoreceptor density was evaluated by rhodopsin immunolabeling.In vivo Rho^(-/-)mice were subjected to two 5-day series of daily transcorneal electrical stimulation using rectangular and ramp waveforms.Retinal function and visual perception of mice were evaluated by electroretinography and optomotor response(OMR),respectively.Immunolabeling was used to assess the morphological and biochemical changes of the photoreceptor and bipolar cells in mouse retinas.Oscilloscope recordings indicated effective delivery of rectangular,sine,and ramp waveforms to the retina by transcorneal electrical stimulation,of which the ramp waveform required the lowest voltage.Evaluation of the total conductive resistance of the post-mortem human compared to the mouse eyes indicated higher cornea-to-retina resistance in human eyes.The temperature recordings during and after electrical stimulation indicated no significant temperature change in vivo and only a subtle temperature increase in vitro(~0.5-1.5°C).Electrical stimulation increased photoreceptor survival in human retinal explant cultures,particularly at the ramp waveform.Transcorneal electrical stimulation(rectangular+ramp)waveforms significantly improved the survival and function of S and M-cones and enhanced visual acuity based on the optomotor response results.Histology and immunolabeling demonstrated increased photoreceptor survival,improved outer nuclear layer thickness,and increased bipolar cell sprouting in Rho^(-/-)mice.These results indicate that transcorneal electrical stimulation effectively delivers the electrical field to the retina,improves photoreceptor survival in both human and mouse retinas,and increases visual function in Rho^(-/-)mice.Combined rectangular and ramp waveform stimulation can promote photoreceptor survival in a minimally invasive fashion.

First-Principles Study on Thermal and Electrical Transport Properties of NbGe_(2) and NbSi_(2):The Role of Electron-Phonon Coupling

We investigate coupled electron and phonon transport in NbX_(2) with X=Ge,Si,where experimental evidence of strong electron-phonon coupling and hydrodynamic transport has been reported.Based on first-principles density functional theory calculations,we measured the thermal and electrical transport properties of the compounds.We found that phonon-electron scattering strongly affects phonon thermal conductivity(κph)and leads to a weak temperature dependence ofκph instead of a normal inverse temperature dependence when anharmonic three-phonon scattering dominates.In addition,κph contributes to a quarter of the total thermal conductivity,which differs from typical metals in which the total thermal conductivity is predominantly derived from electrons.In contrast to previous numerical research,our electrical resistivity results agree well with the experimental measurements.The anisotropic properties of the transport coefficients are attributed to the electron-phonon dispersion relation.In addition,we found a negligible effect of electron-phonon drag on the transport properties,contrary to the expectation from a strongly coupled electron-phonon fluid.

Secondary Metabolites of Entomopathogenic Fungi, Biological Alternative for the Control of Agricultural Pests and Disease: Present and Perspectives

The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) in recent years has been highly effective against the different orders of insects considered pests of agricultural importance and their conidia have been commonly applied, but it has been reported that these are sensitive to the environmental conditions. For this reason, biopesticides products have been formulated based on secondary metabolites, recently. These biomolecules participate as biological control agent, such as: cyclic depsipeptides, amino acids, polyketides, polyphenols and terpenoids, affecting their morphology, life cycle and insect behavior. The use of secondary metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi opens the possibility of application in a more efficient way for the control of agricultural pests in a compatible with the environment and human health;therefore, it is important to know, analyzing the type of molecules, their effects, and their different methods of application.

Strategies for Successful Electrical Cardioversion in Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in the world, and its management relies on restoring sinus rhythm through external electrical shock and controlling the heart rate. This procedure should be performed under sedation with strict monitoring of blood pressure and saturation after the elimination of thrombus in the left atrium. Objective: The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the impact of anticoagulation and imaging in the periprocedural period, the modalities, and the complications associated with electrical cardioversion (ECV). Research Method: A review of recent literature was conducted using medical databases such as PubMed and Scopus. Searches were performed on articles published between 2003 and 2024, focusing on the new ESC guidelines for 2024. The keywords used included “electrical cardioversion”, “atrial fibrillation”, “orthogonal cardioversion” and “anticoagulation”. Inclusion criteria encompassed clinical trials, meta-analyses, and literature reviews, while studies addressing other treatment forms for AF or lacking information on ECV were excluded. Relevant data were extracted and synthesized to provide an overview of the modalities and complications related to ECV in the context of AF. Results and Conclusion: The use of high-energy biphasic shocks significantly improves rhythm control success and also reduces the incidence of ventricular fibrillation. Furthermore, orthogonal electrical cardioversion (OECV) has proven effective for cases of AF refractory to standard protocols, allowing for a lower defibrillation threshold and promoting better current distribution. However, complications must be considered, particularly thromboembolic events in non-anticoagulated patients. Other complications, such as bradycardia and recurrence of AF, may arise post-procedure. It is therefore crucial to ensure adequate anticoagulation before and after ECV, as well as continuous monitoring, to minimize these risks and optimize clinical outcomes.

Promoting role of Ru species on Ir-Fe/BN catalyst in 1,2-diols hydrogenolysis to secondary alcohols

Noble metal-based-bimetallic catalysts have been highly investigated and applied in wide applications including biomass transformation via regioselective C−O hydrogenolysis while further modification especially with noble metal is highly promising yet still under investigation.Herein,Ru was found as an effective modifier among the screened noble metals(Ru,Pt,Rh,Pd,Au,and Ag)for Ir-Fe/BN(Ir=5 wt%,Fe/Ir=0.25)catalyst in terminal C−O hydrogenolysis of 1,2-butanediol(1,2-BuD)to 2-butanol(2-BuOH).Only trace amount of Ru(up to 0.5 wt%)was effective in terms of high 2-BuOH selectivity(>60%)and activity(about twice).Larger amount of Ru species(3 wt%)highly enhanced the activity but gave low selectivity to 2-BuOH with by-products of terminal C−C bond scission.Optimized catalyst(Ru(0.5)-Ir-Fe/BN)was reusable at least 4 times and gave moderate 2-BuOH yield(47%)in hydrogenolysis of 1,2-BuD.The promoting effect of Ru addition(0.5 wt%)to Ir-Fe/BN on hydrogenolysis of various alcohols was also confirmed.Combining catalytic tests with various characterizations,the promotion mechanism of Ru species in trimetallic catalysts was clarified.The Ru species in Ru(0.5)-Ir-Fe/BN form alloy with Ir and are enriched at the interface with BN surface,and direct interaction between Ru and Fe was not necessary in Ru-Ir-Fe alloy.The interface of Ir and Fe on the surface of Ir-Fe alloy may work as active sites for 1,2-diols to secondary alcohols via direct C−O hydrogenolysis,in which Ru-modified Ir activates H_(2) to form hydride-like species.The activity of Ru species in C−C bond cleavage was highly suppressed due to the direct interaction with Ir species and less exposed to substrate.Larger loading amount of Ru species(3 wt%)led to the formation Ru-rich trimetallic alloy,which further works as active sites for C−C bond scission.

Contrast in Secondary Organic Aerosols between the Present Day and the Preindustrial Period:The Importance of Nontraditional Sources and the Changed Atmospheric Oxidation Capability

Quantifying differences in secondary organic aerosols(SOAs)between the preindustrial period and the present day is crucial to assess climate forcing and environmental effects resulting from anthropogenic activities.The lack of vegetation information for the preindustrial period and the uncertainties in describing SOA formation are two leading factors preventing simulation of SOA.This study calculated the online emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in the Aerosol and Atmospheric Chemistry Model of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP-AACM)by coupling the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature(MEGAN),where the input vegetation parameters were simulated by the IAP Dynamic Global Vegetation Model(IAP-DGVM).The volatility basis set(VBS)approach was adopted to simulate SOA formation from the nontraditional pathways,i.e.,the oxidation of intermediate VOCs and aging of primary organic aerosol.Although biogenic SOAs(BSOAs)were dominant in SOAs globally in the preindustrial period,the contribution of nontraditional anthropogenic SOAs(ASOAs)to the total SOAs was up to 35.7%.In the present day,the contribution of ASOAs was 2.8 times larger than that in the preindustrial period.The contribution of nontraditional sources of SOAs to SOA was as high as 53.1%.The influence of increased anthropogenic emissions in the present day on BSOA concentrations was greater than that of increased biogenic emission changes.The response of BSOA concentrations to anthropogenic emission changes in the present day was more sensitive than that in the preindustrial period.The nontraditional sources and the atmospheric oxidation capability greatly affect the global SOA change.

A perspective review on the biosynthesis of plant-based secondary metabolites and their application as potent drugs

Many phytochemicals and their derived metabolites produced by plants are extensively employed in commercial goods,pharmaceutical products as well as in the environmental and medicalfields.However,these secondary metabolites obtained from plants are in low amounts,and it is difficult to synthesize them at the industrial level.Despite these challenges,they may be utilized for a variety of medicinal products that are either available in the market or are being researched and tested.Secondary metabolites are complex compounds that exhibit chirality.Further,under controlled conditions with elicitors,desired secondary metabolites may be produced from plant cell cultures.This review emphasizes the various aspects of secondary metabolites including their types,synthesis,and applications as medicinal products.The article aims to promote the use of plant secondary metabolites in the management and treatment of various diseases.

Evaluation of Hemoglobin and Serum Erythropoietin Levels in Patients with Polycythemia Vera and Secondary Polycythemia

Objective: This study compares hemoglobin and erythropoietin levels in patients with polycythemia vera and secondary polycythemia. Study Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study evaluating the serum erythropoietin and hemoglobin levels in patients with polycythemia vera and secondary polycythemia. This study was performed simultaneously in Texas state of the U.S. and Fars Province in Iran. Methods: Hemoglobin, hematocrit and erythropoietin test results were collected from patients aged 19 to 75 years who were diagnosed with polycythemia vera and secondary polycythemia. Patients records with history of thrombocythemia, congestive heart failure, dyspnea, anemia and pregnant woman were excluded from study. Patients in each decade of life were examined in separate groups, so that changes in hemoglobin related to aging did not affect the research results. Results: 75% of the patients were men, and 25% were women. A total of 1580 patients were analyzed in this study. 57.3% of patients in UTMB and 38.8 patients in Iran have hemoglobin level above 17 mg/dl. 74% of patients in UTMB and 88% of patients in Iran have erythropoietin below 10 IU/mL. Polycythemia in UTMB was more common in people over 50 and in Iran in patients under 50 years old. The serum hemoglobin and erythropoietin levels in patients with polycythemia vera were not significantly different in compare to secondary polycythemia patients. Data showed that there were 84 polycythemia patients per 100,000 people. The results of this study in UTMB and Iran showed that 4.5% and 7%, respectively, of patients with polycythemia had a positive JAK2 test. Conclusion: Low erythropoietin levels may not be helpful in differentiating polycythemia vera from secondary polycythemia. .

Electrical Resistivity Structures of the Beishan Block,NW China,and Tectonic Implications

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB)is a giant orogenic belt located between the Siberian Plate,the Tarim Plate,and the North China Plate,which records the longterm and complex geologic evolution of the Paleo-Asian Ocean from the Early Neoproterozoic(ca.1000 Ma)to the Late Paleoproterozoic(ca.250 Ma)process.The Beishan Block is located in the middle and southern edge of the Central Asian orogenic belt,at the intersection of the Tarim plate,the Siberian Plate and the Kazakhstan Plate.