Influence of Basicity on the Formation of Cluster Ions/Adduct Ions for Organic Ammonium Halides by Positive Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

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Probing the Proteolysis of Melittin Using Liquid Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry(LSIMS) was used to probe the proteolysis of melittin by trypsin and pepsin. The results showed that LSIMS is good for monitoring proteolytic reactions. It can not only identify the proteolytic products of proteins, but also be used to research the dynamics of proteolytic reactions. The proteolysis of melittin by trypsin gave seven main peptide fragments: 1, AA 1 AA 7 ; 2, AA 1 AA 21 ;3, AA 1 AA 22 ; 4, AA 1 AA 23 ; 5, AA 1 AA 24 ; 6, AA 8 AA 21 ; 7, AA 8 AA 22 . The proteolysis of melittin with pepsin gave thirteen peptide fragments: 1, AA 1 AA 3; 2, AA 4 AA 6;3, AA 1 AA 4;4, AA 1 AA 5 ;5, AA 1 AA 6 ;6, AA 1 AA 8;7, AA 7 AA 13 ;8, AA 10 AA 13 ;9, AA 14 AA 16 ;10, AA 14 AA 26 ;11, AA 15 AA 26 ;12, AA 17 AA 26 ;13, AA 20 AA 26 .

Analysis of the linkage positions and isomers of monosaccharide units in oligosaccharides by negative secondary ion mass spectrometry in combination with the stereoselective reaction with substituted boronic acid

The negative secondary ion mass spectrometry,in combination with the stereoselective derivatizations with substituted boronic acid RB(OH)_2,was used in the analysis of fourteen oligosac- charides.The mass spectra of the derivatives provide information on their linkage Positions and iso- merism of the individual monoscaccharide units.The results indicated that among the derivatives of the oligosaccharides analyzed,those with 1—4 and 1—6 linkages all presented the ion peaks at m/z 287,sometimes one more peak at m/z 449.Furthermore,a relationship was found between the linkage positions and the intensity orders of the derivative ions.Finally,the derivatives of the disaccharides with a galactose presented an intense ion peak at m/z 347,and those of oligosaccharides with 1—6 linkage to a galactose at terminal presented the ion at m/z 317.In the case of oligosaccharides with a fructose residue,characteristic ion of m/z 155 was produced.The conditions of stereoselective derivatizations and mass spectrometry were studied,in order to obtain a better reproducibility of the mass spectra.

A depressant for marmatite flotation:Synthesis,characterisation and floatation performance

This study synthesised a zincic salt(ZS)as a depressant for marmatite-galena separation.The effect of ZS on the flotation of marmatite and galena was investigated through micro-flotation tests.88.89%of the galena was recovered and 83.39%of the marmatite was depressed with ZS dosage of 750 mg·L^(−1)at pH=4.The depression mechanism of ZS on marmatite was investigated by a variety of techniques,including adsorption measurements,Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic(XPS)analysis,and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS).Results of adsorption tests and FTIR reveal that ZS adsorbed on marmatite surface and impeded the subsequent adsorption of butyl xanthate(BX).The results of XPS and ToF-SIMS indicate that the ZnO_(2)^(3-)released by ZS could be chemisorbed on the marmatite surface and depress marmatite flotation.

Low-resistance ohmic contacts on InAlN/GaN heterostructures with MOCVD-regrown n+-InGaN and mask-free regrowth process

This paper studied the low-resistance ohmic contacts on InAlN/GaN with metal–organic chemical vapor deposition(MOCVD)regrowth technique.The 150-nm regrown n-InGaN exhibits a low sheet resistance of 31Ω/□,resulting in an extremely low contact resistance of 0.102Ω·mm between n^(+)-InGaN and InAlN/GaN channels.Mask-free regrowth process was also used to significantly improve the sheet resistance of InAlN/GaN with MOCVD regrown ohmic contacts.Then,the diffusion mechanism between n^(+)-InGaN and InAlN during regrowth process was investigated with electrical and structural characterizations,which could benefit the further process optimization.

Layer-by-Layer Analysis of the Composition of Thin Films by SIMS and Raman Spectroscopy

In this study, thin films were produced by magnetron sputtering NC （nanocrystalline） specimens of titanium saturated in hydrogen and were evaluated by layer-by-layer SIMS （secondary ion mass spectrometry） and Raman spectroscopy. Due to magnetron sputtering, the chemical composition of the films was non-homogeneous and was variable among layers. Moreover, in the deposition of specimens saturated with hydrogen, hydrogen diffused throughout the depth of the film; diffusion, however, was restricted to the area near the film-substrate interface, affecting less than 50% of the thickness of the film.

Source Rock Classification and the Basic Structure of Coal and Kerogen

In accordance with the confusion on classification of source rocks, the authors raised a source rock classification for its enriched and dispersed organic matter types based on both Alpern’s idea and maceral genesis/composition. The determined rock type is roughly similar to palynofacies of Combaz , whereas it is "rock maceral facies (for coal viz. coal facies)" in strictly speaking. Therefore, it is necessary to use the organic ingredients classification proposed by the authors so that it can be used for both maceral analysis and environment research . This source rock classification not only shows sedimentology and diagenetic changes but also acquires organic matter type even if hydrocarbon potential derived from maceral’s geochemical parameters. So, it is considered as genetic classification. The "rock maceral facies" may be transformed to sedimentary organic facies , which is used as quantitative evaluation means if research being perfect.Now, there are many models in terms of structure either for coal or for kerogen. In our opinion, whatever coal or kerogen ought be polymer, then we follow Combaz’s thought and study structure of amorphous kerogens which are accordance with genetic mechanism showing biochemical and geochemical process perfectly. Here, we use the time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOFSIMS) to expand Combaz’s models from three to five. They are also models for coal.

Multimodal element(including lithium)mapping in a Mg-9Li-4Al-1Zn alloy

Determining the distribution of alloying elements,particularly lithium,is crucial for a holistic understanding of magnesium-lithium-based alloys.In this work,a bespoke ratio spectrum-imaging method based on electron energy-loss spectroscopy,in combination with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Z-contrast imaging,was applied to an as-rolled LAZ941 alloy(Mg-9Li-4Al-1Zn in wt.%).This was done to characterize the distribution of alloying elements,including the distribution of solute in the magnesium matrix.The applications of different mapping techniques revealed that precipitates with two different morphologies are rich in Li,Al and Zn,compared to their surrounding matrix.Additionally,it was confirmed that theβ-phase of the alloy contains higher Li and lower Mg concentrations when compared to theα-phase.This study demonstrated the effectiveness and accuracy of the ratio spectrum-imaging method for mapping the elemental distribution(including lithium)in a range of Li-containing materials.

Effect of boron addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of K4750 nickel-based superalloy

The effect of boron addition at 0,0.007 wt.% and 0.010 wt.% on the microstructure and mechanical properties of K4750 nickel-based superalloy was studied.The microstructure of the as-cast and heat-treated alloys was analyzed by SEM,EPMA,SIMS and TEM.Lamellar M_(5) B_(3)-type borides were observed in boroncontaining as-cast alloys.After the full heat treatment,boron atoms released from the decomposition of M_(5) B_(3) borides were segregated at grain boundaries,which inhibited the growth and agglomeration of M_(23)C_(6) carbides.Therefore,the M_(23)C_(6) carbides along grain boundaries were granular in boron-containing alloys,while those were continuous in boron-free alloys.The mechanical prope rty analysis indicated that the addition of bo ron significantly improved the tensile ductility at room tempe rature and stress rupture properties at 750℃/430 MPa of K4750 alloy.The low tensile ductility at room temperature of 0 B alloy was attributed to continuous M_(23)C_(6) carbides leaded to stress concentration,which provided a favorable location for crack nucleation and propagation.The improvement of the stress rupture properties of boron-containing alloys was the result of the combination of boron segregation increased the cohesion of grain boundaries and granular M_(23)C_(6) carbides suppressed the link-up and extension of micro-cracks.

Influence of kaolinite and montmorillonite on benzo[a]pyrene biodegradation by Paracoccus aminovorans HPD-2 and the underlying interface interaction mechanisms

Clay minerals play an important role in biogeochemical cycling.Here,kaolinite and montmorillonite,the two most abundant and widespread clay minerals with typical layered structures,were selected to investigate and compare their effects on the biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene(BaP)by Paracoccus aminovorans HPD-2 and to investigate the underlying interface mechanisms.Overall,the BaP degradation efficiency was significantly higher 7 d after montmorillonite addition,reaching 68.9%(P<0.05),when compared with that of the control without addition of clay minerals(CK,61.4%);however,the addition of kaolinite significantly reduced the BaP degradation efficiency to 45.8%.This suggests that kaolinite inhibits BaP degradation by inhibiting the growth of strain HPD-2,or its strong hydrophobicity and readily agglomerates in the degradation system,resulting in a decrease in the bio-accessibility of BaP to strain HPD-2.Montmorillonite may buffer some unfavorable factors,and cells may be fixed on the surface of montmorillonite colloidal particles across energy barriers.Furthermore,the adsorption of BaP on montmorillonite may be weakened after swelling,reducing the effect on the bio-accessibility of BaP,thus promoting the biodegradation of BaP by strain HPD-2.The experimental results indicate that differential bacterial growth,BaP bio-accessibility,interface interaction,and the buffering effect may explain the differential effects of the different minerals on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation.These observations improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which clay minerals,organic pollutants,and degrading bacteria interact during the biodegradation process and provide a theoretical basis for increasing the biodegradation of soil pollutants by native microorganisms under field conditions.

Influence of purity of HfO_2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry （SIMS） equipment respectively. It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films. In addition, the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single layer films was much larger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe, which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2. With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2, we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm. Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively, which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.

Strategies towards robust interpretations of in situ zircon oxygen isotopes

Oxygen isotopes are a versatile tool to address a wide range of questions in the Earth sciences.Applications include geothermometry,paleoclimatology,tracing of geochemical reservoirs,fluid-rock interaction,magmatic petrogenesis,and identification of extra-terrestrial materials.Zircon arguably provides one of the most robust records of primary magmatic O isotope ratio due to low diffusion rates in crystalline grains.The ability to correlate zircon O isotopes with temporal and petrogenetic information(e.g.U-Pb geochronology,Lu-Hf isotopes,and trace elements)makes this mineral a key archive for understanding Earth’s crustal evolution.Consequently,zircon O isotope geochemistry has found widespread usage to address fundamental questions across the earth and planetary sciences.The general apparent ease of O isotopic acquisition through the advancement of rapid in situ techniques(i.e.secondary ion mass spectrometry;SIMS)and associated dedicated national laboratories has led to the generation of large O isotopic data sets of variable quality,highlighting the importance of a coherent workflow for data collection,reduction,and presentation.This paper presents a set of approaches for measurement,assessment,and reporting of zircon O isotope data.The focus in this contribution is on in situ analysis via secondary ion mass spectrometry using large geometry instruments,but other commonly used techniques are briefly reviewed for context.This work aims to provide an analytical framework necessary for geologically meaningful interpretation of O isotope data.In addition,we describe inherent geological(e.g.radiation-induced disturbance of the zircon O isotopic system)and analytical(e.g.fractionation due to sample topography effects)challenges and outline means to identify and avoid such issues as a prerequisite to the generation of robust primary O isotopic signatures for geological interpretation.

Stratigraphic analysis of intercalated graphite electrodes in aqueous inorganic acid solutions

A detailed stratigraphic investigation of the intercalation mechanism when graphite electrodes are immersed inside diluted perchloric(HClO_(4))and sulfuric(H_(2)SO_(4))electrolytes is obtained by comparing results when graphite crystals are simply immersed in the same acid solutions.By combining time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS)and in-situ atomic force microscopy(AFM),we provide a picture of the chemical species involved in the intercalation reaction.The depth intensity profile of the ion signals along the electrode crystal clearly shows a more complex mechanism for the intercalation process,where the local morphology of the basal plane plays a crucial role.Solvated anions are mostly located within the first tens of nanometers of graphite,but electrolytes also diffuse inside the buried layers for hundreds of nanometers,the latter process is also aided by the presence of mesoscopic crystal defects.Residual material from the electrolyte solution was found localized in well-defined circular spots,which represent preferential interaction areas.Interestingly,blister-like micro-structures similar to those observed on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite(HOPG)surface were found in the buried layers,confirming the equivalence of the chemical condition on the graphite surface and in the underneath layers.