Integral cross sections for electron impact excitations of argon and carbon dioxide

Electron-impact excitation integral cross sections play an important role in understanding the energy transfer processes in many applied physics. Practical applications require integral cross sections in a wide collision energy range from the excitation threshold to several ke V. The recently developed BE-scaling method is able to meet the demands of integral cross sections for dipole-allowed transitions while the prerequisite relies on the accurate generalized oscillator strengths. Fast electron and x-ray scatterings are the conventional experimental techniques to approach the generalized oscillator strengths,and the joint study by both methods can provide credible cross-checks. The validated generalized oscillator strengths can then be used to extrapolate optical oscillator strengths by fitting the data with the Lassettre formula. The fitted curve also enables the integration of generalized oscillator strengths over the whole momentum transfer region to obtain the BE-scaled integral excitation cross sections. Here, experimental measurements by both fast electron and x-ray scattering of argon and carbon dioxide are reviewed. The integral cross sections for some low-lying states are derived from the cross-checked generalized oscillator strengths for the first time. The integral cross sections presented in this paper are openly available at https://doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.01466.

State-to-state integral cross sections and rate constants for the N^(+)(3P)+HD→NH^(+)/ND^(+)+D/H reaction:Accurate quantum dynamics studies

The reactive collisions of nitrogen ion with hydrogen and its isotopic variations have great significance in the field of astrophysics.Herein,the state-to-state quantum time-dependent wave packet calculations of N^(+)(3P)+HD→NH^(+)/ND^(+)+D/H reaction are carried out based on the recently developed potential energy surface[Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.2122203(2019)].The integral cross sections(ICSs)and rate coefficients of both channels are precisely determined at the state-to-state level.The results of total ICSs and rate coefficients present a dramatic preference on the ND+product over the NH^(+)product,conforming to the long-lived complex-forming mechanism.Product state-resolved ICSs indicate that both the product molecules are difficult to excite to higher vibrational states,and the ND^(+)product has a hotter rotational state distribution.Moreover,the integral cross sections and rate coefficients are precisely determined at the state-to-state level and insights are provided about the differences between the two channels.The present results would provide an important reference for the further experimental studies at the finer level for this interstellar chemical reaction.The datasets presented in this paper,including the ICSs and rate coefficients of the two products for the title reaction,are openly available at https://www.doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00113.00034.

The influence of isotope substitution of neon atom on the integral cross sections of rotational excitation in Ne-Na2 collisions

This paper applies the multiple ellipsoid model to the 16Ne （20Ne, 28Ne, 34Ne）-Na2 collision systems, and calcu- lates integral cross sections for rotational excitation at the incident energy of 190 meV. It can be seen that the accuracy of the integral cross sections can be improved by increasing the number of equipotential ellipsoid surfaces. Moreover, by analysing the differences of these integral cross sections, it obtains the change rules of the integral cross sections with the increase of rotational angular quantum number j＇, and with the change of the mass of isotope substitution neon atom. Finally, the contribution of different regions of the potential to inelastic cross sections for 20Ne-Na2 collision system is investigated at relative incident energy of 190 meV.

Oscillator strength and cross section study of the valence-shell excitations of NO_(2) by fast electron scattering

Oscillator strengths and cross sections of the valence-shell excitations in NO_(2)are of great significance in testing the theoretical calculations and monitoring the state of the ozone layer in the earth’s atmosphere. In the present work, the generalized oscillator strengths of the valence-shell excitations in NO_(2)were obtained based on the fast electron scattering technique at an incident electron energy of 1.5 ke V and an energy resolution of about 70 me V. By extrapolating the generalized oscillator strengths to the limit of a zero squared momentum transfer, the optical oscillator strengths for the dipole-allowed transitions have been obtained, which provide an independent cross check to the previous experimental results. Based on the BE-scaling method, the corresponding integral cross sections have also been derived systematically from the excitation threshold to 5000 eV. The present dynamic parameters can provide the fundamental spectroscopic data of NO_(2)and have important applications in the studies of atmospheric science. The datasets presented in this paper, including the GOSs, OOSs and ICSs, are openly available at https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00113.00156.

Absolute differential, elastic integrated and mqment transfer cross sections for electron-OCS collisions at intermediate and high energies

A complex optical model potential modified by incorporating the concept of bonded atom, which takes into consideration the overlapping effect of electron clouds between atoms in a molecule, is firstly employed to calculate the absolute differential, elastic integrated and moment transfer cross sections for electron scattering by OCS over the incident energy range from 200 to 1000 eV using the additivity rule model at Hartree-Fock level. The calculated results are compared with those obtained by experiment and other theories wherever available, and good agreement is obtained over a wide energy range. It is shown that the additivity rule model together with the modified potential is completely suitable for calculating the absolute differential, elastic integrated and moment transfer cross sections of electron scattering by molecules such as OCS.

Theoretical study of stereodynamics for the D'+ DS(v=0,j=0) → D'D + S abstraction reaction

Quasiclassical trajectory （QCT） calculations have been performed for the abstraction reaction, Dt＋ DS（v = 0, j = 0） → D＇D ＋ S on a new LZHH potential energy surface （PES） of the adiabatic 3A＇＇ electronic state [Lü et al. 2012 J. Chem. Phys. 136 094308]. The collision energy effect on the integral cross section and product polarization are studied over a wide collision energy range from 0.1 to 2.0 eV. The cross sections calculated by the QCT procedure are in good accordance with previous quantum wave packet results. The three angular distribution functions, P（θr）, P（φr）, and P（θr,φr）, together with the four commonly used polarization-dependent differential cross sections （（2 π/σ） （ d σ00 / d ω1）, （2π/σ） （d σ20 / d ω1）, （2π/σ）（dσ22＋/dω1）, （2π/σ）（dσ21-/dω1）） are obtained to gain insight into the chemical stereodynamics of the title reaction. Influences of the collision energy on the product polarization are exhibited and discussed.

Translational,vibrational,rotational enhancements and alignments of reactions H + ClF(v = 0-5,j= 0,3,6,9) →HCl + F and HF + Cl,at E_(rel)= 0.5-20 kcal/mol

Quasi-classical trajectory calculations of the title reactions H ＋ C1F （v = 0-5, j = 0, 3,6, 9） -＋ HCl ＋ F and H ＋ C1F （v = 0-5, j =0, 3, 6, 9） → HF ＋ C1 at Erel = 0.5 kcal/mol-20 kcal/mol on ground potential energy surface DHTSN of 1 2AI [M. E Deskevich, M. Y. Hayes, K. Takahashi, R. T. Skodje and D. J. Nesbitt, J. Chem. Phys. 124, 224303 （2006）] are performed. Potential energy surfaces derived from DHTSN for the title reactions are obtained, and compared with that of DHTSN for the reaction F ＋ HC1 -＋ HF ＋ C1. Both potential energy surfaces have an early barrier pattern. Integral cross sections and alignments of product molecules HC1 and HF dependent on the internal energy states v and j of reactant molecule C1F are obtained and compared. Translational, vibrational, and rotational energy specific translational enhancements of the reactant molecule CIF of the title reactions are found. Reaction mechanisms of the title reactions according to the respective potential energy contours are further found and explained. Reasons of simultaneous translational and vibrational enhancements are clarified.

Dynamics of the Au+H2 reaction by time-dependent wave packet and quasi-classical trajectory methods

Dynamics of the Au + H2 reaction are studied using time-dependent wave packet(TDWP) and quasi-classical trajectory(QCT) methods based on a new potential energy surface [Int. J. Quantum Chem. 118 e25493(2018)]. The dynamic properties such as reaction probability, integral cross section, differential cross section and the distribution of product are studied at state-to-state level of theory. Furthermore, the present results are compared with the theoretical studies available.The results indicate that the complex-forming reaction mechanism is dominated in the reaction in the low collision energy region and the abstract reaction mechanism plays a dominant role at high collision energies. Different from previous theoretical calculations, the side-ways scattering signals are found in the present work and become more and more apparent with increasing collision energy.

Study of the H+HS reaction on a newly built potential energy surface using the quasi-classical trajectory method

Bai Meng-Meng, Ge Mei-Hua, Yang Huan, and Zheng Yu-Jun School of Physics, Shandong University, J/nan 250100, China The quasi-classical trajectory （QCT） method is used to study the H＋HS reaction on a newly built potential energy surface （PES） of the triplet state of H2S （3AH） in a collision energy range of 0-60 kcal/mol. Both scalar properties, such as the reaction probability and the integral cross section （ICS）, and the vector properties, such as the angular distribution between the relative velocity vector of the reactant and that of the product, etc., are investigated using the QCT method. It is found that the ICSs obtained by the QCT method and the quantum mechanical （QM） method accord well with each other. In addition, the distribution for the product vibrational states is cold, while that for the product rotational states is hot for both reaction channels in the whole energy range studied here.

Steric Effects in the Cl＋CHD3（v1=1） Reaction

A recent study has revealed a full 3-dimentional reactive scattering picture of the reaction CI＋CHD3（v1=1） as the C1 atoms attack CHD3 from various directions respective to the C-H stretching bond. The reported polarization-dependent differential cross sections provide the most detailed characterization of the influences of reagent alignments on reactivity. To convey the stereo-specific information more accessible to general chemists, we show here, by proper symmetry considerations, how to retrieve from the measurements the relative integral and differential cross sections of two most common collision geometries： the end-on versus side-on attacks. The results, albeit coarse-grained, provide an appealing picture that not only reinforces our intuition about chemical reactivity, but also sheds more light on the conventional （unpolarized） attributes.

Exact quantum dynamics study of the H(^(2)S)+SiH^(+)(X^(1)Σ^(+))reaction on a new potential energy surface of SiH_(2)^(+)(X^(2)A_(1))

Based on a new global potential energy surface of SiH_(2)^(+)(X^(2)A_(1)),the exact quantum dynamical calculation for the H(^(2)S)+SiH^(+)(X^(1)Σ^(+))→H_(2)+Si^(+)reaction has been carried out by using the Chebyshev wave packet method.The initial state specified(νi=0,ji=0)probabilities,integral cross sections(ICS)and thermal rate constants of the title reaction are calculated.All partial wave contributions up to J=90 are calculated in exact quantum calculation including the full Coriolis coupling(CC)effect.The dynamical behaviors of probabilities,ICSs and rate constants are found to be in accord with an exothermic reaction without potential barrier.By comparing the probabilities of CC with the corresponding centrifugal sudden(CS)approximation ones,it can be concluded that neglecting CC effect will decrease the collision time,increase the amplitude of oscillation and lead to overestimation or underestimation of the reaction probability.For ICSs and rate constants,it is found that the deviation of CC and CS ICSs is small in the most of collision energy range except for the range of 0 eV-0.05 eV,while the deviation of both rate constants is considerable in the temperature range of 16 K-1000 K.

A new global potential energy surface of the ground state of SiH_(2)^(+)(X^(2)A_(1))system and dynamics calculations of the Si^(+)+H_(2)(v_(0)=2,j_(0)=0)→SiH^(+)+H reaction

A global potential energy surface(PES)of the ground state of SiH_(2)^(+) system is built by using neural network method based on 18223 ab initio points.The topographic properties of PES are presented and compared with previous theoretical and experimental studies.The results indicate that the spectroscopic parameters obtained from the new PES are in good agreement with the experimental data.In order to further verify the validity of the new PES,a test dynamics calculation of the Si^(+)+H_(2)(v_(0)=2,j_(0)=0)→H+SiH^(+)reaction has been carried out by using the time-dependent wave packet method.The integral cross sections and rate constants are computed for the title reaction.The reasonable dynamical behavior indicates that the newly constructed PES is suitable for relevant dynamics investigations.

Time-Dependent Quantum Wave Packet Calculation for Reaction S-(^(2)P)+H_(2)(^(1)∑_(g)^(+))→SH-(^(1)∑)+H(^(2)S) on Ab Initio Potential Energy Surface

The time-dependent wave packet propagation method was applied to investigate the dynamic behaviours of the reaction S-(^(2)P)+H_(2)(^(1)∑_(g)^(+))→SH-(^(1)∑)+H(^(2)S)based on the electronic ground state(^(2)A′)potential energy surface of the SH_(2)-ionic molecule.The collision energy dependent reaction probabilities and integral cross sections are obtained.The numerical results suggest that there are significant oscillation structures over all the studied range of the collision energies.The vibrational excitation and rotational excitation of the diatomic reagent H_(2) promote the reactivity significantly as suggested by the numerical total reaction probabilities with the initial rotational quantum number of j=0,2,4,6,8,10,and the vibrational quantum number v=0,1,2,3,4.The numerical integral cross sections are quite consistent with the experimental data reported in previous work.

State-to-State Quantum Dynamical Study of H+Br_(2)→HBr+Br Reaction

The time-dependent wave packet method has been employed to calculate the state-to-state integral cross sections and differential cross sections(DCSs)for three initial states of the title reaction on the recently constructed neural network potential energy surface.It is found that the product HBr(v′=2,3,4)states have the dominated population in the entire energy region considered here,indicating an inverted HBr vibrational state distribution.More than half of the available energy ends up as product internal motion,and most of which goes into the vibrational motion.Our calculations show that initial rotational excitation of Br2 has little effect on the product ro-vibrational state distributions and DCSs of the reaction.While the initial vibrational excitation has some influences.The initial vibrational excitation to v_(0)=5 obviously enhance the product vibrational excitation in the low energy region.The DCSs for collision energy up to 0.5 eV at the ground and rotationally excited state are peaked in the backward direction,but the width of the angular distribution increases considerably with the increase of collision energy.For the vibrationally excited state,the DCSs are rather complicated with some strong forward scattering peaks for highly vibrationally excited products.

Mechanism analysis of reaction S+(2D)+H2(X1Σg^+) → SH+(X3Σ-) + H(2S) based on the quantum state-to-state dynamics

We present a state-to-state dynamical calculation on the reaction S++ H2→ SH+ +H based on an accurate X2 A″ potential surface. Some reaction properties, such as reaction probability, integral cross sections, product distribution, etc.,are found to be those with characteristics of an indirect reaction. The oscillating structures appearing in reaction probability versus collision energy are considered to be the consequence of the deep potential well in the reaction. The comparison of the present total integral cross sections with the previous quasi-classical trajectory results shows that the quantum effect is more important at low collision energies. In addition, the quantum number inversion in the rotational distribution of the product is regarded as the result of the heavy–light–light mass combination, which is not effective for the vibrational excitation. For the collision energies considered, the product differential cross sections of the title reaction are mainly concentrated in the forward and backward regions, which suggests that there is a long-life intermediate complex in the reaction process.

Spectral Parameter Study on Tm^(3+) in Na_5Tm(WO_4)_4 Crystal

On the basis of the obtained intensity parameters Ω λ(λ =2,4,6) of Tm 3+ in the Na 5Tm(WO 4) 4 crystal, we performed calculations on the radiative transition probability, radiative lifetime, branching ratios and stimulated emission integrated cross sections between the two excited J manifolds of Tm 3+ , and discussed potentiality for the usage of this crystal as a laser material.

Guest Editorial:Special Section on Integrating Ultra-High Levels of Variable Renewable Energy

Wind and solar energy have seen significant decreases in the cost of these technologies over that last decade which has lead to increasing levels integrated into the grid.They also offer unique benefits such as no fuel costs,quick installation,and no pollution.But as more variable renewable energy(VRE)such as wind and solar is integrated into electrical power systems.

Fiber damage analysis model for RC beam-column based on EEP super-convergent computation

A new numerical strategy to model nonlinear damage behavior of RC beam-column member based on level of material and superconvergent computation is presented in this paper. A fiber damage analysis model (FDAM) for RC beam-column member is established by analyzing section of fiber beam column element with the uniaxial damage constitutive relations of con-crete. The damage index of RC member through statistical analysis of concrete fibers damage is defined in the extreme section of beam elements, which can describe the nonlinear damage behavior of RC beam-column member under any loadings. The newly proposed element energy projection (EEP) method is applied to the inelastic analysis of FDAM. EEP superconvergent formulas for section forces and deformations of beam-column are established, and general algorithm and numerical strategy adopting EEP super-convergent computation for section deformation increment are proposed in the classical Newton-Raphson process. Both analysis and numerical test show that the EEP method can effectively find out the nonlinear feature of the distribution, and accurately obtain the damage distribution of RC beamcolumn. The proposed numerical scheme in this paper proves to be effective and convenient in its use and can be easily integrated into the present inelastic FEM programs of structure analysis.