Sediment control function of river notches

The purpose of this study is to investigate the control function and mechanisms of natural river notches. Physical and numerical experiments are analyzed in this study for two representative types of sediment events： high intensity and short duration Type A sediment disaster events, and low intensity and long duration Type B moderate non-disaster events. Two dimensionless parameters, sediment trapping rate and reduction rate of peak sediment transport, are defined to evaluate the sediment control function of river notches. Study results indicate that the contraction ratio of the notch has a significant influence on sediment control function, with high contraction ratios resulting in both high sediment-trapping and high reduction rates. River notches provide better sediment control during Type A events than Type B events. The sediment control mechanism of river notches is the result of multiple interactions among river flow, sediment transport, and riverbed variation. Analysis of these interactions supports the significant protection role of river notches on sediment control for disaster events.

Impact of Forestry Interventions on Groundwater Recharge and Sediment Control in the Ganga River Basin

Water related services of natural infrastructure will help to combat the risk of water crisis, and nature-based solutions involve the management of ecosystems to mimic or optimize the natural processes for the provision and regulation of water. Forested areas provide environmental stability and supply a high proportion of the world’s accessible freshwater for domestic, agricultural, industrial and ecological needs. The present work on “Forestry Interventions for Ganga” to rejuvenate the river is one of the steps toward the Ganga River rejuvenation programme in the country. The consequences of forestry interventions for Ganga will be determined on the basis of water quantity and water quality in the Ganga River. The study conservatively estimated the water savings and sedimentation reduction of the riverscape management in the Ganga basin using the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) & GEC, 2015 and Trimble, 1999 & CWC, 2019 methodologies, respectively. Forestry plantations and soil and moisture conservation measures devised in the programme to rejuvenate the Ganga River are expected to increase water recharge and decrease sedimentation load by 231.011 MCM·yr-1 and 1119.6 cubic m·yr-1 or 395.20 tons·yr-1, respectively, in delineated riverscape area of 83,946 km2 in Ganga basin due to these interventions. The role of trees and forests in improving hydrologic cycles, soil infiltration and ground water recharge in Ganga basin seems to be the reason for this change. Forest plantations and other bioengineering techniques can help to keep rivers perennial, increase precipitation, prevent soil erosion and mitigate floods, drought & climate change. The bioengineering techniques could be a feasible tool to enhance rivers’ self-purification as well as to make river perennial. The results will give momentum to the National Mission of Clean Ganga (NMCG) and its Namami Gange programme including other important rivers in the country and provide inputs in understanding the linkages among forest structure, function, and streamflow.

Forestry Interventions and Groundwater Recharge, Sediment Control and Carbon Sequestration in the Krishna River Basin

It is a known fact that human activities have a significant impact on global rivers, making the task of rehabilitating them to their former natural state or a more semi-natural state quite challenging. The ongoing initiative called “Rejuvenation of Krishna River through Forestry Interventions” aims to contribute to the overall river rejuvenation program in the country. In this context, the effects of forestry interventions on the Krishna River will be evaluated based on water quantity, water quality, and the potential for carbon sequestration through plantation efforts. To assess the outcomes of this study, various methodologies such as Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN), Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have been utilized to estimate water savings, reduction in sedimentation, and carbon sequestration potential within the Krishna basin. The projected results indicate that the implementation of forestry plantations and soil and moisture conservation measures in the Krishna River rejuvenation program could lead to significant improvements. Specifically, the interventions are expected to enhance water recharge by 400.49 million cubic meters per year, reduce sedimentation load by 869.22 cubic meters per year, and increase carbon sequestration by 3.91 lakh metric tonnes per year or 14.34 lakh metric tonnes of CO2 equivalent. By incorporating forestry interventions into the Krishna riverscape, it is anticipated that the quality and quantity of water flowing through the river will be positively impacted. These interventions will enhance water infiltration, mitigate soil erosion, and contribute to an improved vegetation cover, thereby conserving biodiversity. Moreover, they offer additional intangible benefits such as addressing climate change concerns through enhanced carbon sequestration potential along the entire stretch of riverine areas.

Optimized operation plan for sewer sediment control

Severe operational problems of sediment deposition have frequently occurred in stormwater sewer systems in Shanghai city due to the flat topography of the area and serious illicit connections. To control sewer sediment and its subsequential problems,optimized operation plans were proposed and an innovative performance assessment method was developed. Simula-tion results demonstrated that,through changing the way of pump operation and installing necessary actuators in the system,the optimized operations,especially batch intermittent intercept plan,effectively improved the flow velocity in the entire system in dry-weather condition. In conclusion,the optimized operation is an innovative idea for improving the performance and solving the problem of sediment deposition in the sewer system in Shanghai,China.

Assessing the Effect of Natural Controls and Land Use Change on Sediment Yield in a Major Andean River:The Magdalena Drainage Basin,Colombia

马格达莱纳河是哥伦比亚安第斯山区的一个世界级的河流网络，该河流年产沙量约为150Mt，是全世界10大主要产沙河流之一。在本研究中，我们探讨主要自然因子和人类活动对马格达莱纳河流域产沙模式的影响，重建该区森林砍伐和农业活动时空模式，探讨土地利用变化与产沙趋势的关系。我们的研究结果表明，整个马格达莱纳河流域的产沙量可以用自然变量（包括径流量和最大河水流量）来解释。这两个因子解释了产沙量58％的变化。含沙率和土地利用的时间分析表明，在过去10～20年里流域侵蚀呈现增加的趋势。许多人类活动的影响，包括森林覆被在20年里减小了近40％．农业和牧场增加了65％、土壤保持差、开矿活动，以及城市化的加速，都促进了该地区域尺度上产沙量的增加。

Changes in sediment discharge in a sediment-rich region of the Yellow River from 1955 to 2010: implications for further soil erosion control

The well-documented decrease in the discharge of sediment into the Yellow River has attracted considerable attention in recent years. The present study analyzed the spatial and temporal variation of sediment yield based on data from 46 hydrological stations in the sediment-rich region of the Yellow River from 1955 to 2010. The results showed that since 1970 sediment yield in the region has clearly decreased at different rates in the 45 sub-areas controlled by hydrological stations. The decrease in sediment yield was closely related to the intensity and extent of soil erosion control measures and rainstorms that occurred in different periods and sub-areas. The average sediment delivery modulus（SDM） in the study area decreased from 7,767.4 t/（km^2·a） in 1951–1969 to 980.5 t/（km^2·a） in 2000–2010. Our study suggested that 65.5% of the study area with the SDM below 1,000 t/（km^2·a） is still necessary to control soil deterioration caused by erosion, and soil erosion control measures should be further strengthened in the areas with the SDM above 1,000 t/（km^2·a）.

黄河口泥沙的治理实践与评价

基于1855年以来黄河口的来沙量及其不同时期河口泥沙的输移分布特征,从入海流路、防洪安全、下游河道淤积和航道建设等4个方面对黄河口泥沙的灾害效应进行了论证分析。在总结黄河口泥沙治理历史的基础上,从防洪工程体系建设、强化河口河段泄洪排沙能力、减少河口来沙等3个方面对20世纪70年代中期以来黄河口所采取的泥沙处理对策进行了概括总结。结合国内外相关典型河口泥沙的治理经验和发展态势,从水沙关系调控、入海流路格局优化、利用海洋动力输沙和泥沙资源化利用等方面提出了今后黄河口泥沙的治理方向和主要策略。

Hydrothermal Sedimentation Characteristics of the Dajiangping Superlarge Pyrite Deposit,Yunfu, Guangdong

The Dajiangping pyrite deposit is hosted in a carbonate-elastic rock series which ischaracterized by a bioreef-chert suite in its middle part. Conformable lenses of various sizesconstitute the oretheies which often branch transitionally into the surroundingS. Syngenetic deformation fabrics can be observed in orethey No. 3. Orethey No. 4 is composed almost entirely ofmassive pyrite, with conspicuous hydrotherrnal sedimentation and bacterium-alga features. Thehydrothermal sedimentation origin is also reflected by simple chemistry of the ore (predominated by quartz and paste), the presence of U and Th, and the REE compositions of paste andankerite. The ores are rich in organic matter and the difference in organic content between thebanded ores and the massive ores is mainly owing to the difference in the elastic componentsthey contain rather than to the subsequent processes of reworking. CO/Ni ratios in the ore mayreflect the temperature pattern during hydrothermal sedimentation.

Characteristics of nitrogen forms in the southern Huanghai Sea surface sediments

The distributions of different forms of nitrogen in the surface sediments of the southern Huanghai Sea are different and affected by various factors. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N and TN gradually decrease eastward, and those of SAEF-N northward, while those of WAEF-N westward. Around the seaport of the old Huanghe (Yellow) River, the contents of both SOEF-N and TN are the highest. Among all the factors, the content of fine sediment is the predominant factor to affect the distributions of different forms of nitrogen. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N, and TN have visibly positive correlation with the content of fine sediments, and the correlative coefficient is 0.68, 0.58 and 0.71 respectively, showing that the contents of the three forms of nitrogen increase with those of fine sediments. The content of WAEF-N is related to that of fine sediments to a certain extent, with a correlative coefficient of 0.35; while the content of SAEF-N is not related to that of fine sediments, showing that the content of SAEF-N is not controlled by fine grain-size fractions of sediments. In addition, the distributions of different forms of nitrogen are also interacted one another, and the contents of IEF-N and SOEF-N are obviously affected by TN, while those of inorganic nitrogen (WAEF-N, SAEF-N and IEF-N) are not affected by SOEF-N and TN obviously, although they are interacted each other.

陆相拗陷湖盆细粒沉积有机质富集机制研究:以松辽盆地长岭凹陷青山口组为例

松辽盆地作为白垩纪形成的大型陆相拗陷含油气盆地,沉积了巨厚的湖相细粒沉积,近年来在非常规油气方面展现了巨大的勘探潜力,其中青山口组是松辽盆地页岩油的重点攻关层系,细粒沉积有机质富集机制对于非常规油气勘探至关重要。在松辽盆地南部长岭凹陷分别选取位于不同沉积区的3口井,针对其青一段水进体系域的细粒沉积岩,借助岩心观察、有机地球化学和生物标志化合物等技术手段,讨论在不同沉积环境和水进过程中,有机质来源和有机质保存条件的变化,分析有机质富集的关键控制因素,并建立相关的有机质富集模式。结果表明:研究区青一段细粒沉积岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅱ型干酪根为主,整体呈现有机质丰度南低北高、下低上高的特征;饱和烃中正构烷烃主要表现为单峰、前峰型,具有微弱奇数碳优势;萜类化合物中以三环萜烷和五环三萜烷为主;甾类化合物中C_(27-29)规则甾烷以C_(27)规则甾烷丰度最高;芳香烃中三芴系列化合物以二苯并噻吩为主。研究区青一段细粒沉积岩有机质来源以湖泊内源菌藻类为主,含有一定的陆源高等植物输入,古水体整体为弱还原的半咸水环境。其中,有机质来源和古盐度是控制有机质富集的关键因素。在平面上,半深湖—深湖沉积区相较三角洲外前缘沉积区,受河流影响较弱,陆源输入较弱,水体盐度较高,有机质类型较好,有机质更加富集。在垂向上,随着水体加深,河流影响减弱,水体盐度呈升高的趋势,有机质类型变好,有机质富集。

三门峡水库控制运用方式的优化探讨

三门峡水库“蓄清排浑”运用为多沙河流的治理提供了宝贵经验,随着来水来沙情况的变化及对水库功能需求和对水库泥沙冲淤规律认识的深化,该运行方式亦在实践中不断调整和完善。为此,针对不同的典型年份设定集中敞泄与分段敞泄的敞泄排沙方案,采用一维非恒定水沙数学模型,对选取的2018~2019年丰水少沙年和2014~2016年枯水少沙年设定12种控制运用方案进行模拟,比较各方案下库区冲淤变化的优劣,据此选取适合三门峡水库的控制运用方式。结果表明,2018~2019年分段敞泄方案的冲刷效果优于集中敞泄方案,即使在后汛期的控制水位抬高至310 m,也能达到较好的冲刷效果;2014~2016年分段敞泄方案虽优于集中敞泄方案,但其冲刷主要集中于2014年汛期,2015、2016年整体呈淤积状态,综合考虑建议枯水少沙年份水库采用“泥沙年际调节”运用模式。

十大孔兑复合侵蚀区泥沙阻控与近自然生态修复关键科学技术问题

十大孔兑复合侵蚀区水力侵蚀严重、产沙输沙机理复杂、治理难度大、流域水沙风沙入黄量大、生态系统稳定性差。在阐述区域防沙治沙背景、研究现状与目标基础上,指出需要解决的3个重大关键科学问题:十大孔兑复合侵蚀及洪沙产输的驱动机制,维持植被生态系统稳定性的广义水资源承载力及其阈值,十大孔兑泥沙阻控技术和近自然生态修复技术研发与集成。归纳科技创新项目拟解决的关键技术问题,并梳理分解为6个方面的研究内容:风水复合水土流失过程辨识及水沙合理处置的生态修复空间区划,基于不同生态修复空间布局和乡土植物优化配置的泥沙有效阻控技术研发,山水林田湖草沙多维梯级协同治理技术研发,基于水资源刚性约束的人工退化植被稳定性维持与提质增效技术研发,多位一体近自然生态修复技术体系与模式构建,罕台川丘陵沟壑区、达拉特旗“三北”工程治理区、黑赖沟恩格贝生态建设区等示范研究。

抽水蓄能电站防沙措施研究

以典型抽水蓄能电站为研究对象,开展了水库防沙措施研究。针对复杂工程条件,在分析各种防沙布置措施的基础上,考虑以沉代拦、导沉结合,提出导沙堤和尾水明渠相结合的防沙布置型式。经过数值模拟和物理模型验证,该型式减少过机泥沙效果明显,水力学参数合理。研究成果可为类似工程规划、设计和运行提供参考。

Enhanced cold active lipase production by metagenomic library recombinant clone CALIP3 with a step-wise temperature and dissolved oxygen level control strategy

A metagenomic library recombinant clone CAPL3, an Escherichia coli strain generated by transformed with metagenomic library from deep-sea sediments, can efficiently produce cold active lipase. The effects of both temperature and dissolved oxygen（DO） on cold active lipase production by batch culture of metagenomic library recombinant clone（CAPL3） from deep-sea sediment were investigated. First, a two-stage temperature control strategy was developed, in which the temperature was kept at 34 ℃ for the first 15 h, and then switched to30 ℃. The cold active lipase activity and productivity reached 315.2 U·ml^-1and 8.08 U·ml^-1·h^-1, respectively,increased by both 14.5% compared to the results obtained with temperature controlled at 30℃. In addition, different DO control modes were conducted, based on the data obtained from the different DO control strategies and analysis of kinetics parameters at different DO levels. A step-wise temperature and DO control strategy were developed to improve lipase production, i.e., temperature and DO level were controlled at 34℃, 30% during 0–15 h;30 ℃, 30% during 15–18 h, and 30 ℃, 20% during 18–39 h. With this strategy, the maximum lipase activity reached 354.6 U·ml^-1at 39 h, which was 28.8% higher than that achieved without temperature and DO control（275.3 U·ml^-1）.

宝鸡峡引水隧洞下穿既有铁路线控制措施研究

为了研究新建隧洞对下穿既有铁路路基的影响,以宝鸡峡引水隧洞下穿陇海铁路线为研究背景,采用数值模拟方法,系统分析地层劣化程度、盾构施工参数、加固措施对铁路路基的沉降规律及盾构管片的力学响应。结果表明:引水隧洞围岩劣化系数降低至0.7时,铁路路基沉降增加约16%,衬砌拉压应力分别增加约4%和9%;随着盾构土舱压力和推力的增加,路基沉降分别减小约79%和4%,衬砌拉应力分别增加约55%和44%;随着注浆压力增加,路基沉降减小约26%;超前注浆圈厚度增大,可控制沉降降低19%,D型施工便梁型号越高,铁路路基的沉降越小,最低降至2.8 mm。在盾构掘进期间应避免盾构机过度扰动地层,采取地层超前注浆的加固圈厚度宜控制在2 m以内或采取D20型施工便梁加固既有铁路线。

Factors controlling the development of tight sandstone reservoirs in the Huagang Formation of the central inverted structural belt in Xihu sag, East China Sea Basin

By means of thin section analysis, zircon U-Pb dating, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe, laser micro carbon and oxygen isotope analysis, the lithologic features, diagenetic environment evolution and controlling factors of the tight sandstone reservoirs in the Huagang Formation of Xihu sag, East China Sea Basin were comprehensively studied. The results show that: the sandstones of the Huagang Formation in the central inverted structural belt are poor in physical properties, dominated by feldspathic lithic quartz sandstone, high in quartz content, low in matrix, kaolinite and cement contents, and coarse in clastic grains;the acidic diagenetic environment formed by organic acids and meteoric water is vital for the formation of secondary pores in the reservoirs;and the development and distribution of the higher quality reservoirs in the tight sandstones of the Huagang Formation are controlled by sediment source, sedimentary facies belt, abnormal overpressure and diagenetic environment evolution. Sediment provenance and dominant sedimentary facies led to favorable initial physical properties of the sandstones in the Huagang Formation, which is the prerequisite for development of reservoirs with better quality later. Abnormal high pressure protected the primary pores, thus improving physical properties of the reservoirs in the Huagang Formation. Longitudinally, due to the difference in diagenetic environment evolution, the high-quality reservoirs in the Huagang Formation are concentrated in the sections formed in acidic diagenetic environment. Laterally, the high-quality reservoirs are concentrated in the lower section of the Huagang Formation with abnormal high pressure in the middle-northern part;but concentrated in the upper section of Huagang Formation shallower in burial depth in the middle-southern part.

冲击式水轮机泥沙磨损试验测试系统研发

冲击式水轮机在多沙河流上运行时会面临十分严重的泥沙磨损问题。针对目前国内缺乏冲击式水轮机泥沙磨损研究试验系统的情况,研发了一套冲击式水轮机泥沙磨损试验测试系统。该系统由管路及供水系统、沙水池及泥沙搅拌系统、水轮机试验机组、数据采集与测控系统等部分组成,可支持最高水头800 m、最大流量300 m^(3)/h和最高水轮机转速2500 r/min的冲击式水轮机泥沙磨损和性能试验,采用可编程控制器(PLC)和LabVIEW软件可实现供水泵启停、水轮机转速调节和管路阀门自动控制,同时能实时监测水轮机转速、水头、流量等关键参数。经过试验显示该泥沙磨损试验测试系统具有精度高(达0.3%)、自动化水平高、运行稳定、操作简单以及人机界面友好等特点。

浑源抽水蓄能电站下水库拦排沙系统防沙效果的试验研究

设置拦排沙系统是缓解抽水蓄能电站泥沙问题的有效方法之一。为验证浑源抽水蓄能电站下水库拦排沙系统的防沙效果,建立了浑源抽水蓄能电站下水库泥沙物理模型,进行了不同频率洪水入库试验。通过比较有、无拦排沙系统的输沙量及悬沙特性,论证了拦排沙系统的拦沙效果,并分析了影响拦沙效果的主要因素。结果表明:不建拦沙坝情况,进入下水库的泥沙直接相关于上游水沙条件,其相关系数大于0.8;修建拦排沙系统后,进入下库沙量明显减少、悬沙粒径细化,拦沙效果与拦沙库淤积情况的相关系数均大于0.7,拦沙库的淤积情况是拦沙效果的主要影响因素,而上游水沙条件的影响较小。

Top-down法评定EDTA络合滴定法测定海洋沉积物中碳酸钙含量的不确定度

依据Top-down技术中的质控图法对EDTA络合滴定法测定海洋沉积物中碳酸钙含量的不确定度进行评定。利用2021年质控样标准物质GBW 07333、GBW 07314和GBW 07316中CaCO_(3)测定值的时序数据进行评定,3组时序数据正态统计量A^(2*)(s)和独立性统计量A^(2*)(RM)均小于1,CaCO_(3)测定值、A_(EWMi)和移动极差控制图没有失控点,3组时序数据处于受控状态。当CaCO_(3)质量分数分别为2.05%、6.20%和38.56%时,计算得其扩展不确定度分别为0.08%、0.07%和0.20%。将测量不确定度与对应含量值进行线性拟合建立了不确定度预测模型,GBW 07309和GBW 07334中CaCO_(3)的测量不确定度预测值分别为0.09%和0.18%,预测值与Top-down技术获取的评定结果较为吻合。

安塞地区延长组长6致密砂岩储层特征

为明确鄂尔多斯盆地中部安塞地区延长组长6致密砂岩储层特征和控制因素,综合运用岩芯描述、显微镜鉴定、扫描电镜和压汞试验等手段,对长6储层的岩石学、物性和孔隙结构等进行了研究,其对指导致密砂岩油气的高效勘探开发具有重要意义。结果表明:安塞地区长6储层主要为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,孔隙类型以残余粒间孔和长石溶孔为主,孔隙结构以Ⅱ类(中高排驱压力-微细喉)为主;储层的平均孔隙度为9.97%,平均渗透率为1.37×10^(-3)μm~2;储层物性的主控因素为沉积环境和成岩作用,不同微相下的沉积结构不同造成储层的物性差异;强烈成岩作用造成孔隙的孔喉结构差,其中压实压溶作用造成16.7%的孔隙度损失率;受东北方向物源方向影响,不同胶结物差异分布导致储层非均质性较强,后期溶蚀作用改善储层物性,主要是长石溶蚀,以及区域东北部浊沸石发生溶蚀。在成岩演化基础上进行成岩序列分析,将安塞地区长6致密砂岩储层的成岩阶段划分为中成岩A期。