Deposited sediment settlement and consolidation mechanisms

In order to study deposited sediment settlement and consolidation mechanisms, sediment settlement experiments were conducted using a settlement column. Based on the experimental results, sediment settlement stage definition, excessive pore pressure （EPP） dissipation, and consolidation constitutive equations are discussed. Three stages, including the free settlement, hindered settlement, and self-weight consolidation settlement stages, are defined. The results of this study show that sediment settlement is mainly affected by the initial sediment concentration and initial settlement height, and the interface settlement rate is linearly attenuated with time on bilogarithmic scales during the hindered settlement and self-weight consolidation settlement stages. Moreover, the deposited sediment layer in the self-weight consolidation settlement stage experiences large strains, and the settlement amount in this stage is about 32% to 59% of the initial height of deposited sediment. EPP is nonlinearly distributed in the settlement direction, and consolidation settlement is faster than EPP dissipation in the self-weight consolidation settlement stage. Consolidation constitutive equations for the hydraulic conductivity and effective stress, applicable to large-strain consolidation calculation, were also determined and fitted in the power function form.

Inversion and Prediction of Consolidation Settlement Characteristics of the Fluvial Sediments Based on Void Ratio Variation in the Northern Modern Yellow River Subaqueous Delta, China

The modern Yellow River delta is formed near the estuary of the Yellow River with the characteristics of short formation time, efficient sedimentation rate and loose structure which make sediments prone to be compacted and consolidate under the geostatic stress and overburden stress. It is one of the key areas with land subsidence disasters in China, bringing a series of safety hazards to production and living. Based on the data of massive surface cores and ten drill holes ranging from 12 to 40 m obtained from the northern modern Yellow River subaqueous delta, the inversion method suitable for the calculation of consolidation settlement characteristics of the modern Yellow River subaqueous delta is discussed, and the consolidation settlement characteristics of the delta sediments are inversed and predicted in this paper. The actual void ratio of the delta sediments at the depth from 3 to 15 m shows a significant power function relationship with the depth, while the void ratio of the sediments below 15 m changes little with depth. The pre-consolidation settlement(from deposition to sampling) of the delta sediments is between 0.91 and 1.96 m, while the consolidation settlement of unit depth is between 9.6 and 14.0 cm m^(-1). The post-consolidation settlement(from sampling to stable) of the subaqueous delta sediments is between 0.65 and 1.56 m in the later stage, and the consolidation settlement of unit depth is between 7.6 and 13.1 cm m^(-1) under the overburden stress. The delta sediments with a buried depth of 3 to 7 m contribute the most to the possible consolidation settlement in the later stage.

生物碎屑砂运动特性研究进展

生物碎屑砂是海洋沉积物的重要组成部分,运动特性是研究其沉积过程的关键。从生物碎屑砂的特性出发,归纳出形状和内孔隙这2个对泥沙运动产生影响的主要特性。分别从沉降、起动和岸滩演变的实验研究出发,剖析了生物碎屑砂特性对泥沙运动特性产生的影响。现有研究只探究了形状对单颗粒生物碎屑砂运动的影响,缺乏对群颗粒运动的探讨。受限于研究手段,缺少讨论内孔隙特性对生物碎屑砂运动产生的影响。未来应结合海洋水动力条件,综合考虑生物碎屑砂形状和内孔隙特性,开展生物碎屑砂运动特性研究,量化生物碎屑砂特性产生的影响,将成果运用于实际,预测生物碎屑沉积环境中的岸滩地貌演变。

南亚抗震不利地段海陆交互复杂互层地基加固性能研究

针对孟加拉国某港口工程海陆交互相复杂互层地基加固中遇到的地层特性复杂、加固效果难以预测以及软黏土和粉细砂互层土场地地震液化的问题,结合场地地质条件、使用功能、工程特点等,对插板预压联合降水强夯在该场地条件下的加固效果展开研究。依托项目试验区块,通过对加固前后土体物理力学指标的对比分析和沉降-时程曲线、孔隙水压力-时程消散曲线等的研究,得到插板预压联合降水强夯加固的过程特性以及对原状土和吹填土的加固效果。研究表明,插板预压联合降水强夯法对于复杂互层土上吹填砂场地具有较好的适应性,加固效果可满足设计承载力和工后沉降控制要求,该法对于减轻砂土层的液化具有一定的作用。研究成果对于南亚地区复杂互层土吹填场地设计具有指导意义。

疏浚吹填泥沙静态间歇沉降行为及其稳态宏观评价标准

关于疏浚吹填泥沙的静态间歇沉降行为与机理及其稳态宏观评价标准,目前暂未深入研究。这是当今疏浚吹填泥沙地基采用真空过滤排水固结技术进行处理时无法科学判断最佳启动时间的主要原因之一。鉴于此,先对疏浚吹填泥沙的静态间歇沉降行为进行理论研究,建立了颗粒悬浮液的沉降速度与平均孔隙比的理论关系式。然后,获取典型工程现场的疏浚吹填泥沙,配制典型浓度试样,开展静态间歇沉降模型试验研究。研究结果表明:(1)黏粒(d<0.005mm)含量是影响疏浚吹填泥沙静态间歇沉降行为与机理的关键因素之一;(2)颗粒通量最大值Gmax往往出现在试验难以测出的非常低的浓度条件下,且黏粒含量越高,越难通过试验方式测得;(3)对于黏粒含量为40%~60%的疏浚吹填泥沙,建议将“平均孔隙比累计变化率为60%~75%”作为静态间歇沉降稳定状态的宏观评价标准。

不同预测方法在深厚软土路基沉降中的应用

珠三角广泛分布着深厚软土路基,其工后沉降是影响道路在运营过程中稳定性和安全性的主要因素之一。为了更好地研究深厚软土路基沉降发展趋势,本文依托工程实例,采用4种预测方法来拟合沉降监测数据,并结合实测数据对这些方法的精确度进行评估和对比,进而预测工后沉降。预测结果表明:对于经过塑料排水板、水泥搅拌桩这两种不同方式处治后的深厚软土路基,精确度最高的沉降预测方法均为双曲线法。经过板、桩处治后的软基工后沉降量均能满足规范要求,证明处治方案合理有效。

Suspended Sediment Transport and Deposition in the Zhoushan Archipelago Sea Area

The transport mechanism and settlement characteristics of suspended sediments are analyzed in this article on the basis of measured data. Results indicate that the concentration and flux of suspended sediments decrease sharply from Hangzhou Bay to the offshore area. Suspended sediment transport is mainly controlled by advection transport and gravitational circulation transport. The settling velocity of suspended sediments gradually decreases from Hangzhou Bay to the offshore area. The settlement of suspended sediments mainly takes place during the turning phase of the tidal currents.

Evaluating Sediment Production Caused by the Lithology of the Geological Formations in Sedimentary Basins (Case Study: Lali Area, Khuzestan, Iran)

As sediments are produced and accumulated in sedimentary basins especially in dams’ reservoirs and they highly affect the reservoirs life span, it is essential to scrutinize the effect of lithology and types of geological formations of an area on the life span of reservoirs specifically from the viewpoints of the erodability of these formations due to their lithology type. Lali area, Khuzestan, Iran and the water catchment of the intended area (based on geological situation and Taraz dam situation) are placed in the sedimentary-structural zone of the folded Zagros. The method of this research is based on analyzing the topography and geology maps and field work in order to identify the lithology of the geological formations. In fact, the amount of its erodability has been characterized by the type of the geological formations. The current research aims at putting the geological results, lithological data of the formations types and the outcrop of the soil-lithological units together in order to evaluate the sedimentary and erosive factors of these units and precisely identify the area’s geological formations to remove the ambiguities in this issue. Studies indicate that formations made of looser gypsum and marl like Pabde-Gurpi and Gachsaran are exposed to more sedimentation and erosion than the formations made of compacted lime stone and conglomerate with silica-lime cement such as Bakhtiary and Asmari formations and the sand stones of Aghajari formation reveal the moderate to high resistance. Thus, the lithological identification of the formations, the type of sediments and their looseness and hardness contribute to detect the amount and type of deposits entering into the dam reservoir. The type and amount of these transported and deposited sediments are assessed to predict more suitable optimized ways to exploit dams’ reservoirs.

Nonlinear analysis of pile load-settlement behavior in layered soil

A simplified approach is presented to analyze the single pile settlement in multilayered soil. First, a fictitious soil-pile model is employed to consider the effect of layered soil beneath pile toe on pile settlement behavior. Two approximation methods are proposed to simplify the nonlinear load transfer function and simulate the nonlinear compression of fictitious soil-pile, respectively. On this basis, an efficient program is developed. The procedures for determining the main parameters of mathematical model are discussed. Comparisons with two well-documented field experimental pile loading tests are conducted to verify the rationality of the present method. Further studies are also made to evaluate the practicability of the proposed approach when a soft substratum exists, and the results suggest that the proposed method can provide a constructive means for assessing the settlement of a single pile for use in engineering design.

某细粒铜尾矿絮凝沉降充填性能研究与实践

为了比较某细粒铜尾矿絮凝沉降充填与自然沉降充填效果的差异,在进行了自然沉降和絮凝沉降试验的基础上进行了自然沉降充填与絮凝沉降充填工业实践。结果表明:自然沉降情况下料浆浓度升高,沉降速率降低,底流浓度升高,底流浓度最大可达68%;絮凝剂可显著提高全尾砂沉降速率,浓度为20%的尾矿浆添加20 g/t的PAM,全尾砂沉降速率提高4.66倍,底流浓度下降6个百分点;进料浓度升高,全尾砂絮凝沉降速率降低,底流浓度升高,絮凝沉降底流浓度达55%左右;自然沉降充填体与絮凝沉降充填体相比,有效取芯率、完整性和有效试样数均略逊,2种工艺的充填体有效试样强度均满足充填体强度要求。

某平流沉淀池变形问题长期病害分析与处理

某净水厂平流沉淀池长期受壁板变形过大、刮泥机频繁脱轨、变形缝渗漏等病害困扰,本文对病害究竟在池体还是地基进行分析。首先找出其根本原因所在并在水池放空检测时得到验证,随后对平流沉淀池采取了结构加固处理措施,最后总结了平流沉淀池在设计、施工中的一些值得注意的问题及可采取的措施与改进之处,以供类似工程参考借鉴。

盾构穿越不同地层的地表沉降规律及预测研究

城市盾构隧道穿越不同地层时的地表沉降规律的预测和研究对隧道影响范围以及周边环境影响区域的确定有着显著作用。文章以南京某地铁线路为背景,收集并整理分析了该地铁线路盾构施工全过程的地表沉降实测数据,结合地层分布规律选取了3种盾构穿越的主要地层(分别为软塑状态粉质黏土地层、硬塑状态粉质黏土地层以及砂土地层)作为分析对象进行统计,分析了盾构隧道穿越不同地层下纵向和横向沉降规律,并提出了适用于南京地区的修正Peck公式。研究结果表明:(1)纵向地表变形变化规律基本呈线性,盾构通过后距离隧道断面直径4D~6D范围内,地表沉降急剧发展,后趋于稳定;(2)横向沉降曲线基本符合正态曲线,并在此基础上提出了南京地区的修正Peck公式;(3)通过已有实测数据对文章提出的修正Peck公式进行了验证,检验了文章提出公式的适用性。相关研究成果对南京地区的盾构隧道设计及施工有一定实际意义。

软土地区大吨位超长试桩试验设计与分析

温州350 m超高层中超长桩加载2800 t的试桩静载试验设计与分析表明:在地表土质承载力较低场地进行大吨位堆载试验时,可选择桩梁式堆载支墩-反力架装置来完成试验。对超长桩来说,在最大加载条件下,实测桩端阻力仅为桩顶荷载的25%左右,超长桩表现为端承摩擦桩性状。在使用荷载下,桩顶沉降的90%以上来自桩身压缩,在进行超长桩设计时,要充分考虑桩身质量对试桩沉降的影响。同时,桩底沉渣清除的干净与否,也直接影响超长桩的沉降。超长桩桩侧上部土层摩阻力具有不同程度的软化现象,而中下部土层侧摩阻力具有较弱的强化效应,因此在超长桩承载力计算时,不同深度土层的桩侧阻力和桩端阻力都应乘以相应不同的修正系数。试验结果显示淤泥土、淤泥质黏土、淤泥夹粉砂土中极限侧阻充分发挥所需的桩土相对位移阀值分别约为5～7 mm、6～8 mm和8～10 mm。

不同离子浓度下泥沙浓度对絮凝沉降的影响

应用静态沉降实验方法中的移液管法,初步研究了泥沙浓度在不同的水质条件下对絮凝沉降过程的影响.实验结果表明:随着泥沙浓度的增加,絮凝沉速先增加后减小,变化曲线存在一个最大值.不同的离子浓度条件下,这种变化趋势是相同的,但絮凝沉降所能达到的最大值是不同的,达到最大值时的泥沙浓度也是不同的.随着泥沙浓度增加絮凝沉降速度先增后减的根本原因是絮凝过程的变化,即絮网结构的出现,絮网结构出现是泥沙浓度因素和离子浓度因素共同作用的结果.

两相流分离鳃泥沙运动轨迹及加速滑移的力学分析

利用高速摄像技术捕捉分离鳃中泥沙运动的图像,对两相流分离鳃内部水沙运动进行测试,描绘了分离鳃流场概化图像,证明分离鳃内有异重流现象发生。通过对分离鳃鳃片上的泥沙进行力学分析,推导出泥沙在鳃片上的运动轨迹,研究了泥沙的沉降特性,并给出泥沙沉降条件与结构设计参数β之间的关系,从力学分析的角度论证了前期物理试验中得出的结构优化参数的合理性。

梭锥管内锥圈对水沙分离的影响

介绍一种新型水沙分离装置梭锥管混浊流体分离装置(简称梭锥管)的初步研究成果。梭锥管是一种新型的低耗水率、动态水力分离水沙两相流的装置。为了探明梭锥管内特有结构——锥圈对泥沙沉降速度的影响,针对结构尺寸相同的有锥圈和无锥圈的梭锥管进行浑水质量浓度分别为30 kg/m3,60 kg/m3,80 kg/m3的泥沙静水沉降试验。试验结果表明,与无锥圈梭锥管相比,泥沙在有锥圈梭锥管中沉降的速度较快,锥圈的存在改变了泥沙的沉降方向,缩短了沉降距离,增加了沉降面积,提高了泥沙的沉降速度。因此,为了提高泥沙的沉降速度,可以适当增加梭锥管内的锥圈数量以增强其水沙分离性能。

长江口动水絮凝沉降与拦门沙淤积的关系

根据1982年4月－1983年3月长江口南槽3个站位全年逐月大潮的水化学成分、悬沙粒度与粘土矿物资料，1984－1992年在环形水槽中获得的近百个组次的动水絮凝沉降试验研究资料，以及长江口细颗粒泥沙、浮泥与底质研究成果，对拦门沙形成过程及其机理进行综合研究。结果表明，长江口拦门沙为最年轻的活动三角洲，汛期集中输水输沙与台湾暖流同期相遇，为动水絮凝沉降最强和浮泥最为发育时期；涨潮期当盐度为（9－13）x10－3时，伊利石、高岭石在盐水楔顶部发生动水絮凝沉降，而落潮期当盐度在（19—24）X10－3时，蒙脱石在盐水楔尾部发生动水絮凝沉降，揭示了拦门沙水平淤积的基本规律；半月周期的浮泥透镜体所残积的中、粗粉沙形成钻孔中常见的透镜体与薄层理，则揭示了拦门沙的垂直加积的基本规律，为拦门沙综合治理与深水航道的开发利用提供科学依据。

PTA废水的沉降模型分析、验证与应用

在精对苯二甲酸(PTA)废水沉降预处理过程中,对苯二甲酸(TA)悬浮颗粒的沉降模型是沉降装备设计和操作条件优化的技术基础。根据PTA废水中TA颗粒沉降的行为属性,在Stokes经典沉降理论基础上,结合实际废水的参数计算、推演,获得了FTA废水静沉降模型:u_1=0.5374d_p^2(p_p-p)/μ。采用重力沉降法实际试验进行验证,结果表明:模型计算结果与实际试验结果的误差在9%以内。将模型应用于实际的重力沉降试验中,建立了水力流速工艺条件与固体分离度操作目标之间的关联关系,为提升PTA废水沉降预处理生产装置的分离效率提供了技术依据。

南昌富水砂砾石地层土压平衡盾构渣土改良技术研究

以南昌轨道交通1号线土建六标工程项目的彭家桥站—师大南路站区间施工所采取的渣土改良技术为背景,对富水砂砾石地层条件下土压平衡盾构施工渣土改良系统的优化创新、渣土改良剂的选择、配合比试验、添加剂注入量的确定等措施进行了详细的研究试验,实践结果表明,通过该项渣土改良技术改良出的渣土具有良好的流塑性和止水性,有效地减小了刀盘扭矩,控制了地表沉降,并安全地下穿了浆砌块石基础的老石拱桥。