Deposition processes of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in the inter-canyon area of Shenhu Area in the northern South China Sea

The Shenhu Submarine Canyon Group on the northern slope of the South China Sea consists of 17 slope-confined canyons,providing a good example for investigating their hosting sediments.Three drilling sites,including W07,W18,and W19,have proven the occurrence of gas hydrate reservoirs in the inter-canyon area between canyons C11 and C12.Whereas,variations of the geomorphology and seismic facies analyzed by high-resolution 3D seismic data indicate that the gas hydrate-bearing sediments may form in different sedimentary processes.In the upper segment,a set of small-scale channels with obvious topographic lows can be identified,revealing fine-grained turbidites supplied from the shelf region during a very short-term sea-level lowstand.In the middle part,gas hydrate units at Site W07 showing mounded or undulation external configuration are interpreted as sliding sedimentary features,and those features caused by gravity destabilization were the main formative mechanism of gas hydrate-bearing sediments that were sourced from the upper segments.In contrast,for the canyon transition zone of lower segments between C11-C12 inter-canyon and C12 intra-canyon areas,where W18 and W19 sites are located,the gas hydratebearing sediments are deposited in the channelized feature in the middle to lower segment and slide erosive surface.Gas hydrate-bearing sediments of the lower segment were migrated through channelized features interconnecting with the middle to lower slope by gravity-driven flows.The majority of deposits tended to be furtherly moved by lateral migration via erosive surface created by sediment failed to intra-canyon area.The conclusion of this study may help better understand the interaction between the formation mechanism of gas hydrate-bearing sediments and the geomorphologic effects of inter-canyon areas.

Effects of Suspended Culture of the Seaweed Laminaria japonica Aresch on the Flow Structure and Sedimentation Processes

The culture of suspended kelp, such as Laminaria japonica Aresch, has arisen in nearshore areas for approximately 30 years since the 1980 s. This long-term activity has significant impact on the regional hydrodynamic and sedimentary environments. In this study the impact was investigated, based on synchronized multi-station data from continuous observations made within and around the culture area. In total, three current velocity profiles were identified inside and on the landward side of the culture area. Based on the current velocity profiles we calculated the boundary layer parameters, the fluxes of erosion/deposition, and the rate of sediment transport in different times at each observation site. Comparison between culture and non-culture periods showed that the presence of suspended kelp caused the reduction in the average flow velocity by approximately 49.5%, the bottom friction velocity by 24.8%, the seabed roughness length by 62.7%, and the shear stress and the flux of resuspended sediment by approximately 50%. From analyses in combination with the corresponding vertical variation of the suspended sediment distribution, it is revealed that the lifted sediments by resuspension is mixed with the upper suspended material, which will modify the regional distribution of suspended sediment. These changes in flow structure and sediment movement will accelerate seabed siltation, which corresponds to the changes in seabed erosion/deposition. However, under the influences of the seasonal changes in kelp growth the magnitude of change with the seabed siltation was not obvious inside the culture area, but a fundamental change was apparent around the culture area.

Effects of hydrodynamics processes on phosphorus fluxes from sediment in large,shallow Taihu Lake

在湖沉积，超营养作用的一个主要原因和水质的随后的恶化的磷(P) 的周转，需要深理解。在这研究， P 版本上的暂停的效果与 Y 形状仪器在圆柱的缩影被学习。结果显示在越过沉积水接口(Fss ) 和风速度的推迟的物质的流动之间有一道正相关，并且增加的 FSS 在各个期间弯屈由一个稳定的状态跟随的过程。在轻、中等、大的风条件下面的最大的 FSS 是 299.9 ± 4 1.1， 573.4 ± 6 1.7，和 2093.8 ± 2 15.7 g/m2 分别地。然而，越过沉积水接口(FP ) 的 P 的流动没作为反应弯屈紧张的 Fss 跟随一个类似的模式，它增加了并且到达最大值在起始为光的 120 min 弯屈，然后逐渐地减少了，与 9.4 ± 1 .9 mg/m2 的最大的流动。在开始的 30 min 的 FP 的快速的增加在中等的风下面被观察，与 11.2 ± 0 .6 mg/m2 的最大的流动。令人惊讶地，大风与 3.5 ± 0 .9 mg/m2 的最大的流动比在轻、中等的风条件下面引起了更少的 FP。在水列的 Fss 在风以后在沉积过程期间显然衰退了，但是 FP 与风政体变化了。没有明显的差别在 8 h 沉积过程以后在 FP 上被检测，与起始的值相比，它意味着小冗余的 P 在风以后在水列离开了。

BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES OF PHOSPHORUS AND SILICON IN SOUTHERN BOHAI SEA SURFACE SEDIMENTS

Based on the author’s previously obtained results on P and Si forms in southern Bohai Sea surface sediments,this study mainly foucusing on the controlling factors, existence forms, and biogeochemical processes of P and Si showed that the transferable forms of phosphorus in sediments were mainly controlled by the mineralization of organic matters and the reduction of high valence iron; whereas the transferable forms of silicon were possibly controlled by the dissolution and precipitation as well as biochemical processes of living organisms.

Validation of GLASOD Map for Sediment Sources and Erosion Processes Identification in the Nyumba Ya Mungu Reservoir Catchment

The main objective of this paper is to report on the preliminary validation results of the Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOD) as a tool for mapping sediment sources in Tanzania. This study was carried out in a well studied catchment, the Nyumba Ya Mungu (NYM) reservoir catchment located in the upstream of Pangani River Sub-basin. Previous studies in the same catchment used quantitative approach that entailed comprehensive sediment sampling programme and numerical modelling to identify sediment sources and erosion processes. Although previous researchers’ findings were satisfactory, the methods used were demanding in terms of resources (time, funding, and personnel) and impractical to a large ungauged catchment. The quest to validate GLASOD map is evident as it was qualitatively developed through collating expert judgments of many soil scientists to produce a world map of human-induced soil degradation at a scale 1:10,000,000. In the current study sediment sources mapped from qualitative method (GLASOD) plus supplement field visit observations and quantitative approaches are compared and discussed in detail. Preliminary results suggest that the paired information on sediment sources, field based data versus GLASOD, for upper catchments or upland locations are more strongly correlated than lower reaches. The results of this study have further emphasized the fact that GLASOD map is satisfactory to depict large regional differences in soil degradation but it is not capable of explaining local degradation. Besides, GLASOD map does not capture erosion processes dynamics compared to comprehensive sediment sampling programme. Notwithstanding, GLASOD map might be a useful tool for sediment sources and erosion processes identification scoping studies in the study area. Based on this study, it is therefore recommended to complement the GLASOD map with field based data for detailed study initiatives.

Lincang Superlarge Germanium Deposit in Yunnan Province,China: Sedimentation,Diagenesis,Hydrothermal Process and Mineralization

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Pollution of bed sediments and its changing process of Nansihu Lake

In order to research the changing process of the pollution from the formation of Nansihu Lake, this study determined the isotope age and depositional rate and analyzed the organic geo-chemical quotas and heavy metal quotas of two sedimentary profiles of Weishan and Dushan lakes. Research results showed that from the formation of Nansihu Lake, the change of the pollution could be divided into four phrases. At the early phrase of the formation, the organic matters of the lake mainly derived from the exotic matters and had a close relation to the effect on the water and sands from the Huanghe (Yellow) River. At the middle and late phrases of the development, the endogenous matters of the lake became the main and stable source of the organic matters. The overflow of the Huanghe River, the excavation of the Grand Canal and the cut of trees caused the changes of the historic pollution. In recent 20 years, the modern industrial pollution from the organic matters and heavy metals has an increasingly heavy tendency.

Multiple time scales of fluvial processes—theory and applications

Fluvial processes comprise water flow,sediment transport and bed evolution,which normally feature distinct time scales.The time scales of sediment transport and bed deformation relative to the flow essentially measure how fast sediment transport adapts to capacity region in line with local flow scenario and the bed deforms in comparison with the flow,which literally dictates if a capacity based and/or decoupled model is justified.This paper synthesizes the recently developed multiscale theory for sediment-laden flows over erodible bed,with bed load and suspended load transport,respectively.It is unravelled that bed load transport can adapt to capacity sufficiently rapidly even under highly unsteady flows and thus a capacity model is mostly applicable,whereas a non-capacity model is critical for suspended sediment because of the lower rate of adaptation to capacity.Physically coupled modelling is critical for fluvial processes characterized by rapid bed variation.Applications are outlined on very active bed load sediment transported by flash floods and landslide dam break floods.

考虑泥沙因子的四川省山洪风险评价研究

近年来,山洪灾害频发高发,为进一步提高山洪灾害预警防控水平,提出将泥沙因子纳入山洪风险评价中。以四川省为例,从洪水危险性、脆弱性和防灾能力3个方面选取12个山洪风险指标,运用层次分析法构建山洪风险评估指标体系,分别建立了不考虑泥沙因子和考虑泥沙因子的山洪灾害风险评估模型。结果表明:泥沙因子对山洪危险性和风险性有较大影响。不考虑泥沙因子的模型将低估山洪高风险、较高风险区域和中等风险区面积,而高估低风险、较低风险区域面积。研究成果可为山洪风险评价与灾害预防提供参考。

基于地震沉积学和沉积物理模拟的河流决口扇沉积演化过程分析以渤海K油田明化镇组下段为例

为厘清渤海海域K油田明化镇组下段砂体分布特征,为下一步的目标优选提供参考依据,基于优选的地层属性地震切片和测井响应特征,分析了明化镇组下段沉积演化过程,设计了沉积物理模拟对比实验。结果表明:①平均负振幅属性最能反映该地区沉积特征且该属性特征与测井曲线特征结合最好,确立5种地震属性相分别对应于强水动力下的决口扇沉积、弱水动力下的决口扇沉积、曲流河沉积、分支河道沉积、洪漫沉积;②渤海K油田主要发育河流决口扇沉积,分为前期的洪漫沉积与决口扇沉积、中期的扇上下切河道沉积及分支河道沉积、末期的曲流河道沉积3个部分,平面差异分布较为明显;③沉积模拟实验共分为洼地填充期、扇体改造期、支流发育期、汇聚摆动期,与渤海K油田明化镇组下段沉积演化有较好的对应,很好地验证并再现了河流决口体系演化过程。以上认识明确了明下段在K油田地区的沉积演化特征,有利于该地区的勘探评价,物理模拟验证也提供了一种新的研究思路。

川西北晚三叠世卡尼期浅水碳酸盐生产工厂构成及其转换过程定量化研究

【目的】准确识别碳酸盐工厂类型并阐明其发育控制因素,定量化评价工厂发育过程的环境条件,厘清其在沉积体系转换过程中的古生态学和沉积学信号是探究碳酸盐岩沉积体系演化的关键。【方法】以川西北绵竹市汉旺镇观音崖剖面的马鞍塘组为例,通过系统的碳酸盐岩微相分析,结合粒径统计分析方法对20391个颗粒定量分析,在此基础上对该时期热带浅水碳酸盐生产工厂的构成、特征、转变过程、驱动因素等进行了详细阐述。【结果】研究区热带浅水碳酸盐生产工厂可进一步划分为似球粒、鲕粒、生屑及生物礁等多个细分特异化工厂类型,指示多样化的碳酸盐生产路径。通过分析研究区热带浅水工厂的构成,沉积环境、水动力条件和营养水平等因素,发现各个细分工厂类型有着非常强烈的“生境”特点,工厂类型的转变更多地受区域海平面变化控制。【结论】频繁的海平面变化导致营养水平、水动力条件和碳酸盐矿物饱和度等因素快速变化,进而驱动了具体细分工厂的转变。而众多细分工厂在沉积序列上的快速变化指示了它们在横向上的共生关系。因此,较短时间尺度下细分工厂类型的转变主要与区域海平面控制的横向生产工厂类型的迁移有关,与极端事件和沉积体系的转变可能无关。

鄱阳湖水沙与氮磷输移过程及滞留效应研究

为了开展鄱阳湖水沙、氮磷输移过程及滞留变化的研究,收集了鄱阳湖“五河”七口水文站1958-2021年的径流量和悬沙浓度数据、1965-2020年鄱阳湖湖口入江水道地形数据、2003-2021年水质监测数据以及1973-2018年湖区围垦遥感解译等数据,采用统计、对比、双累计曲线及质量守恒法等方法,分析了鄱阳湖“五河”入湖沙量变化趋势、鄱阳湖入江水道地形变化以及鄱阳湖TN、TP滞留变化过程.结果表明:①从20世纪90年代起“五河”入湖总沙量呈显著下降趋势.②鄱阳湖出口河段河床于2000-2010年期间在深度10.0~12.0m中滩河床发生了强烈下切和横向展宽,2010-2020年下切显著减缓,中滩河床还存在横向展宽的可能.③出入湖TN、TP通量与出入湖泥沙通量成正比.④鄱阳湖2003-2021年逐年TN、TP滞留率显著降低.研究显示:鄱阳湖“五河”流域各大中型梯级水库的建设使得鄱阳湖湖区多年来沙量显著降低,鄱阳湖流域水土保持及闸坝体系在2000年后水土流失韧性增强;但湖区采砂挖沙和航道整治等使得鄱阳湖出口河段河床显著下切;采砂挖沙活动导致鄱阳湖湖盆沉积物受到扰动,使得沉积物中的氮磷被释放出来,增加了出湖TN、TP通量,在一定程度上降低了鄱阳湖TN、TP滞留率.

微生物碳酸盐生产工厂的构成、特征及沉积学意义——以河南云梦山剖面为例

【目的】“碳酸盐(生产)工厂”研究强调生物群落对碳酸盐生产过程以及规模的调控和特异性影响,在深入认识碳酸盐岩成因和形成机制方面具有重要价值,是碳酸盐沉积学领域关注热点和重要方向。虽然该概念的正式提出已有二十多年历史,但如何从工厂角度解读地质历史时期,特别是深时特异性、大规模碳酸盐岩的发育过程和影响因素方面仍缺乏系统性认识。【方法】以河南云梦山剖面寒武系崮山组为例,利用多尺度、网格定量化评价方法对微生物碳酸盐生产工厂的样式、内部结构、建造过程等方面进行了详细阐述。【结果】研究区微生物碳酸盐生产工厂以底栖微生物群落为主要建造者,形成样式包括叠层石、凝块石、树枝石、均一石以及微生物诱导沉积构造(MISS)。伴生的颗粒类型包括鲕粒、球粒、生屑、竹叶状内碎屑和微生物岩角砾,主要分布于工厂建造格架间。微生物碳酸盐生产工厂发育具期次性,单期工厂发育规模较小(海底至水面高度不足1 m)但空间延伸广,包括半球状、穹窿状、板状等宏观形态;其内部结构包括少量单独的建造样式,以及广泛发育的垂向复合形式。【结论】通过分析影响工厂发育的各类因素,局限潮坪环境下较高的营养水平对微生物碳酸盐生产工厂的繁盛可能起到了主要作用,而古丈期总体海侵背景造成适宜微生物碳酸盐生产工厂发育的环境消失,导致工厂最终关闭。相关工作的开展提供了一个与现代澳大利亚Hamelin Pool微生物碳酸盐生产工厂非常相似的古代实例,对认识寒武纪碳酸盐生产工厂类型、特征和演化规律方面具有较好的参考价值。

黄河下游游荡性河段心滩形态特征与水沙过程响应关系

黄河下游游荡性河段素以调整速度快与幅度大著称,河道心滩复杂多变,探究心滩形态特征与水沙过程之间的响应关系对于解析下游游荡性河段的河床演变机制具有重要的意义。围绕黄河下游铁谢至高村游荡性河段的心滩面积与数量等形态特征指标,结合下游水沙及冲淤特性,采用遥感影像和数值模拟相结合的研究方法厘清游荡性河段水沙过程与心滩面积及数量之间的响应关系,揭示水沙变化对心滩形态特征的影响机制。结果表明:自小浪底水库运用以来,下游河道发生剧烈冲刷,游荡性河段累计冲刷量15.37亿m^(3),占下游累计冲刷量的68%;在小浪底水库运用以前,游荡性河段的心滩面积与数量年际变化剧烈,存在着明显的增长与降低变化过程,而小浪底水库运用以后,该河段的心滩面积与数量呈现先减小后增大再减小的变化趋势;随着4 a滑动汛期平均流量和4 a滑动汛期平均来沙系数的增加,游荡性河段的心滩面积及数量分别呈现出减小和增大的变化趋势。数值模拟方法不仅可以较好地再现心滩发育及演变过程,还可以定性地表征特定水动力学因素对心滩形态特征塑造的影响,为阐明游荡性河段的心滩演变理论提供了一种新的研究方法。研究成果不仅有助于阐明河流平面形态的调整过程,还可为今后河道整治工程的布局提供理论支撑。

基于数字图像处理技术的粒径筛分方法综述

非固结颗粒的粒度分布在河床或海床稳定性分析、沉积物输移以及沿海扩散等方面发挥着重要作用。随着图像处理技术的发展涌现出了许多数字图像筛分方法。本文依据数据处理结果的维度将数字图像筛分方法分为二维数字图像粒径筛分方法和三维数字图像粒径筛分方法。首先,根据二维数字图像粒径筛分方法所依赖的核心算法将其进行了分类并总结了每种方法的适用性和不足。其次,分析了三维数字图像粒径筛分方法并总结了其存在的不足。最后,依据各个方法优缺点提出了“几何”粒度筛分方法和“人工智能”粒度筛分方法相融合的新构想,即前者为后者提供标记训练集,经过训练后后者可以快速适应新环境的数字筛分任务。

基于A^(2)/O工艺污水厂改造与提标工程设计

南方某污水厂提标扩建工程,一期A^(2)/O好氧区采用MBBR工艺改造并增大缺氧区容积;二期提标采用高效沉淀池+纤维转盘滤池+紫外消毒工艺,强化脱氮除磷及SS去除,并对全厂进行除臭设计。提标扩建后总规模12×10^(4)m^(3)/d,直接运行成本约0.63元/m^(3),出水均值为COD 17.10 mg/L、BOD55.40 mg/L、SS 5.80 mg/L、NH_(4)^(+)-N 0.90 mg/L、TN 5.90 mg/L、TP 0.30 mg/L。均优于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准,其经验可供其他污水厂借鉴。

90 kaBP以来阿拉伯海中部海域沉积物来源及沉积过程

通过对阿拉伯海中部AS06-13岩芯的地球化学特征、黏土矿物组成特征分析,结合有孔虫壳体AMS14C年龄和氧同位素数据建立的年代框架,探讨了阿拉伯海中部海域沉积物的来源及沉积过程。结果显示:AS06-13岩芯涵盖了阿拉伯海90 kaBP以来的沉积序列,平均沉积速率为2.34 cm/ka;稀土元素含量为64~194μg/g,平均值为114μg/g,δEu(平均值为0.71)负异常显著;黏土矿物主要由伊利石(平均含量为56%)、坡缕石(平均含量为18%)、绿泥石(平均含量为15%)、高岭石(平均含量为8%)和蒙脱石(平均含量为2%)组成。球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分曲线表现为轻稀土元素富集,重稀土元素亏损的右倾模式,表明研究区沉积物以陆源碎屑为主,通过δEuUCC-(La/Yb)UCC判别图进一步将90 kaBP以来阿拉伯海中部海域沉积物来源变化划分为3个阶段:S1阶段(90~73 kaBP)研究区主要接受印度河入海物质和阿拉伯半岛风尘物质的输入;S2阶段(73~11 kaBP)仍然以印度河和阿拉伯半岛风尘的物质输入为主,但逐渐受到印度半岛的片麻岩区物质的影响;S3阶段(11~0 kaBP)主要接受来自印度河的河流沉积物、阿拉伯半岛风尘、印度半岛的片麻岩区和德干高原物质的共同沉积。坡缕石含量和高岭石/伊利石比值指示90 kaBP以来阿拉伯海中部海域沉积物的陆源物质输入和沉积演化主要受季风和海平面的共同控制,西南季风的减弱和海平面下降导致印度河、德干高原物质对研究区的输入量增多,东北季风的增强和西北风相对增强使阿拉伯半岛的风尘输入增加;全新世海平面快速上升使输入阿拉伯海的河流沉积物急剧减少。

液态硝酸钙原位修复黑臭底泥的研究现状及展望

液态硝酸钙被广泛用于黑臭底泥的原位修复,其中硝酸盐作为电子受体优先于Fe(Ⅲ)和硫酸盐被微生物利用,其主要参与以反硝化作用为主导且兼有厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)和硝酸盐异化成铵(DNRA)反应的氮循环过程,驱动生物氧化过程去除底泥中AVS、亚铁及有机物等致黑臭物质。硝酸盐会抑制SO_(4)^(2-)和Fe(Ⅲ)作为电子受体产生S^(2-)和Fe(Ⅱ)的生物还原过程,从而在源头上抑制底泥返黑返臭。然而,底泥中直接注入液态硝酸钙,会使局部硝酸盐浓度过高而抑制功能微生物活性,硝酸盐快速释放至上覆水而导致其利用率低和二次污染风险,调控硝酸钙的释放速率有望解决该问题。

医药产业园区废水处理工程实例

针对山东某医药产业园区生产废水高COD、高氨氮、高盐分和可生化性差等特点,设计采用蒸氨-MVR蒸发结晶-臭氧催化氧化-A^(2)/O-深度处理工艺,处理水量为500 m^(3)/d。工程实践表明,该工艺对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷和SS的去除率分别达到了97.1%、89.9%、85.9%、93.5%和96.3%,相应出水水质分别为358、27、52、0.62和40 mg/L,出水水质满足GB/T 31962—2015《污水排入城镇下水道水质标准》中的A级排放标准。

污水厂更严格排放标准设计案例分析--以青岛市某工业园污水厂为例

青岛地区很多工业企业向乡镇集中,乡镇污水处理厂同时接纳生活污水及工业废水较为普遍。该项目近期设计规模为3000 m^(3)/d,进水中约2/3为工业废水,其中含有大量难降解污染物的多元生物废水量为300 m^(3)/d,而出水标准为准Ⅳ类(除TN外),多元生物废水采用臭氧预氧化单独处理后接入生化系统,生化段采用改良型AAO+AO工艺,TN去除全部在生物池实现,深度处理采用高效沉淀池+臭氧催化+砂滤+接触消毒工艺,项目投运后,CODCr、TN、TP去除率分别为96.38%、86.97%、98.70%,出水水质稳定达到设计标准,可为同类型污水处理厂设计提供参考。