Study on Pollution Sources and Degree of Sediments in Northwestern Rivers Flowing into Taihu Lake

[ Objective] The study aimed to analyze the pollution sources and degree of sediments in seven northwestern rivers flowing into Taihu Lake. [ Method] Based on a survey for the sediments in seven rivers flowing into the northwestern Taihu Lake from 2005 to 2007, the molar ratio of major elements was used to determine the main pollution sources of each channel, and the heavy metal pollution of sediments in the seven rivers was assessed by enrichment coefficient. [ Result] Mashan River, Liangxi River and Xiwan River mainly suffered municipal pollution; Zhihu Port and Caoqiao River were chiefly subjected to industrial pollution; Dapu River and Wujin River were mainly affected by agricultural pollution. In addition, the rivers mainly suffering industrial pollution had the most serious heavy metal pollution, followed by the rivers mainly undergoing agricultural pollu- tion, while the rivers chiefly affected by municipal pollution had the minimum pollution. [ Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for the control of river pollution by heavy metals along Taihu Lake basin.

Rare earth elements in tropical surface water,soil and sediments of the Terengganu River Basin,Malaysia

The 14 stable rare earth element(REE) concentrations and distribution patterns were investigated for surface waters(n=51),soils(n=52) and sediments(n=42) from the tropical Terengganu River basin,Malaysia.The chondrite normalized REE patterns of soils developed on four geological units showed enrichment of LREE,a pronounced negative Eu,and depletion of HREE with an enrichment order granite>>metasedimentary>alluvium>volcanic.The REE patterns in sediments reflected the soil REE patterns with an ove...

Concentrations and contamination trends of heavy metals in the sediment cores of Taihu Lake,East China,and their relationship with historical eutrophication

To assess the contamination trends and potential bio-availability of sediment-bound heavy metals,concentrations of heavy metals in acid-leaching fraction and in bulk sediments from the two typical bays(the Meiliang Bay and Xuhu Bay) of the Taihu Lake,East China,were studied.Pb and Zn showed elevated concentrations in the sediments from both areas,although sedimentation history and degree of pollution are different between the two bays.In the Meiliang Bay,both Pb and Zn pollutions started in the late 1970's,the same time as the beginning of eutrophication of the lake,while the in the Xuhu Bay the metal contamination started since recent 10 years.The concentrations of acid-leachable Pb in the sediments from the Meiliang Bay are correlated with the historical eutrophication process.Before the eutrophication and heavy metal pollution,the chemical properties of the lake sediments were the same as the source compositions of the Xiashu loess.Both Pb and Zn in the sediments mainly occur in leachable forms by nitric or hydrochloric acid,whilst most of Cu is in residual fraction.The results indicate that both Pb and Zn may have higher mobility and bioavailability in water and biology than Cu.

Assessment of Metals Concentration and Ecotoxicology of the Sediment Core of Rehri Creek, Karachi Coast, Pakistan

Trace metal concentrations were investigated in a recent sediment core collected from the Rehri Creek area of the Karachi coast, Sindh - Pakistan. The core was sliced horizontally at 2.5-cm intervals to determine grain size, sediment composition, pH, organic matter, and acid-leachable trace metals： cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc. The trace metals were analyzed by ICP. To separate anthropogenic from geogenic input, several approaches were made, including comparison with sediment quality guidelines--ecotoxicological sense of heavy metal contamination and classification by quantitative indexes. Grain-size analysis and sediment composition of core sample show a sandy nature with neutral pH. Elemental sequence （ES） of the trace metals is in the order of Zn （19.2-109.56 ppm） 〉 Si （66.46-101.71 ppm） 〉 Ba （12.05-26.86 ppm） 〉 As （8.18-17.36 ppm） 〉 Ni （4.2- 14.69 ppm） 〉 Cr （3.02-9.62 ppm） 〉 Pb （2.79-6.83 ppm） 〉 Cu （2.2-5.29 ppm） 〉 Co （0.9-2.05 ppm）. Thus it is likely that the area may face a serious threat of metal pollution with the present deposition rates unless stringent pollution control norms are adopted. The Sediment Geo-accumulation Index shows that there is no Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, or Fe pollution; however, the former index and the Pollution Load Index indicate arsenic pollution in the sediments.

Variation characteristics of heavy metals and nutrients in the core sediments of Taihu Lake and their pollution history

The sedimentary environment change, trophic evolution and heavy metals pollution history of the northern Taihu Lake in the last 100 years are studied according to the sedimentary geochemical proxies of the core sediments, such as grain size, nutrients, heavy metals, diatom, etc. The nutrients in the sediments depended mainly on the lake internal circulation and the heavy metals were from natural geogenic sources before the 1920s, which were not influenced by human activities generally, and grain size was one of the key factors influencing heavy metals content in the sediments.The alternation of manner and strength of human activities in Taihu Lake catchment before and after the 1920s made the lake sediments coarser, and hence heavy metals and TP content decreased contrasted with that before the 1920s. TP content in sediments and water increased from the 1950s to late 1970s due to anthropogenic pollutants discharge, and the lake belonging to mesotrophic state.TN and TOC content and C/N ratio increased due to the increasing external pollutants into Taihu Lake by human activities, TP content also increased obviously in water and sediments, and the diatom association was dominated by eutrophic species since the late 1970s, indicating the eutrophication state of Taihu Lake in this period. Meanwhile the increasing in heavy metals content, such as Cu, Mn,Ni, Pb and Zn, and their proportion of valid fractions in the sediments indicates that they all result from human pollutants since the late 1970s. The heavy metals in the surface sediments have certain potential biological toxicity due to the higher SEM/AVS ratio.

Distribution and relationship between antimicrobial resistance genes and heavy metals in surface sediments of Taihu Lake,China

Heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and other wastes released into the environment can significantly influence environmental antibiotic resistance. We investigated the occurrence of 22 antimicrobial resistance genes(ARGs) and 10 heavy metal concentrations, and the relationship between ARGs and heavy metals in surface sediment from seven sites of Lake Taihu. The results showed significant correlations(p < 0.05) between sediment ARG levels,especially for tetracycline and sulfonamides(e.g., tet(A), tet(D), tet(E), tet(O), sul1, sul2 and int-1) and specific heavy metals(Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn, among others) in the Lake. In the surface sediments, heavy metals showed an interaction with resistance genes, but the strength of interaction was diminished with increasing depth. For most of the heavy metals, the concentration of elements in the top sediments was higher than that in other depths.Tetracycline resistance genes(tet(A), tet(B), tet(D), tet(E) and tet(O), β-lactam resistance genes(SHV, TEM, CTX, OXA and OXY) and sulfonamide resistance genes(sulA, sul1, sul2, sul3 and int-1) were detected. They showed a trend which inferred a statistically significant increase followed by decreases in the relative abundance of these ARGs(normalized to 16 S rRNA genes) with increasing depth. This study revealed that tet(A), tet(O), TEM, OXY, int-1, sul1 and sul3 were widespread in surface sediments with high abundance, indicating that these genes deserve more attention in future work.

Residual Levels and New Inputs of Chlorinated POPs in Agricultural Soils from Taihu Lake Region

Selected persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its principal metabolites 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)e- thane (DDD), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and its isomers (α-,β-, γ-, and δ-HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), endo- sulfan, dieldrin, and endrin were quantified to determine current levels of organochlorine pesticides, to assess the eco- toxicological potential, and to distinguish previous and current inputs in agricultural soils from the Taihu Lake region. Gas chromatography equipped with a 63Ni electron-capture detector (GC-ECD) system was employed. Thirteen OCPs were detectable in all soil samples, with DDTs being the main residues, and HCHs had the second highest level of OCP residues. Although OCP residual levels were lower than those in 1990s, the residual levels for most of the DDTs and some of HCHs were still higher than the national environmental standards for agricultural soils. The ratios of DDT/DDE and γ-/α-HCH in twelve soils indicated that new inputs could be present in the soils. Thus, efforts should be made to completely ban the production of OCPs and their use in agriculture so as to reduce the threat of OCPs to food quality and human health.

衡水湖底泥重金属元素分布特征及污染评价

以衡水湖底泥为研究对象,布设14个采样点进行采样测试,分析底泥中8项重金属元素(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cu、Zn)的分布特征,采用单项污染指数法和内梅罗污染指数法,评价底泥重金属污染程度。研究结果表明,As、Pb、Ni和Cu元素在湖心东、北部含量较高;Cd、Cr和Zn元素在湖心北部含量较高;Hg元素在湖心东部含量较高。单项污染指数评价表明,仅重金属元素Cd、Zn存在污染,污染程度分别为轻度污染和轻微污染,其余6项元素均为清洁。内梅罗综合指数评价表明,衡水湖底泥局部(Y3位置)存在重金属轻度污染,污染元素为Cd、Zn,其他区域为清洁。对底泥8项重金属含量进行相关性分析,其中Cd与Zn正相关性(P<0.01)最为显著,表明污染元素具有同源性。研究结果可为衡水湖重金属污染防治和生态修复提供科学依据。

太湖沉积物和湖岸土壤的污染元素特征及环境变化效应

太湖沉积物和湖岸土壤具有相似的物质组成 ,具有相同的物源 ,通过补给区的径流 ,营养元素和重金属元素随着土壤迁入湖泊。由于沉积物和土壤物化条件的不同 ,它们的营养元素和重金属含量有差异。土壤中氮、磷的总量和有效态均比沉积物中高 ,表明有一部分营养物质进入了水体 ;营养元素高的沉积物均靠近城镇 ,其原因为居民生活污水排放。土壤和沉积物中多数重金属元素尚未超过自然背景值 ,只有沉积物中Cd和Pb ,土壤中的Cu、Cd和Hg超过。但沉积物中重金属元素大多比土壤中高 ,特别在北部沿岸沉积物中 ,重金属元素含量大大超过平均值 ,这种不正常的高值是由人类不合理的废水。

太湖近代沉积物中重金属元素的累积

利用210Pb、137Cs定年技术,对来自太湖不同生态和沉积特征的三个湖区的沉积物柱状样品进行了定年,用ICP—AES分析了沉积物中重金属等元素的含量,分析了太湖沉积物中重金属的累积特征及其成因.污染较重、蓝藻水华暴发频繁的梅梁湾沉积物中的重金属含量在近25年来逐年增加;太湖上游风浪较大的夹浦湖区表层10cm沉积速率大、粒度粗,除表层1cm外,1—10cm沉积物中各种重金属含量都较低,且层间变化剧烈;下游湖区正逐渐草型化的胥口湾除表层3cm外,沉积物中重金属的含量自底层向表层大致呈不断下降的趋势.研究表明,不同年代的太湖沉积物中重金属含量差异很大,明显大于不同湖区间沉积物重金属平均含量间的差异.水动力作用引起的沉积物粒度分异很可能是影响沉积物中重金属积累的一个重要因素.总体上太湖沉积物中重金属的污染比较轻微,但已经有一定程度的Cd污染,梅梁湾沉积物中自上世纪70年代开始明显积累Cd,其他重金属元素的积累也逐渐增加,值得关注.

长期施肥条件下水稻土磷素分布特征及对水环境的污染风险

对太湖地区稻麦轮作黄泥土进行23 a长期施肥试验,设14种处理:不施肥(C0)、氮肥(CN)、氮钾肥(CNK)、氮磷肥(CNP)、磷钾肥(CPK)、氮磷钾肥(CNPK)、稻草加氮肥(CRN)、有机肥(M0)、有机肥加氮(MN)、有机肥加氮钾(MNK)、有机肥加氮磷(MNP)、有机肥加磷钾(MPK)、有机肥加氮磷钾(MNPK)、有机肥加稻草加氮(MRN)。结果表明:(1)与无磷处理比较,耕层(0—15 cm)全磷(TP)、有效磷(O lsen-P)和无机磷(I-P)含量均显著增加,有机磷(O-P)含量仅在MNP、MPK、MNPK和CPK处理中显著增加;耕层以下O-P无显著增加,MNPK、MNP、MRN和MN处理中I-P下移可达25 cm,而MNPK处理中TP及MNPK、CNP处理中O lsen-P下移可达30 cm;耕层磷素积累量及磷素下移深度与施磷量、施肥模式(化肥磷、有机肥磷;单施、混施)和磷素形态有关。(2)有机肥I-P下移深度比化肥I-P深。(3)不同施肥处理对水体环境存在不同的污染风险,其中以MNPK处理下土壤磷素对水体环境的污染风险最大;地表水的污染风险大于地下水,稻季的污染风险大于麦季,丰水年的污染风险大于平水年。

太湖沉积物微量元素特征和变化:自然与人类活动的影响

通过对太湖沉积物微量元素的测定,分析了沉积物的元素含量特征及变化趋势,指出了重金属元素的分布特点。沉积物和岩石微量元素的上地壳标准化值显示,它们的曲线存在明显的区别,反映了物质在风化和沉积过程中不同的性质差异。重金属在太湖北部地区较高,在南部地区较低,特别是As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni。对照背景值,探讨了重金属元素的富集程度,并运用地累积指数评估了沉积物的污染程度。根据1987年和2000年的数据,计算了重金属的累积速率。最后,讨论了自然作用和人类活动对微量元素的影响。

微量元素在湖积物、土壤的垂向分布与稻谷中的分配

报道了“江苏省国土生态地球化学调查”项目有关湖积物、土壤柱微量元素垂向分布及稻谷样元素分配研究的初步成果。通过对有关样品元素含量的分析对比,指出洪泽湖沉积柱元素垂向分布与其动荡的沉积环境关系密切、太湖局部沉积物在其目前20cm以上深度存在人为重金属污染,这二湖沉积物中其氮与总有机碳含量呈显著正相关;认为城市化可使当地土壤环境受重金属等污染的深度显著加大、城市土壤环境受人为活动的影响要显著高于农村;发现Mo易富集于稻米、重金属与营养元素易富集于稻皮、各元素在米-谷间的分配关系不确定。

太湖MS岩芯重金属元素地球化学形态研究

采用BCR三步提取法对太湖MS岩芯沉积物中Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等6种重金属元素的化学形态进行了研究。结果表明,有效结合态的Cu、Ni和Pb主要以有机物及硫化物结合态、Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Fe和Zn主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,Mn主要以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态存在;Fe-Mn氧化物结合态的Ni、Pb和Zn与可还原态的Mn有较好的正相关关系,有机物及硫化物结合态的Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn与有机碳含量有较好的正相关关系;重金属形态分布体现了重金属元素地球化学性质的差异,以及重金属形态含量与沉积物理化性质的关系。沉积岩芯重金属元素形态垂向变化规律及次生相富集系数表明,Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn在沉积岩芯13～4cm有效结合态含量较稳定,为自然沉积;4～0cm有效结合态含量明显升高,存在一定程度的人为污染。根据137Cs测年结果判断,沉积岩芯Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等重金属污染开始于20世纪70年代末期,主要污染元素及污染历史与太湖流域污染工业类型及经济发展阶段相吻合。

太湖沉积物中重金属的测定及环境意义

通过对太湖地区水域湖泊沉积物中重金属含量的抽样测试 ,描述了太湖水域重金属(Ag、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等 )元素的污染状况及其分布。结果表明 :太湖沉积物中重金属含量北部明显高于东部。来自太湖北岸城镇和工业区的未处理工业及生活污水 ,对太湖北部水域造成的重金属污染程度远高于以养殖业为主的东太湖及湖心水域。

太湖地区某地农田土壤及农产品中重金属污染及风险评价

对江苏省太湖地区某冶炼厂周围的稻田、菜地土壤及水稻等17种农产品中的Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Se等9种重金属元素进行采样分析,参照《国家土壤环境质量二级标准》和《食品中重金属限量卫生标准》进行评价,同时,依据美国联邦环境保护署推荐的RfD值和我国居民平均食物消费结构评估了农产品对当地人群的重金属暴露风险。结果显示,供试稻田土和菜地土中的重金属Cd、Pb污染严重;农产品样品中Cd、Pb含量全部超过国家食品中重金属限量卫生标准,且Cd、Pb、As对人群的暴露风险系数甚高。17种农产品中,对重金属富集能力最强的是茼蒿、空心菜、菠菜等茎叶类蔬菜,它们不适宜在该地种植。研究表明,在局部范围内,点源污染可能带来土壤环境的重金属污染及农产品重金属食物安全问题。

太湖宜溧河水系沉积物中多环芳烃来源解析

利用索氏提取技术和GC/MS测定,分析了太湖宜溧河水系中13个样点沉积物中的多环芳烃(PAHs),并利用芳香类不可分辨鼓包峰的检出、多环芳烃组分协相关因子检验及PAHs特征化合物指数,分析了太湖流域宜溧河水系中各地区的PAHs污染来源差异,并结合宜溧河所在地区工业布局和环境特征得到了验证。溧阳附近PAHs主要来自于油类污染和染料工业的影响;宜兴市附近PAHs来源与溧阳不同,主要与现代煤烟型污染有关。从水系的干支流对比中发现,主干河道中沉积物PAHs污染来源比支流复杂的多,存在多种污染源交叉作用的情况。

武汉市东湖沉积物重金属与城市污染环境的关系

应用主成份分析原理,按照主成份提取的信息超过原始信息84％的原则,对武汉市东湖的主体湖区(郭郑湖和塘林湖)的0 cm-7 cm的沉积物30个代表性样品12种元素进行分析,确定其沉积物的重金属的污染源的主要类型．结果表明,郭郑湖第一污染源(占56％)为湖区周围的工业燃煤尘埃,其次(占16％)为交通尾气、生活污水和雨水片流,再次 (占12％)为电镀、印刷等行业的工业污水．塘林湖第一污染源(占65％)为湖区周围的生产性煤燃烧的粉尘,其次(17％) 为生活污水、医院污水和周围土壤的淋溶作用,再次(占9％)为废旧电池、报章杂志和农用物资等．采用均方根综合污染指数法评价分析东湖主体湖区的沉积物的污染程度为轻度污染,其中郭郑湖的污染程度高于塘林湖．

环太湖主要河流入出湖口表层沉积物污染特征研究

以环太湖31条主要河流入出湖口的表层沉积物为对象,分析了太湖流域4个区内河流入出湖口表层沉积物的总氮(TN),总磷(TP)和总有机质(TOM)的含量。结果表明:第2区和第3区的TN、TP和TOM的含量较高;第1区和第4区的较低。各区沉积物中TN,TP和TOM的平均含量由高到低依次为:TN—第2区>第3区>第4区>第1区;TP--第2区>第3区>第4区>第1区;TOM—第2区>第4区>第1区>第3区;磷形态中铁铝磷(Fe/Al-P)活性较高,Fe/Al-P—第2区>第4区>第3区>第1区;综合氮磷指标,对太湖重度污染区(太湖的北—西北—西部分)水体富营养化影响最大的入湖河道:太滆运河、百渎港、陈东港、漕桥河、直湖港、武进港、官渎港、小溪港、殷村港、洪巷港、茭渎港和乌溪港。以上河流沉积物TN、TP含量均较高(TN>1000mg/kg、TP>500mg/kg)。

长江中下游湖泊沉积物铅污染记录——以洪湖、固城湖和太湖为例

2002～2005年在长江中下游的洪湖、固城湖和太湖分别采集了沉积物柱样钻孔，测定了总有机碳（TOC）和金属元素包括Ph，Al，Fe，Ti等，并采用210Pb和137Cs进行了近代沉积物定年。研究结果表明，洪湖钻孔平均沉积速率为0．15cm／a，固城湖平均沉积速率在0．067cm／a，太湖平均沉积速率为0．35～0．41cm／a。根据湖泊沉积物中铅元素与参考元素（Al，Fe和Ti）浓度和TOC的相关关系建立了回归方程，线性关系极显著（P〈0．001）。根据回归方程获取了钻孔中铅的背景值变化，研究表明近代沉积物中金属铅不仅仅来源于自然的作用，而人类活动导致铅的累积发生时间都在20世纪70年代，从一个侧面也说明利用沉积物铅含量变化进行断代存在可能性。对太湖钻孔而言，其污染程度要高于洪湖和固城湖。研究结果表明近30年来洪湖和固城湖人为造成湖泊沉积物铅累积量在不断增加，其沉积物铅污染有进一步加重的趋势，应受到科学家和管理部门的关注。