Incipient motion of sediment in presence of submerged flexible vegetation

The presence of submerged vegetation on river beds can change the water flow structure and alter the state of sediment motion. In this study, the incipient motion of sediment in the presence of submerged flexible vegetation in open channels was investigated in a laboratory experiment. The vegetation was simulated with flexible rubber cylinders arranged in parallel arrays. The effect of the vegetation density, water depth, and sediment grain size on the incipient motion was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the incipient motion velocity of sediment increases as the vegetation density decreases and the water depth and sediment grain size increase. With flexible plants, the incipient motion velocity of sediment is lower than it is without vegetation, and is larger than it is with rigid vegetation. A general incipient motion velocity equation was derived, which can be applied to both flexible and rigid vegetation conditions.

Incipient Motion of Sediment Under Currents

Summarized in the paper are the author's studies on incipient motion of sediment in recent 40 years. In addition to the forces of gravity, drag and lift, the cohesive force and the additional static pressure are important for fine particles. The relations between three stages of incipient motion are defined by use of instantaneous velocity. Formulas for initial velocity and critical shear stress are given and overall verified by the author's and others' experimental data.

Rheological Properties and Incipient Motion of Cohesive Sediment in the Haine Estuary of China

The Haihe cohesive sediment, which is typical in China, is studied systematically for its basic physical and incipient motion properties. Following the requirements of dredging works in the Haihe Estuary, cohesive sediment samples were taken from three locations. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the rheological properties of these samples and to examine the incipient motion of the cohesive sediment. It is found that the cohesive sediment has an obvious yield stress tau(b), which increases with the mud density in a manner of an exponential function, and so does the viscosity parameter eta. The cohesive sediment behaves like a Bingham fluid when its density is below 1.38 similar to 1.40 g/cm(3), and when denser than these values, it may become a power-law fluid. The incipient motion experiment also revealed that the incipient velocity of the cohesive sediment increases with die density in an exponential manner. Therefore, the incipient motion is primarily related to the density, which is different from the case for non-cohesive sediment in which the incipient motion is con-elated with the diameter of sand particles instead. The incipient motion occurs in two different ways depending on the concentration of mud in the bottom. For sufficiently fine particles and a concentration lower than 1.20 g/cm(3), the cohesive sediment appears as fluidized mud, and the incipient motion is in the form of instability of an internal wave. For a higher concentration, the cohesive sediment appears as general quasi-solid-mud, and the incipient motion can be described by a series of extended Shields curves each with a different porosity for newly deposited alluvial mud.

A method for simulating sediment incipient motion varying with time and space in an ocean model(FVCOM):development and validation

We modified the sediment incipient motion in a numerical model and evaluated the impact of this modification using a study case of the coastal area around Weihai, China. The modified and unmodified versions of the model were validated by comparing simulated and observed data of currents, waves, and suspended sediment concentrations(SSC) measured from July 25^(th) to July 26^(th), 2006. A fitted Shields diagram was introduced into the sediment model so that the critical erosional shear stress could vary with time. Thus, the simulated SSC patterns were improved to more closely reflect the observed values, so that the relative error of the variation range decreased by up to 34.5% and the relative error of simulated temporally averaged SSC decreased by up to 36%. In the modified model, the critical shear stress values of the simulated silt with a diameter of 0.035 mm and mud with a diameter of 0.004 mm varied from 0.05 to 0.13 N/m^2, and from 0.05 to 0.14 N/m^2, respectively, instead of remaining constant in the unmodified model. Besides, a method of applying spatially varying fractions of the mixed grain size sediment improved the simulated SSC distribution to fit better to the remote sensing map and reproduced the zonal area with high SSC between Heini Bay and the erosion groove in the modified model. The Relative Mean Absolute Error was reduced by between 6% and 79%, depending on the regional attributes when we used the modified method to simulate incipient sediment motion. But the modification achieved the higher accuracy in this study at a cost of computation speed decreasing by 1.52%.

Shear velocity criterion for incipient motion of sediment

The prediction of incipient motion has had great importance to the theory of sediment transport. The most commonly used methods are based on the concept of critical shear stress and employ an approach similar, or identical, to the Shields diagram. An alternative method that uses the movability number, defined as the ratio of the shear velocity to the particle＇s settling velocity, was employed in this study. A large amount of experimental data were used to develop an empirical incipient motion criterion based on the movability number. It is shown that this approach can provide a simple and accurate method of computing the threshold condition for sediment motion.

Incipient Motion of Bed Load Sediment and Its Application in the Three Gorges Hydro Project

A formula for the calculation of critical shear stress of non-uniform sediment was developed by on river bed has been established while considering the relative degree expose of grains.The values of the Coeffi- cients in the formula have been obtained.The formula has been verified with prototype observation data, flumes data of both nature and lightweight sand.The computed results fully reflect the characteristics of thresh- old motion of non-uniform sediment.The result have been used in some physical mo...

生物碎屑砂运动特性研究进展

生物碎屑砂是海洋沉积物的重要组成部分,运动特性是研究其沉积过程的关键。从生物碎屑砂的特性出发,归纳出形状和内孔隙这2个对泥沙运动产生影响的主要特性。分别从沉降、起动和岸滩演变的实验研究出发,剖析了生物碎屑砂特性对泥沙运动特性产生的影响。现有研究只探究了形状对单颗粒生物碎屑砂运动的影响,缺乏对群颗粒运动的探讨。受限于研究手段,缺少讨论内孔隙特性对生物碎屑砂运动产生的影响。未来应结合海洋水动力条件,综合考虑生物碎屑砂形状和内孔隙特性,开展生物碎屑砂运动特性研究,量化生物碎屑砂特性产生的影响,将成果运用于实际,预测生物碎屑沉积环境中的岸滩地貌演变。

Incipient motion of sediment by waves

In this paper, the forces acting on sediment particles are analyzed in all the aspects. Considering the cohesive force between particles, the additional static water pressure induced by the solid-body characteristics of film water and the inertia force of waves, a unified formula of the incipient motion for both coarse and fine particles is defined. The formula can reflect the variation in the initial velocity of fine particles with the volume weight of sediment. The verification of the formula is carried out by use of both experimental data and field observation data accumulated by experts at home and abroad. The verification shows that the formula expresses the law governing the incipient motion of sediment of all particle sizes inclusive of natural sediment and light-weight materials, and thus a basic formula for the study and solution of sediment problems in estuarine and coastal regions is provided.

Incipient sediment motion in vegetated open-channel flows predicted by critical flow velocity

Incipient sediment motion plays a key role in scouring and bed load transport. However, the incipient sediment motion in the vegetated open-channel flows has yet to be fully understood. This study aims to quantify the critical conditions of the sediment particle movement in the presence of emergent and submerged vegetation. A new formula of the critical flow velocity was proposed to predict the incipient sediment motion based on the force balance equation of a sediment particle and the assumption that the velocity distribution in the bed roughness boundary layer fits the logarithmic law. Analysis of the derived formula revealed that the critical flow velocity for incipient sediment motion decreases with the increase in vegetation density. The proposed formula agrees well with the experimental data in the literature, thereby implying that the critical flow velocity can effectively quantify the incipient sediment motion in the vegetated open channel flows.

恒定流作用下泥沙垂向相对暴露度试验研究

基于泥沙三维受力分析,探讨垂向相对暴露度对单颗粒泥沙起动的影响,推导考虑垂向相对暴露度影响的单颗粒泥沙起动流速公式。通过概化单颗粒泥沙起动试验测量数据,明确泥沙起动公式中的上举力系数与拖曳力系数。研究结果表明,上举力系数和拖曳力系数与水流条件和颗粒粒径有关,在恒定流作用下垂向相对暴露度增大导致拖曳力系数和上举力系数增大。当垂向相对暴露度到达一定数值后,拖曳力系数与上举力系数均有逐渐减小的趋势。相同泥沙粒径情况下,单颗粒泥沙起动流速随着垂向相对暴露度的增加而增加。垂向相对暴露度不仅改变单颗粒泥沙所受力臂大小,且改变了作用在单颗粒泥沙上的流速大小,影响了泥沙的起动。

光滑床面上智能泥沙颗粒弱起动过程试验研究

为揭示泥沙起动的微观力学机制,通过在圆球中植入无线陀螺仪传感器制作智能泥沙颗粒,进行明渠水槽起动试验,结合视觉测量技术,实时采集颗粒位移、速度、加速度、角速度等高频数据,研究不同来流流速对粗颗粒泥沙弱起动过程影响的动力机制。试验发现,粗颗粒泥沙起动是一个平动和转动叠加的复杂动力过程,呈现出绕流脱涡激励下的横流向和顺流向摆动及周期性转动等运动模式,具体模式和颗粒雷诺数密切相关,试验工况中,颗粒雷诺数为386时横流向摆动现象最显著。基于测量数据,进一步分析了颗粒起动过程中的冲量和动能特性。

典型城市江段岸滩植被生长对河道行洪及泥沙起动影响研究

水生植被广泛生长于河流和湖泊的浅滩区域,在发挥自身生态功能的同时,也对河道行洪和泥沙输移有重要影响。本研究基于野外天然河道植被调查,采用二维浅水动力学数值模拟定量评估了长江干流武汉段汉口江滩南荻–芦苇群落大规模扩张对漫滩流量下河道水沙输移的影响:在植被阻水作用下,植被区上游水位最大壅高幅度达0.04 m左右;植被区内流速减幅在0.3~1.2 m/s,主流区流速增幅为0.04~0.3 m/s。水动力变化进而改变了泥沙起动情况,近岸植被区形成了一条狭长的泥沙起动减弱带,起动粒径最大减小了5 mm;而主流区的起动粒径有所增大,增幅在3~10 mm之间。研究成果可提高对天然河道尺度下植被水沙动力学的认识,并为生态河道防洪设计提供理论参考。

无黏性非均匀沙的参数自适配起动切应力计算方法

非均匀沙起动条件的确定是研究非均匀沙输移的关键。工程实际应用中有修正法和等效粒径法两种,两种方法中含有的参数率定需要已知分组沙起动切应力测定值,且取值依赖率定数据集。基于两种方法在理论上计算的分组沙起动切应力相等思想,结合吴伟明提出的修正法与王涛提出的等效粒径方法,将两种方法中含有的率定参数作为自适配参数,通过函数拟合确定,拟合适配过程不依赖分组沙起动切应力数值。实践检验表明,通过自适配确定参数可以提高泥沙起动切应力计算方法的适用范围,精度更高。成果可以为非均匀沙起动条件计算提供新思路。

粗化床面发展过程中非均匀沙起动试验研究

非均匀沙在水流作用下会形成表层粒径大于底层的床面粗化现象,同时表层粗颗粒还会形成聚集结构体。已有非均匀沙起动研究仅考虑粒径差异,对多颗粒组成的粗化结构体及其影响问题考虑不足。在水槽中开展了非均匀沙床面粗化发展过程试验,分析了粗化床面条件下的起动条件及起动判别标准。结果表明,粗化床面发展可分为中粗颗粒出露、中颗粒结构体形成、粗颗粒结构体形成等3个阶段,粗化结构体对泥沙颗粒的起动和输移造成较大影响。粗化床面条件下非均匀沙起动临界希尔兹参数为0.015 5~0.023 5,小于均匀沙床面。USACE输沙率标准不适用于非均匀沙粗化床面,而Parker标准与韩其为标准均可在一定程度上反映非均匀沙粗化对泥沙起动的影响,其中韩其为标准与实测值更接近。

恒定流作用下珊瑚砂输运特性试验研究

【目的】针对现有对珊瑚砂起动和输运研究的不足,基于室内水槽试验,研究了恒定流作用下珊瑚砂的起动规律和输运特性。【方法】利用电子显微镜对珊瑚砂颗粒进行观测,确定了珊瑚砂中轴长度与筛分粒径之间的关系;利用现代化测量技术测得了珊瑚砂起动流速和输沙率。【结果】与经典的石英砂起动流速及输沙率计算公式进行了比较分析,并修正了经验公式,使其适用于珊瑚砂起动流速的计算。【结论】由于珊瑚砂的形状极不规则,相比筛分粒径相同的石英砂,珊瑚砂的起动流速更小,珊瑚砂单宽推移质输沙率随水深的增加而显著减小。研究成果丰富了泥沙输运理论。

东海舟山群岛海域表层沉积物运移特性

通过潮流和表层沉积物粒度参数等实测资料,对舟山群岛海域表层沉积物的运移趋势、净输运通量以及起动流速进行了初步分析。结果表明,舟山群岛对研究区表层沉积物分布影响明显;舟山群岛海域表层沉积物整体由湾口向外海输运,平均日单宽输沙通量由杭州湾内向外海迅速减小;从杭州湾向外海,泥沙起动越来越难,单纯潮流对表层沉积物再悬浮作用相对较弱。

无粘性泥沙起动条件对比研究

从泥沙起动的已有研究成果出发,推导出常见的3种泥沙起动条件的转换关系。利用这些关系,将国内外现有的几十种泥沙起动条件进行了统一,可得各种公式的K值一般在3 37～7 86之间。为合理选用起动公式提供了依据。在此基础上,用韩其为1965年在岷江五通桥茫溪河进行的卵石起动的野外水槽试验资料与一部分经典公式计算结果进行了对比研究。为岷江都江堰河段合理选用卵石起动公式提供了依据。

波浪渗流力对泥沙起动的影响

海岸泥沙起动的力学机理十分复杂。首先理论分析了波浪作用下床面泥沙颗粒所受的主要作用力,然后将上举力和有效重力分别与渗流力进行比较分析。计算结果表明渗流力随着波高的变化其方向也发生向上或向下的变化,渗流力与上举力和有效重力之间存在着相位差,不同粒径的泥沙在一个周期内均有一时段渗流力远大于上举力;对于渗透系数小的细颗粒泥沙,渗流力远大于泥沙颗粒的上举力和有效重力。进一步通过水槽试验分析了不同波浪参数作用下孔隙水压力梯度对泥沙起动的影响,试验结果表明波浪渗流力对海床细颗粒泥沙的起动有着重要作用,特别是在分析长周期波浪作用下细颗粒泥沙起动规律时,需考虑波浪引起的渗流力影响。

波浪及波流边界层泥沙起动规律

基于波浪边界层理论及单向流泥沙起动Shields曲线,推证出波浪泥沙起动Shields曲线;基于波流边界层理论,提出表述波流边界层动力特征的波流比因子X及非线性作用因子Y,并建立了Y与X的相关关系;在此基础之上,结合单向流及波浪泥沙起动Shields曲线,推证出波流共同作用下泥沙起动Shields曲线。结果表明:波浪泥沙起动Shields曲线在层流区与单向流光滑紊流区曲线保持一致,粗糙紊流区与单向流粗糙紊流区曲线保持一致,过渡区线型为折线,由层流区及粗糙紊流区曲线延长交汇获得;X及Y能够合理地表征波流边界层动力对比特征及非线性作用特征;波流泥沙起动Shields曲线介于波浪及单向流泥沙起动Shields曲线之间,随着波流比因子X的不同,依据非线性作用因子Y,自动在波浪及单向流泥沙起动Shields曲线之间非线性过渡。建立的波流泥沙起动Shields曲线与试验结果吻合较好,且能够概括单向流、波浪及波流等不同动力及细沙、粗沙等不同粒径的泥沙起动条件。

非均匀沙分级起动规律研究

本文对非均匀沙起动机理作了分析，提出适合非均匀沙分级起动的判别标准．运用概率论与力学结合的方法，对起动颗粒的作用力臂进行随机分析，导出考虑非均匀沙隐暴效应的起动概率表达式，藉此建立非均匀沙第ｋ粒级的起动公式．在水槽中对天然沙加颜色沙进行分级起动试验，据以确定隐暴系数，从而获得与均匀沙兼容的起动切应力和起动流速公式．