Seasonal response of nitrogen exchange fluxes to crab disturbance at sediment-water interface in coastal tidal wetlands

Coastal wetlands are hotspots for nitrogen(N)cycling,and crab burrowing is known to transform N in intertidal marsh soils.However,the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.This study conducted field experiments and used indoor control test devices to investigate the seasonal response of nitrogen to crab disturbance at the sediment-water interface in coastal tidal flat wetlands.The results showed that crab disturbance exhibited significant seasonality with large seasonal differences in cave density and depth.Due to crab disturbance,nitrogen fuxes at the sediment-water interface were much greater in the box with crabs than in the box without crabs.In summer,NH-N showed a positive flux from the sediment to the overlying water,but NO2-N and NOg-N showed positive fluxes from the sediment to the overlying water only in early stages.In winter,NH-N showed a positive flux from the sediment to the overlying water,but NO-N and NO,-N both exhibited positive and negative fluxes.These results indicated that the presence of crab burrows can cause the aerobic layer to move downward by approximately 8-15 cm in summer and directly promote nitrification at the sediment surface.

Analysis of heat pulse signals determination for sediment-water interface fluxes

The heat pulse signal is analyzed in a new way with the goals of clarifying the relationships between the variables in the heat transfer problem and simplifying the procedure for calculating sediment-water interface fluxes J. Only three parameters x0 λand pc l are needed to calculate J by the heat pulse data for this analysis method.The results show that there is a curvilinear relationship between the peak temperature arrival time and sediment-water interface fluxes and there exists a simple linear relationship between sediment-water interface fluxes and the natural log of the ratio of the temperature increase downstream from the line heat source to the temperature increase upstream from the heat source.The simplicity of this relationship makes the heat pulse sensors an attractive option for measuring soil water fluxes.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Diffusive Fluxes Across the Sediment-Water Interface in Estuarine and Coastal Tidal Flats

Nitrogen and phosphorus contents are analyzed in the overlying waters and pore waters taken from the Changjiang Estuary and Shanghai coastal tidal flats in this study. In addition, the diffusion fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus across the sediment-water interface in tidal flats are estimated according to the nutrient concentration gradients at the interface. It has been indicated that the concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and dissolved phosphorus in overlying waters range from 0.0082-2.56, 0.03-0.58, 0.69-5.38 and 0.035-0.53 mg/L, respectively, while 0.0025 - 1.35 mg /L for NH^-N, 0. 0055 ~0.20mg/L for NO2-N, 0.61-1.14 mg/L for NO3-N and 0.11~0.53mg/L for DP insurface pore waters.The findings have revealed that ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and dissolved phosphorus diffusionfluxes across the sediment-water interface are between -0.024~0.99, -0.39~ -0.0019, -3.09--0.12 and -0.48- 0.12 ug/ (cm.d ) respectively, showing that the sediment in tidal flats is the source of phosphorus and an important sink for nitrogen in the waters.

The Effect of Bioturbation Activity of the Ark Clam Scapharca subcrenata on the Fluxes of Nutrient Exchange at the Sediment–Water Interface

Filter-feeding shellfish are common benthos and significantly affect the biogeochemical cycle in the shallow coastal ecosystems.Ark clam Scapharca subcrenata is one of the widely cultured bivalve species in many coastal areas owing to its tremendous economic value.However,there is little information regarding the effects of the bioturbation of S.subcrenata on the fluxes of nutrient exchange in the sediment-water interface(SWI).In this regard,S.subcrenata was sampled during October 2016 to determine the effects of its bioturbation activity on the nutrient exchange flux of the SWI.The results showed that the biological activity of S.subcrenata could increase the diffusion depth and the rate of the nutrients exchange in the sediments.The bioturbation of S.subcrenata could allow the nutrients to permeate into the surface sediments at 6-10cm and increase the release rate of nutrients at the SWI.The releasing fluxes of DIN and PO43−-P in the culture area were found to be around three times higher than that in the non-cultured region.The culture of S.subcrenata has been proved to be an important contributor to nutrient exchange across the SWI in the farming area of Haizhou Bay.Nutrients exchange in the SWI contributes a part of 86%DIN,71%PO43−-P and 18%SiO32−-Si for the aquaculture farm.

Numerical Investigation on the Deformation of the Free Interface During Water Entry and Exit of a Circular Cylinder by Using the Immersed Boundary-Multiphase Lattice Boltzmann Flux Solver

In this work,the deformation of free interface during water entry and exit of a circular cylinder is investigated numerically by using the two-dimensional(2D)immersed boundary-multiphase lattice Boltzmann flux solver(IB-MLBFS).The fluid domain is discretized by finite volume discretization,and the flux on the grid interface is evaluated by lattice Boltzmann equations.Both the implicit velocity correction and the surface flux correction are implemented by using the immersed boundary-method to consider the fluid-structure interaction and the contact interface between the multiphase fluids and the structure.First,the water entry of a circular cylinder is simulated and the results are compared with the experiment,which considered the length-diameter ratio of the circular cylinder.The reliability of 2D simulation is verified and the deformation of the free interface is well investigated.Afterward,the water exit of a circular cylinder with constant velocity is simulated,which is less researched.In addition,the results show the advantage of present IB-MLBFS to some extent.Finally,the water exit and re-entry of a circular cylinder are presented,and the results present the complex deformation of the free interface and the dynamic response of the moving structure.Based on the numerical results,the free interface of the multiphase fluids is well captured,and the contact interface on the boundary of the moving structure is accurately presented by the IB-MLBFS.

DISSOLVED OXYGEN DISTRIBUTION AND O_2 FLUXES ACROSS THE SEA-AIR INTERFACE IN EAST CHINA SEA WATERS

This study on the sectional and vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO) and the O_2 fluxes acrossthe sea-air interface in East China Sea (ESC) waters shows that the waters were in steady state and thatthe difference of DO was great in upper and bottom waters in Apr. 1994; but that seawater mixingwas strong and the difference of DO was small in upper and bettom waters in Oct. 1994. The above con-dusions were specially obvious in continental shelf waters under 100m. The DO maximum in subsurfacelayer waters appeared only at several stations and in general the DO in the waters decreased with depth.The horizontal distributions of O_2 fluxes across the sea-air interface appeared in stripes in Leg 9404 whenmost regions covend were supersaturated with O_2. seawater to air flux wn large, and that on section No.1was 1.594 L/m^2·d. The horizontal distribution of O_2 fluxes across the sea-air interface appeared lumpy inLeg 9410, when most regions covered were unsaturated with O_2. O_2 was dissolved from air to seawater,and the fluxes were 0.819 L/m^2·d on section No. 1 in Leg 9310, 0.219 L/m^2·d in Leg 9410. The mainreasons for DO change in surface layer seawater were the mixture of upper and bottom layer water, and theexchange of O_2 across the sea-air interface. The variation of DO by biological activity was only 20% of totalchange of DO.

Exchange fluxes of nutrients between sediment and sea water in the Bohai Sea

Investigations of sediment-water fluxes of nutrients in the Bohai Sea were carried out in September - October 1998 and April - May 1999. The exchange fluxes of nutrients between sediment and sea water were determined by incubating the core-top sediments with overlying water aerated with air. The benthic fluxes of NO3- , NO2- , NH4+ , DIN, DON and TON in the first cruise and the flux-es of NO3 , NO2- , NH4+ , DIN, DON, TDN, PO43- , DOP and TDP in the second cruise were measured. The exchange fluxes of nutrients in fall were higher than in spring. The benthic nutrient fluxes represented 15% -55% of nutrient budgets in the Bohai Sea.

海水多品种养殖池塘沉积物-水界面氮磷通量

为探明生源要素氮、磷在沉积物与水体间的迁移过程,比较3种不同养殖模式下、不同时间养殖池塘沉积物-水界面的氮、磷通量变化,2014年6—10月,在3种综合养殖池塘:海蜇+凡纳滨对虾+菲律宾蛤仔、海蜇+凡纳滨对虾+缢蛏和海蜇+凡纳滨对虾的整个养殖周期内,采集检测3口池塘沉积物-水界面样品中的亚硝态氮、硝态氮、氨氮和活性磷酸盐含量,分析沉积物-水界面的亚硝态氮+硝态氮、氨氮和活性磷酸盐的通量变化。试验结果显示,6—10月,3种综合养殖池塘沉积物上覆水中亚硝态氮和硝态氮均以向沉积物中扩散为主,仅10月海蜇+凡纳滨对虾池塘沉积物中亚硝态氮和硝态氮向上覆水释放。海蜇+凡纳滨对虾+菲律宾蛤仔、海蜇+凡纳滨对虾+缢蛏池塘沉积物上覆水中氨氮向沉积物扩散,6月海蜇+凡纳滨对虾+缢蛏池塘沉积物中氨氮向上覆水扩散;与海蜇+凡纳滨对虾+菲律宾蛤仔和海蜇+凡纳滨对虾+缢蛏池塘相比,海蜇+凡纳滨对虾池塘氨氮通量变化幅度较大,6—7月上覆水中氨氮向沉积物扩散,且扩散速率逐渐降低,9—10月沉积物中氨氮向上覆水释放,释放速率逐渐上升。6、7、10月海蜇+凡纳滨对虾+菲律宾蛤仔池塘沉积物中活性磷酸盐向上覆水释放,8—9月上覆水中活性磷酸盐向沉积物扩散;6—10月,海蜇+凡纳滨对虾+缢蛏池塘沉积物中活性磷酸盐向上覆水释放;海蜇+凡纳滨对虾池塘上覆水中活性磷酸盐向沉积物扩散,10月沉积物中活性磷酸盐向上覆水释放。试验结果表明,配养底栖贝类,可以通过改变综合养殖池塘沉积物-水界面的氮、磷通量,改善池塘的底质和水质环境。

The mechanisms of contaminants release due to incipient motion at sediment-water interface

Sediments in many rivers and lakes are subjected to resuspension due to a combination of hydrodynamics. However, the roles of contaminant-contained dissolved and particulate sediments during the resuspension release are rarely studied. This study focuses on the release quantity of contaminants in both water phase and solid phase. Conservative tracer （NaC1） and reactive tracer （Phosphorus） were respectively added to cohesive fine-grained sediments and non-cohesive coarse-grained sediments. A range of typical shear stress was conducted to characterize the time-depended release of contaminants in a laboratory flume. When the sediment started to move, the concentration of contaminant in the overlying water increased with the bed shear stress, but the dissolved contaminants responded faster than the particulate ones. The observed contaminant release process can be divided into three main stages： the initial two hours fast mixing： the release contribution of pore water could reach up to 75%; the middle 4-6 h adsorption： the partitioning coefficient of contaminant between water phase and solid phase decreased over the time, and the adsorption of contaminates from resuspended sediment dominated the negative release; the last equilibrium stage： the desorption and adsorption reached equilibrium, and the reactive contaminant made an impact on the water quality in the solid phase. The existing formulas to evaluate the release flux are far from practice meaning as the sediment contaminants undergo a very complex release process.

夏季桑沟湾沉积物–水界面溶解氧分布和消耗的微观变化研究

为探明高温条件下贝藻养殖区沉积物–水界面溶解氧(DO)分布和消耗的微观变化特性,在2022年夏季,采用微剖面法对桑沟湾贝类区、贝藻区、藻类区和外海区内沉积物DO、H2S、pH的剖面分布进行了调查,测定了沉积物中有机碳含量、粒径等因子的剖面分布,计算了不同养殖区域沉积物–水界面的DO交换通量和沉积物的耗氧率。研究发现,贝类区、贝藻区、藻类区和外海区沉积物扩散边界层(DBL)厚度分别为(1.5±0.3)、(1.0±0.3)、(2.0±0.8)和(1.3±0.2)mm,区域间差异不显著;氧渗透深度(OPD)分别为(12.49±1.59)、(12.17±0.09)、(15.49±0.79)和(14.87±1.27)mm,其中,贝类区和贝藻区氧渗透深度显著低于藻类区和外海区。贝类区、贝藻区、藻类区和外海区的DO扩散通量分别为(24.10±1.89)、(49.53±10.24)、(26.69±13.13)和(24.79±7.95)mmol/(m^(2)·d),贝藻区沉积物–水界面DO扩散通量显著高于其他区域。沉积物–水界面DO扩散通量受上覆水DO浓度和沉积物耗氧率的显著影响,贝类区沉积物–水界面DO扩散通量受上覆水DO、DBL厚度及水–沉积物界面处DO的共同影响,贝藻区、藻类区沉积物–水界面DO扩散通量主要影响因素为沉积物上覆水DO。研究结果为深入了解养殖活动在养殖生态系统碳循环中的作用提供了科技支撑。

丘陵山区水库沉积物-水界面磷源汇转换机制

以东南丘陵山区典型深水水库对河口水库为研究对象,开展了1a的原位调研,在主要水域内采集原位柱状沉积物样品,分析了沉积物磷的含量、赋存形态、间隙水剖面特征以及沉积物-水界面交换通量的时空变化特征.结果表明:对河口水库表层沉积物总磷(TP)含量变化范围为(470.8~1012.3)mg/kg,平均值达到(688.4±186.48)mg/kg,呈现从上游至下游逐渐增加的趋势,下游坝前区域磷污染最为严重;沉积物中各形态磷含量大小顺序依次为:铝结合态磷(352.61mg/kg)>铁结合态磷(Fe-P)(98.10mg/kg)>闭蓄态磷(88.77mg/kg)>钙结合态磷(72.42mg/kg)>有机磷(33.38mg/kg)>可交换态磷(1.64mg/kg).全库沉积物总体表现为磷的释放源,其中,秋季释放风险最高,冬季大部分区域沉积物从磷释放的源转变为汇;全年平均静态释放通量和扩散通量分别为(0.81±2.34)mg/(m^(2)·d)和(2.15±3.47)mg/(m^(2)·d),2种方法所得全年磷释放量分别为1.92和3.67t,秋季释放量最大.铁结合态磷(Fe-P)的转化可能是控制沉积物-水界面磷源-汇转换的重要原因,由氧分层导致的沉积物厌氧及铁结合态磷(Fe-P)溶解释放将增加下层水体磷浓度,并在水体逆温后增加水柱总体磷浓度.在秋季大量磷释放之后,应更加关注随后的逆温对整个水体磷浓度的影响.

浅水湖泊冬季温室气体浓度与通量的变化特征及影响因素

内陆水体是大气二氧化碳(CO_(2))、甲烷(CH_(4))、氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)的重要自然排放源。为研究浅水湖泊温室气体溶存浓度及排放通量,以太湖流域上游浅水湖泊-长荡湖为例,在冬季(2022年1-2月)利用顶空平衡-气相色谱法对其表层水体温室气体溶存浓度及排放通量进行测定,综合采用方差分析、多元逐步回归分析等方法探究了长荡湖湖区及主要出入湖河口区温室气体溶存浓度与排放通量的空间分布特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:①长荡湖冬季CO_(2)、CH_(4)、N_(2)O平均溶存浓度分别为(40.49±14.18)μmol/L、(0.86±1.92)μmol/L和(18.43±8.44)nmol/L,平均排放通量分别为(49.99±69.49)μmol/(m^(2)·h)、(1.28±2.64)μmol/(m^(2)·h)和(12.01±14.37)nmol/(m^(2)·h)。②在空间分布上,湖区CO_(2)排放通量高于出入湖河口区,湖区CH_(4)、N_(2)O溶存浓度和排放通量均显著低于出入湖河口区。③CO_(2)排放主要受水温、电导率(EC)以及TN、TP和Chla浓度的影响,CH_(4)排放主要受pH、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、EC和DO浓度的影响,N_(2)O排放主要受pH以及DO、TN和TP浓度的影响。④长荡湖冬季CO_(2)、CH_(4)和N_(2)O累积排放通量分别为47.51、0.44和0.01 kg/hm^(2),结合水域面积估算得出温室气体排放总量为545.57 t(以CO_(2)当量计)。研究显示,长荡湖冬季温室气体排放呈现较明显的空间异质性,并受到不同区域水环境条件、外源营养输入及人类活动的共同影响。本研究强调了浅水湖泊冬季温室气体排放在内陆水体温室气体收支中的重要性,可为全球和区域湖泊温室气体排放精确估算提供重要支撑。

澜沧江(云南段)水-气界面氧化亚氮释放通量时空分布特征及其影响因素研究

温室气体浓度上升导致全球气候变暖已成为国际社会关注的焦点。氧化亚氮(N_(2)O)作为痕量温室气体,在全球气候变暖过程中扮演着重要的角色。河流和水库被认为是N_(2)O释放的活跃区域,然而目前研究多集中在对单一河流或水库的监测,对大范围河库系统的N_(2)O研究仍相对欠缺。选取澜沧江(云南段)流域作为考察对象,在2022年4月、8月采用悬浮箱采集24个点位的水-气界面的气体样品,并于实验室通过气象色谱仪检测气样氧化亚氮浓度,探究该流域干支流N_(2)O释放通量的时空分布特征;同时,测定了水体水环境参数,解析其时空差异的环境影响因素。结果表明,1)在时间尺度上,澜沧江(云南段)旱季N_(2)O通量均值低于雨季。旱季N_(2)O通量均值为0.10 mg·m^(-2)·d^(-1),雨季为0.18 mg·m^(-2)·d^(-1),其中旱季干流均值为0.11 mg·m^(-2)·d^(-1),支流为0.05 mg·m^(-2)·d^(-1);雨季干流均值为0.18 mg·m^(-2)·d^(-1),支流为0.15 mg·m^(-2)·d^(-1)。2)在空间尺度上,N_(2)O通量沿程整体呈现释放量递增的趋势。干流N_(2)O通量均值为0.15 mg·m^(-2)·d^(-1),支流为0.10 mg·m^(-2)·d^(-1),干流N_(2)O通量高于支流。水库坝上N_(2)O通量均值为0.02 mg·m^(-2)·d^(-1),坝下为0.31 mg·m^(-2)·d^(-1),水库坝下N_(2)O通量值是坝上的15.5倍,水库发电下泄高速水流加速了水-气界面N_(2)O释放。3)澜沧江水-气界面N_(2)O通量与水温(WT)(r=0.341,P=0.009)、氨氮(NH4^(+))(r=0.384,P=0.004)和流速(r=0.283,P=0.026)呈显著正相关关系,与溶解氧(DO)(r=-0.420,P=0.001)呈显著负相关关系,表明在高WT、低DO、高NH4^(+)和高流速条件下有利于N_(2)O产生与释放。研究结果揭示澜沧江(云南段)河库系统氧化亚氮释放通量时空分布特征以及影响因素,为流域温室气体排放评估提供数据支持和科学依据。

南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中营养盐分布特征分析及释放风险评估

为了解决南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中磷酸盐、氨氮和硝态氮等营养盐释放风险控制缺乏科学依据的问题,利用薄膜扩散梯度技术、高分辨率孔隙水采样技术分析南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中营养盐浓度的垂直剖面分布特征,并根据有效态磷、有效态氨氮和有效态硝态氮的浓度,计算三者的净扩散通量,评估三者的释放风险。结果表明:非泄洪期南四湖出湖口上覆水中的溶解态磷浓度低于孔隙水中的,表明沉积物孔隙水中的溶解态磷可能会因浓度梯度的存在而向上覆水中扩散;根据连续分级提取法,钙结合态磷是南四湖出湖口沉积物中磷元素的主要赋存形态,表层沉积物中的不稳定磷元素含量高于深层沉积物中的;有效态磷与有效态铁呈显著正相关,说明南四湖出湖口沉积物-水界面中有效态磷的释放受铁氧化物还原释放影响;有效态磷、有效态氨氮和有效态硝态氮的净扩散通量分别为17.58、1.16、-40.72 ng/(cm^(2)·d),说明有效态磷和有效态氨氮有从沉积物向上覆水中释放的潜在风险。

Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Nutrients in Sediment Profiles and Their Sediment-Water Fluxes in the Pearl River Estuary,Southern China

Three cruises were launched in the Pearl River Estuary （PRE） in 2005 to investigate the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients associated with early diagenesis related to degradation of organic matter. Seasonal and spatial variations of pore water nutrient concentrations and profile patterns in sediments were studied. Nutrient fluxes at the sediment-water interface （SWI） were measured by incu- bation experiments, and we here discussed the accumulation and transformation processes of nutrients at the SWI. The nutrients generally decreased from the Pearl River outlets downstream, indicating an- thropogenic influences on the nutrient inputs in the estuary. NO3-N concentration was the highest of the three forms of DIN （dissolved inorganic nitrogen, the sum of NH4-N, NO3-N and NO2-N） in the overly- ing water, and NH4-N was the main component of DIN in pore water. The gradual increase of NH4-N and the rapid decrease of NO3-N with sediment depth provided the evidence for anaerobic conditions below the SWI. Negative fluxes of NO3-N and positive fluxes of NH4-N were commonly observed, sug- gesting the denitrification of NO3-N at the SWL The DIN flux direction suggested that the sediment was the sink of DIN in spring, however, the sediment was generally the source of DIN in summer and winter. PO4-P distribution patterns were distinct while SiO4-Si inconspicuously varied in sediment profiles in different seasons. The flux results indicated that PO4-P mainly diffused from the water column to the sediment while SiO4-Si mainly diffused from the sediment to the water column. Generally, the incu- bated fluxes were the coupling of diffusion, bioturbation and biochemical reactions, and were relatively accurate in this study.

In situ measurements of benthic oxygen fluxes in Hui-quan Bay of Qingdao by eddy correlation techniques:short term pattern variations in gravel beach

The oxygen fluxe across the sediment-water interface(SWI)in coastal region is a key measure to fully understand the regulation of biogeochemical cycles in an aquatic environment.However,studies on fluxes of dissolved oxygen in gravel beach are limited,because of the difficulty in sample collection and instrumentations deployment.In this study,benthic oxygen fluxes across rocky substratum in an intertidal zone of Huiquan Bay was estimated by using noninvasive eddy correlation techniques.A total of 10 burst measurements were analyzed.The oxygen flux fluctuated from-5.7888±2.6 to+49.3344±2.6 mmol O2 m-2/d were observed.The cospectra analysis showed that the oxygen flux at the frequency band between 0.093 and 0.279 Hz(at a period from 3.58 to 10.75 s)contributed 50.19%to the total spectrum on average.The results showed that the major contribution band moved to the high frequency region gradually and reached a steady state with increasing tidal flood.It is demonstrated that wave movement and wave breaking interaction resulted in the change of oxygen flux between gravel beach and shallow waters at the start and the end of a rising tide period,respectively.The eddy correlation techniques offer an efficient means for flux measurement over a gravel or mixed sand and gravel beaches.

基于响应面法游湖沉积物-水界面溶解性碳交换通量

湿地作为陆地生态系统最重要的碳汇,是减缓全球大气中二氧化碳含量上升和全球气候变暖的重要途径。目前研究多针对于自然湿地中储碳量和碳密度的研究,对于因煤炭开采形成的采煤塌陷湿地碳密度及其变化研究则相对较少。基于对采煤塌陷湿地水体和沉积物中碳含量和影响因子的调查,研究采煤沉陷湿地沉积物-水界面不同形态碳交换通量规律,评估沉积物对于上覆水中碳素的源/汇特征,探讨不同环境因子单一及交互作用下沉积物-水界面各形态碳的交换通量的变化规律。针对徐州九里湖采煤塌陷湿地沉积物和水体进行研究,分别于2020年12月、2021年4月和2021年8月采集沉积物和上覆水,分析沉积物和水体中碳素的赋存特征以及影响碳素含量的关键因子。通过室内模拟试验,进行沉积物-水界面溶解性碳交换通量研究,并探讨主要环境因子对溶解性碳交换通量的影响。最后基于响应面法构建沉积物-水界面溶解性碳交换通量回归模型,预测采煤沉陷湿地溶解性碳最小释放条件,估算采煤塌陷湿地溶解性碳释放总量。结果如下:温度升高会导致溶解性碳交换通量增大,而pH对其影响较小;在高氧(9.0 mg/L)和低氧(3.0 mg/L)条件下,溶解性有机碳(DOC)和溶解性无机碳(DIC)交换通量相对较高,在中氧(6.0 mg/L)条件下,相对较小。得出在环境因子交互作用下的最优化条件,当温度为5.69℃、pH为7.18、溶解氧DO为6.38 mg/L时,DOC和DIC交换通量区的最小值分别为2.32、3.54 mg/(m^(2)·h)。估算出湿地8月沉积物DOC和DIC释放总量最高,分别为1.75、5.76 t;12月沉积物DOC和DIC释放总量最低,分别为0.98、2.01 t。结果表明,环境因子对DOC和DIC交换通量均有不同程度影响,温度通过改变吸附能力和生物活性的方式使DOC和DIC交换通量随温度增加而增大;pH影响着沉积物中碳酸盐的溶解度使得DIC在碱性环境中增加不明显,但对DOC交换通量影响较小。DOC和DIC释放总量变化规律一致,夏季温度较高,沉积物微生物活性强,促进DOC和DIC向上覆水中大量释放,冬季温度低,释放作用显著下降。沉积物-水界面溶解性碳交换通量只考虑了温度、p H和DO三个条件,然而影响物质在沉积物-水界面的迁移转化还包括沉积物自身特性、生物扰动以及重金属等因素,对于因采煤形成的湿地,沉积物中金属离子对溶解性碳的释放更应引起注意,在后面的研究中可以微生物为切入点,探究沉积物碳“源”与“汇”转换的临界条件。

沉积物-上覆水界面有效铁浓度对内源磷再移动的影响

铁磷耦合关系是控制沉积物磷再移动的主导机制,基于薄膜梯度扩散(DGT)技术测定的沉积物-上覆水界面RFeP(有效态铁磷摩尔浓度比)可反映内源磷再移动潜力.本文总结了有效铁和磷及IF(磷扩散通量)在沉积物-上覆水界面的区域分布差异,探讨了RFeP、沉积特征和外部环境条件对内源磷再移动的影响机制.结果表明:①有效铁和磷浓度变化范围分别为0.08~10.22和0.02~3.35 mg/L,淡水高于海水;有效铁浓度表现为南方高于北方,有效磷浓度呈相反趋势.②RFeP和IF的变化范围分别为0.09~132.38和0.56~903.67 ng/(cm^(2)·d);RFeP表现为淡水高于海水,平原高于高原;IF则表现为淡水高于海水,高原高于平原.③RFeP与IF成反比,沉积物磷的高污染负荷或水生动植物生理活动会影响判别沉积物内源磷再移动潜力阈值(RFeP=2)的准确性.④对于不同的水域类型,沉积物中Fe^(2+)氧化沉淀或铁氧化物还原溶解均是控制沉积物磷再移动的关键过程,扰动、水生植物、微生物等外部环境条件通过改变沉积特征间接影响磷的再移动.为加深对沉积物内源磷再移动机制的认识,未来研究可关注磷再移动过程的多驱动力耦合作用机制及磷的吸附沉积速率.

闸控河流潜流带沉积物-水界面营养盐分布及交换通量研究

为揭示闸控河流潜流带营养盐“源/汇”特征,本研究以淮河流域沙颍河槐店闸河道为研究对象,于2021年1月中旬实施了蓄水调控背景下的原位沉积物采集实验,通过分析氮磷营养盐在沉积物-水界面的分布与扩散通量,识别了潜流带营养盐“源/汇”角色,探明了闸控河道内源风险。结果表明:1)间隙水NH_(4)^(+)-N与TP浓度分别是上覆水体的6.5与1.1倍,表明沉积物-水界面营养盐存在显著浓度梯度,极易造成潜流带NH_(4)^(+)-N、TP向上覆水迁移;2)经综合污染指数评价得出,上覆水与间隙水水质处于重污染或严重污染状态,且闸下污染程度显著大于闸上,表明蓄水调控对闸下水域产生了负面影响;3)沉积物-水界面的NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N、TP交换通量分别为0.39~10.07、-3.45~-2.04、-0.09~0.17 mg/(m^(2)·d),表明沉积物为NH_(4)^(+)-N的“源”,NO_(3)^(-)-N的“汇”,TP的“源”和“汇”;4)空间上,S2(闸下消力坎处)、S4(闸下营养盐沉积段)是氮磷营养盐的主要富集场所,其中,S2主要以氨态氮形态存在,对水质影响贡献率(59.03%)最大,氮磷比(13.25)最高,适宜藻类爆发性生长;5)S2内源NH^(+)_4-N释放是蓄水调控背景下槐店闸河道内源防治的关键,减少外源污染物输入、优化闸坝调度对改善闸控型河道水环境至关重要。

冰封期湖泊沉积物-水界面氮磷迁移及源汇特征

以查干湖为研究对象,基于原位-高分辨率被动采样技术(DGT),分析关键营养元素(N和P)亚毫米级空间分布规律及其源汇特征.结果表明,冰封期上覆水中有效态NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度大于沉积物中浓度,而有效态P则呈现相反的趋势.在沉积物-水界面下有效态氮磷表现出不同的分布特征,NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N浓度随着沉积物深度的增加而逐渐减小,P浓度随着沉积物深度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势.查干湖NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N交换通量均值分别-0.135,-0.333mg/(m^(2)·d),呈现“汇”的特征;而P交换通量均值为0.084mg/(m^(2)·d),呈现“源”的特征.冗余分析(RDA)表明,溶解氧解释了沉积物-水界面氮磷释放通量的32.8%(P<0.05).通过对上覆水贡献率估算发现沉积物中P营养盐扩散对上覆水影响较大,个别采样点达到2297%的贡献率,这可能是由于局部微高值点的存在.