Relations of complete creep processes and triaxial stress-strain curves of rock

Based on the results of triaxial compressive creep tests for five kinds of rock under the different stress loading,unloading and cycle-loading-unloading conditions,the creep deformation is not only a function of stress and time,but also it has the corresponding relations to the triaxial stress-strain curves of rock.The deformation properties of soften-strain,harden-strain and ideal plasticity presented by conventional triaxial compressive test curves under the different stress states were utilized,and the creep characteristics,the creep starting stress and the different entire creep process curves of rock were studied systematically according to creep experiment results,and the relations of the triaxial stress-strain curves to the creeping starting stress,the terminating curve,the different creep processes,and the different creep fracture properties were established.The relations presented in this paper were verified partially by the creep experiment results of five types of rock.

ANALYSIS OF THE LOCALIZATION OF DAMAGE AND THE COMPLETE STRESS-STRAIN RELATION FOR MESOSCOPIC HETEROGENEOUS BRITTLE ROCK SUBJECTED TO COMPRESSIVE LOADS

A micromechanics-based model is established. The model takes the interaction among sliding cracks into account, and it is able to quantify the effect of various parameters on the localization condition of damage and deformation for brittle rock subjected to compressive loads. The closed-form explicit expression for the complete stress-strain relation of rock containing microcracks subjected to compressive loads was obtained. It is showed that the complete stress-strain relation includes linear elasticity,nonlinear hardening,rapid stress drop and strain softening.The behavior of rapid stress drop and strain softening is due to localization of deformation and damage. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the experimental results.

ANALYSIS OF THE LOCALIZATION OF DAMAGE AND THE COMPLETE (STRESS-STRAIN) RELATION FOR MESOSCOPIC HETEROGENEOUS ROCK UNDER UNIAXIAL TENSILE LOADING

The mechanical behavior of rock under uniaxial tensile loading is different from that of rock under compressive loads. A micromechanics-based model was proposed for mesoscopic heterogeneous brittle rock undergoing irreversible changes of their microscopic structures due to microcrack growth. The complete stress-strain relation including linear elasticity, nonlinear hardening,rapid stress drop and strain softening was obtained. The influence of all microcracks with different sizes and orientations were introduced into the constitutive relation by using the probability density function describing the distribution of orientations and the probability density function describing the distribution of sizes. The influence of Weibull distribution describing the distribution of orientations and Rayleigh function describing the distribution of sizes on the constitutive relation were researched. Theoretical predictions have shown to be consistent with the experimental results.

Non-complete relief method for measuring surface stresses in surrounding rocks

The measurement of surface stresses in surrounding rocks with the use of a relief method of annular hole-drilling was studied by numerical analysis. The stress relief process by hole-drilling was then simulated with the use of finite element method. The influences of the borehole diameter(d), the initial stresses and the ratio of the initial principle stresses on the variations of the remained stress and the released stress in function of the relief depth(h) were discussed. The relation between the non-dimensional ratio of the released principle strains and that of the initial principle stresses, and the effect of the elastic modulus and the Poisson ratio of the rock mass on the stress relief curves were studied. The results show that the stress relief behavior formulated with the non-dimensional ratio of the released stress and the ratio of h/d is only sensitive to the ratio of the initial principle stresses and the Poisson ratio. The stresses are completely released when h equals 1.6d, and the tensile stresses take place on the bore core surface in the relief measurement process. Finally, a non-complete relief method of annular hole-drilling for measuring surface stress in surrounding rocks is proposed and the procedure is presented.

Seepage-stress coupling constitutive model of anisotropic soft rock

To provide a seepage-stress coupling constitutive model that can directly describe the seepage-stress coupling relationship, a series of one-dimensional seepage-stress coupling tests on two kinds of soft rock (argillaceous siltstone and brown mudstone) were performed by using an MTS-815.02 tri-axial rock mechanics test system, with which the stress-strain curves according to the seepage variation were obtained. Based on the experimental results and by employing Hooke's law, the formulation of the coefficient of strain-dependent permeability was presented and introduced to establish a coupling model. In addition, the mathematical expression and the incremental formulation for coupling model were advanced, in which five parameters that can be respectively determined by using the experimental results were included. The calculated results show that the proposed coupling model is capable of simulating the stress-strain relationship with considering the seepage-stress coupling in the nonlinear elastic stage of two kinds of soft rock.

水分对煤全应力-应变过程渗流特征的影响

为探究水分对煤力学性质和渗流特征的影响,开展了干燥煤样和饱水煤样全应力-应变过程渗流实验,分析了2种含水状态煤样全应力-应变特征及渗透率演化规律。实验结果表明:干燥煤样全应力-应变曲线具有5个阶段,而饱水煤样仅具有4个阶段;饱水煤样在经历峰值应力破坏后,轴向应力跌落了36.82%,全应力-应变曲线中应变软化阶段消失;饱水煤样与干燥煤样相比,抗压强度下降了8.95%,弹性模量降低了8.54%,峰值应力降低了8.90%,应力跌落幅度增大了10.87%;干燥煤样渗透率随轴向应变增大而增大,整体呈线性关系;饱水煤样渗透率和应变的关系具有明显的阶段性,可分为稳定渗流阶段和快速渗流阶段;水分的存在会抑制煤体瓦斯渗流过程,在瓦斯抽采工程中应当注意煤层排水。

沉积岩石全应力应变过程的渗透性试验研究

通过实验室内全应力应变过程渗透性试验研究 ,分析了不同岩性沉积岩石的应变 -渗透率试验曲线 ,阐述了不同岩性岩石在变形破坏过程中渗透性变化的规律 ,概化出岩石的一般应变-渗透曲线 .研究表明 ,岩石的应变 -渗透率曲线是岩性、结构、应力状态等各种影响因素综合反映的结果 .

岩样应力应变全程中的渗透性表征与试验研究

通过岩样应力应变全过程体积应变和渗透率的试验研究 ,分析了应力水平、孔隙率等对多孔介质岩体渗透率的影响规律 ;理论研究分析了岩样全应力应变过程渗透率的变化规律 ,提出了岩石应力应变全过程中渗透率的表征关系式 ,其可作为研究多孔介质岩体流固耦合的一个重要耦合关系式 ,并对今后低渗透性油气田煤层气、天然气的开发有现实的指导意义 .

渗透压–应力耦合作用下砂岩渗透率与变形关联性三轴试验研究

为了探讨渗透压–应力耦合作用下岩石渗透率与变形的关联性,采用岩石伺服三轴试验系统,在不同围压和渗透压条件下,利用稳态法对砂岩全应力–应变过程进行渗透率试验研究。根据试样渗透率变化与其破坏过程的对应关系,分析全应力–应变过程中试样渗透率随其脆性、延性变化的特点及渗透率–轴向应变和渗透率–体积应变之间的关联性。试验结果表明:(1)在渗透压–应力耦合作用下,试样初始渗透率、峰值强度随着围压与渗透压的改变而改变。(2)在渗流场–应力场耦合作用下连续加载的全应力–应变过程中,渗透率先随着轴向应变的增大而逐渐减小,进入弹塑性阶段后,渗透率变化曲线随围压变化呈现增大、持平及减小3个不同趋势。其中,渗透率曲线持平的现象为三轴渗透试验研究中的新现象。(3)围压较高时,若形成局部压缩带,则试样进入弹塑性阶段后,渗透率的变化趋势是由岩石微裂隙的萌生、扩展与岩石骨架颗粒压碎这2个主要因素共同决定的。(4)岩石微裂隙的萌生、扩展对渗透率增大起积极作用,岩石骨架颗粒压碎形成的压缩带对渗透率增大起抑制作用。(5)岩石进入塑性阶段后,随围压增大,渗透率由上升趋势转变为下降趋势的现象先于脆–延转换的临界状态发生。(6)岩石的体积应变对渗透率有一定影响,在脆–延转换阶段存在体积应变增大而渗透率减小的现象,这需要其他能够更精确地测量体积应变变化的试验进一步验证。

煤岩全应力-应变过程中渗透特性的研究

选取安徽淮南张集矿的煤样,对加工成的9个标准试件(50 mm×H100 mm)进行全应力-应变过程中的渗透测试及CT扫描试验。渗透试验结果表明:煤岩的渗透率-应变曲线与应力-应变曲线具有相似的变化规律,且渗透率表现出应变滞后性,表明瓦斯在煤岩中的流动特性与受载过程中煤岩内部产生的损伤演化密切相关;围压使煤岩内部的瓦斯通道发生压密闭合,导致渗透率随围压的增大而减小。在渗透试验前后对试件进行CT扫描,结果表明,渗透试验前试件上基本观测不到有微观孔隙裂隙的存在,渗透试验后有明显的贯通裂缝产生,导致试件的渗透率在应力-应变峰后呈现急剧上升的趋势。

煤岩全应力–应变过程中瓦斯流动特性试验研究

利用AG–250kNI电子精密材料试验机,配合自制煤岩三轴蠕变瓦斯渗流装置,对煤岩全应力–应变过程中的瓦斯流动特性进行试验研究,得出煤岩在全应力–应变过程中瓦斯流动特性规律。试验结果表明:应变–瓦斯流动速度曲线与应力–应变曲线变化趋势具有相似性,且表现为少许滞后于应变的特点,这表明煤岩受载过程中的损伤演化决定着瓦斯在其内的流动特性,而瓦斯的吸附–解析过程及瓦斯在煤岩内流动需要时间是其表现出滞后性的主要原因。煤岩所受围压通过侧向压缩煤岩侧壁,导致其内部结构变化而对其所含瓦斯流动起到阻碍作用。进行2种不同粒径煤粉组成的煤岩比较试验,结果表明,其所含瓦斯流动特性差别较大,且颗粒组成较大的煤岩试件受外界条件影响较明显。

峰前围压卸荷条件下岩石的应力–应变全过程分析和变形局部化研究

地下工程和边坡工程开挖一般处于卸荷条件。岩石在加载和卸荷条件下的力学特性不同,研究岩石在卸荷条件下的强度特性具有重要的理论和现实意义。根据损伤断裂力学知识建立了岩石处于卸荷条件下的全过程应力–应变关系,包括线弹性阶段、非线性强化阶段、应力跌落和应变软化阶段。理论和试验研究发现,岩石卸荷破坏所需要的应力比连续加载破坏时小,且卸荷破坏时的变形比连续加载时大,其主要原因是卸荷时存在裂纹张开,裂纹张开导致了无摩擦滑动和变形模量的减少,岩石的无摩擦滑动必定比摩擦滑动所需的应力小。通过和试验结果的比较验证了该理论的有效性和正确性,该理论对边坡工程和地下工程开挖具有重要的参考价值。

煤岩变形力学特性及其对渗透性的控制

通过煤岩力学试验研究了煤岩物理力学性质和煤岩全应力-应变过程中的渗透规律。研究结果表明:煤的力学强度相对煤层顶底板岩石具有低强度、低弹性模量和高泊松比特性,易于产生塑性变形;在全应力-应变过程中具有明显应变软化现象的煤样,在微裂隙闭合和弹性变形阶段,煤岩体积被压缩,煤岩渗透率随应力的增大而略有降低或渗透率变化不大;在煤岩的弹性极限后,随着应力的增加,煤岩进入裂纹扩展阶段,煤岩体积应变由压缩转为膨胀,煤岩渗透率先是缓慢增加然后随着裂隙的扩展而急剧增大;在煤岩峰值强度后的应变软化阶段煤岩渗透率达到极大值,然后均急剧降低,峰后煤岩的渗透率普遍大于峰前。在全应力-应变过程中应变软化现象不明显或者具有应变硬化现象的煤样,煤岩全应力-应变过程中最大渗透率主要发生峰值前的塑性变形阶段,在煤岩峰值强度后的应变硬化阶段,随着煤岩应力的增大,煤岩渗透率减小,峰后煤岩的渗透率普遍小于峰前。

岩石全应力-应变曲线及其与岩爆关系

提出了岩石典型全应力－应变关系曲线的数学描述，推导了岩爆发生的能量条件，并论述了不同力学系统中岩爆发生时释放能量与系统势能的关系．

加卸载条件下煤岩变形特性与渗透特征的试验研究

以原煤为研究对象,利用自主研制的含瓦斯煤热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流试验系统,采用加轴压、卸围压的应力控制方式开展煤岩加卸载试验,分析加卸载条件下煤岩变形特性和渗透特征的演化规律。研究结果表明:①加卸载试验峰值强度明显低于常规三轴压缩试验峰值强度,在加卸载过程中,主应力差有一个明显增加趋势,卸载第2阶段速率越大,其曲线斜率也越大,但峰值强度越小,对应的径向应变ε3、体积应变εV增加速率也越快,而到峰值后破坏阶段,均呈下降趋势。②加卸载过程中,煤岩渗透率、应力差与应变关系可以分为3个阶段,初始压密和屈服阶段、屈服后阶段、破坏失稳阶段。试件达到峰值后瓦斯渗透率出现突然小幅度上升,持续一段时间后,渗透率出现急剧陡增趋势。③煤岩渗透率的变化与煤岩的变形损伤演化过程密切相关,渗透率随变形的增大均呈二次多项式函数递增。

煤样全应力应变过程中的渗透系数—应变方程

借助现代化的电液伺服岩石力学试验系统 ,以数控瞬态渗透法进行了全应力应变过程的软煤样渗透特性试验。实验中首次设置了环向应变传感器 ,得出煤样渗透性与主应力差、轴应变、体积应变关系曲线 ,并拟合出相应方程。从中可知 ,煤样全应力应变过程对应的渗透系数是体积应变的双值函数 ,体积缩小时为 2次多项式 ,体积膨胀时为 5次多项式。该方程用在应力场—渗流场耦合的数值分析中 。

煤岩全应力应变过程渗透性特征试验研究

在MTS815岩石伺服试验机上进行了煤岩全应力-应变过程中的渗透性试验,揭示了煤岩在变形破坏过程中的渗透率变化规律。试验结果表明,应变-渗透率曲线与应力-应变曲线变化趋势基本一致,但表现出相对“滞后”的特点,表明渗透率的变化与其损伤演化过程密切相关,同时煤体通过其内部裂隙的渗透需要一定的时间过程。同其他沉积岩石相比,煤岩微结构及微组分复杂多样,不同煤岩类型其渗透率相差很大。同时,由于煤岩微孔隙裂隙相对较发育,其渗透率受有效围压的影响更明显。

突出煤和非突出煤全应力-应变瓦斯渗流试验研究

以突出煤和非突出煤的型煤为研究对象,设计两种型煤全应力-应变瓦斯渗流试验方案,利用含瓦斯煤热-流-固耦合三轴伺服渗流试验系统,对比研究了两种型煤全应力-应变瓦斯渗流规律。结果表明,在应力-应变全过程中突出煤和非突出煤的煤样变形和瓦斯流量变化规律基本一致,即两种型煤在应力-应变全过程中瓦斯流量与煤样损伤变形的进程密切相关;瓦斯流量随着煤样的体积压缩而变小,且在煤样体积被压缩至最小时瓦斯流量降为最低值,煤样开始扩容后瓦斯流量转为增大;瓦斯流量随围压的增大而减小,且围压越大,瓦斯流量随应变变化的幅度越小。煤性对煤层瓦斯渗透性有明显影响,其渗透性可作为判断煤与瓦斯突出危险程度的一个重要指标。

含瓦斯煤热流固耦合渗流实验研究

以晋城煤业集团赵庄矿3号煤层的无烟煤为研究对象,运用自主研发的"含瓦斯煤热流固耦合三轴伺服渗流实验装置",进行了恒定瓦斯压力和围压条件下含瓦斯煤热流固耦合全应力-应变瓦斯渗流实验。研究结果表明:随着煤样温度的升高,煤样的三轴抗压强度降低,承受变形的能力减小,弹性模量增大;在全应力-应变整个过程中,煤样的渗透率总体呈下降趋势;煤样渗透率小不利于采煤之前的瓦斯抽放,导致煤层深处与工作面之间的瓦斯压力梯度较大,并且高温煤样在屈服阶段的渗透率增长更快,使煤与瓦斯突出的危险性增大。煤体渗透率与应力之间的关系不是单调的随应力的增大而减小,而是要看煤体处于何种应力-应变状态。

脆性岩石全应力-应变过程渗流特性试验研究

为了探讨岩石在整个变形过程中渗透性变化特点,取三峡永久船闸高边坡花岗岩与山西万家寨水电站高边坡灰岩试样分别进行不同围压条件下全应力-应变过程渗流试验。试验结果表明:岩石在破坏前后不同变形阶段渗流特性具有明显不同;岩石变形过程渗透性与变形破坏形式密切相关。在试验基础上进一步探讨了岩石全应力-应变过程渗流特点之机理,为研究水电工程节理裂隙岩体应力场与渗流场耦合问题提供有价值的支持。