Stratigraphical Time——Correlation and Mass Extinction Event Near Permian——Triassic Boundary in South China

Shaw’s method used to correlate40 sections across the Permo-Triassic boundaryin South China is applied in the paper.Two steps are adopted to get an Integral Compo-site Section(ICS)by synthesizing these data:First,South China is divided into fiveareas and composite section developed for each area.Then the second step,theChangxing composite section is regarded as a composite standard(CSRS)while the ICSis produced by matching the CSRS with composite sections of the other areas.Threebiozones in the Changxingian and two biozones in the Griesbachian can be discerned onthe basis of computing Z values in the ICS.These biozones are marked by the Z values which quantitatively represent their time ranges;therefore,they may increase accuracy ofstratigraphic time correlation.The mass extinction at the end of the Permian is an ab-rupt event that is supported by the relative rate of extinction near the P/T boundary.About90％of invertebrate species died out by the end of the Permian.The duration ofthe mass

Sequence Boundary:Its Significance in Stratigraphic Subdivision,Correlation and Classification

Sequence boundary is studied in detail in reference to the Permian Guadalupian Lopingian boundary, based on high resolution correlation of conodoot zones. A conceptual synchronous stratigraphic boundary, corresponding to the age of the sequence boundary dated in the conformable portion of the sequence boundary, is defined as the sequence chronostratigraphic boundary (SCB). The sequence boundary is proved to be dual in nature in regards to the synchrony and diachroneity of stratigraphic boundaries. The merits of the sequence boundary in stratigraphic subdivision, correlation and classification are elucidated in comparison with the lithostratigraphic boundary, the biostratigraphic boundary and the traditional approach of the global stratotype section and point (GSSP). By integrating the virtues of the sequence boundary and the GSSP, it is proposed that the GSSP should be established in the conformable portion of the related sequence boundary. The boundary established in light of this approach is defined

Carbon Isotope Features of the Sugetbrak Section in the Aksu-Wushi Area, Northwest China: Implications for the Precambrian/Cambrian Stratigraphic Correlations

The upper Qigeblaq Formation(Fm) dolostones and the Yurtus Fm phosphatic cherts, black shales, limestones, and dolostones are widely distributed in the Precambrian/Cambrian transitional succession of the Aksu-Wushi area. Negative δ13C excursion above the Yurtus Fm/Qigeblaq Fm boundary was determined in this study. The pronounced negative carbon isotope excursion occurs in the phosphatic chert layers at the bottom of the Cambrian Yurtus Fm, below which the first appearance of the Asteridium- Heliosphaeridium-Comasphaeridium(AHC) acritarch assemblage zone. The δ13C curve of the lower part of the Yurtus Fm in the Aksu-Wushi area was found to be correlated with the early Cambrian δ13C curves of the Zhujiaqing Fm(Daibu Member), the lower part of the Yanjiahe Fm on the Yangtze Platform in China, the lower Tal Fm in India, the Sukharikha Fm in Siberia, and the upper part of the Tsagaan Oloom Fm in Mongolia through biostigraphy. The lower part of the Yurtus Fm in the Tarim Basin is at the Nemakit-Daldynian stage, and the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary of the Aksu-Wushi area may be located in the phosphatic chert unit which just below the first appearance AHC acritarch assemblage zone. The negative δ13C excursion(N1) across the Precambrian/ Cambrian boundary in the studied section may have resulted from oceanic overturning and sea level rise.

3-D seismic interpretation of stratigraphic and structural features in the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous sequence of the Gullfaks Field,Norwegian North Sea:A case study of reservoir development

The 3-D seismic dataset is a key tool to analyze and understand the mechanism of structural and stratigraphic hydrocarbon(HC)trapping in the subsurface.Conventionally used subsurface seismic characterization methods for fractures are based on the theory of effective anisotropy medium.The aim of this work is to improve the structural images with dense sampling of 3-D survey to evaluate structural and stratigraphic models for reservoir development to predict reservoir quality.The present study of the Gullfaks Field,located in the Norwegian North Sea Gullfaks sector,identifies the shallowest structural elements.The steepness of westward structural dip decreases eastward during the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous deposition.Reservoir sands consist of the Middle Jurassic deltaic deposits and Lower Jurassic fluvial channel and delta plain deposits.Sediment supply steadily prevails on sea-level rise and the succession displays a regressive trend indicated by a good continuous stacking pattern.The key factor for the development of reservoirs in the Gullfaks Field is fault transmissibility with spatially distributed pressure.The majority of mapped faults with sand-to-sand contacts are non-sealing,which provide restriction for the HC flow between the fault blocks.The traps for HC accumulation occur between the post-rift and syn-rift strata,i.e.antiform set by extensional system,unconformity trap at the top of syndeposition,and structural trap due to normal faults.Overall reservoir quality in the studied area is generally excellent with average 35%porosity and permeability in the Darcy range.Our findings are useful to better understand the development of siliciclastic reservoirs in similar geological settings worldwide.

Geochemical Stratigraphy and Microvertebrate Assemblage Sequences across the Silurian/Devonian Transition in South China

跨越志留纪 / 泥盆纪转变的非海洋的碎屑状的岩石和浅海的碳酸盐和黑页岩的碳同位素(13Corg ) 分析在东方云南的 Qujing 和四川的 Zoige 从二个丰富地含化石的序列被比较，华南。在华南的二节， Xishancun 和 Putonggou 节，表明积极 13Corg 变在上面的 Pridoli 和更低的泥盆纪发生并且到达象25.2%一样重的山峰价值( Xishancun )并且19.9%( Putonggou )在最低 Lochkovian 跟随 thelodont Parathelodus 和 conodont Icriodus woschmidti woschmidti 的第一出现(仅仅在 Putonggou 节并且和 Protathyris-Lanceomyonia 腕足类动物的一种动物志)。这些结果在 13Corg 复制全球性已知的积极移动从最高志留纪到最低泥盆纪。越过在在华南的二节的志留纪 / 泥盆纪边界(SDB ) 的 13Corg 变化在类似于详细 SDB 的同位素的作文从在布拉格盆在 Klonk 全球标准 Stratotype 节和点(GSSP ) 的顶钻的地上凿穿 Klonk-1 弄弯的碳展出移动，捷克的共和国。另外，包括 Liaojiaoshan， Xishancun， Yanglugou 和 Xiaputonggou 集合，四个 microvertebrate 集合从分别地在 Xishancun 和 Putonggou 节暴露的志留纪 / 泥盆纪转变被认出。从两碳同位素地层学和 microvertebrate 集合顺序的结果建议在华南的 SDB 在 Xishancun 形成的底被定位(在样品 QX-20 和样品 QX-21 之间)在 Xishancun 节和 Xiaputonggou 形成的更低的部分(在样品 ZP-09 和样品 ZP-10 之间)在里面 Putonggou 节。为和越过 SDB 的 microvertebrate 遗体的变化的器官的碳的同位素的趋势能从不同沉积外形把一条途径提供给 SDB 的潜在的关联，它帮助水兵到相互关联做好非海洋的存款。

Transgressive Surface as Sequence Boundary

Analysis of the four cases of the sequence boundary (SB)-transgressive surface (TS) relation in nature shows that applying transgressive surfaces as sequence boundaries has the following merits: it improves the methodology of stratigraphic subdivision; the position of transgressive surface in a sea level curve is relatively fixed; the transgressive surface is a transforming surface of the stratal structure; in platforms or ramps, the transgressive surface is the only choice for determining the sequence boundary; the transgressive surface is a readily recognized physical surface reflected by seismic records in seismostratigraphy. The paper reaches a conclusion that to delineate a SB in terms of the TS is theoretically and practically better than to delineate it between highstand and lowstand sediments as has been done traditionally.

The Best Natural Boundary:a New Concept Developed by Combining the Sequence Boundary with the GSSP

Through a detailed study of sequence boundaries, it is concluded that sequence stratigraphy is an independent regional and transitional stratigraphic system between local lithostratigraphy and global chronostratigraphy. Therefore, a new tripartite stratigraphic classification scheme has been proposed. By combining organically the concept of sequence boundaries with the GSSP, it is suggested that the GSSP should be chosen in a conformale portion of a related sequence boundary, and the boundary established in light of this concept is defined as the Best Natural Boundary (BNB). The definition of the BNB points out the working area and stratigraphic level for the GSSP. By referring to a case study of the Permian Guadalupian/Lopingian boundary, the concept of the BNB has been elaborated in detail, and it is proposed that the BNB of the Guadalupian and the Lopingian lies between the Mesogondolella granti Zone and the Ctarkina postbitteri Zone, which is also the sequence chronostratigraphic boundary between

ON THE CARBONIFEROUS－PERMIAN BOUNDARY

ＯＮＴＨＥＣＡＲＢＯＮＩＦＥＲＯＵＳ－ＰＥＲＭＩＡＮＢＯＵＮＤＡＲＹＺｈａｎｇＺｕｑｉ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｌｏｇｙ，ＣｅｎｔｒａｌＳｏｕｔｈＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｃｈａｎｇｓｈａ４１００８３，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒ...

松辽盆地南部上、下白垩统界线研究:以松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探松科3井为例

国际上公认的上、下白垩统界线绝对年龄为100.5 Ma,该界线的“金钉子”位于海相地层中,而陆相层序中有关该地层界线的“金钉子”迄今尚无报道。陆相上、下白垩统界线的研究对于了解白垩纪中期温室条件下陆地上所经历的古地理、古环境、古气候的演化过程具有重要价值。我国东北地区的松辽盆地发育完整的白垩纪陆相地层,可能为陆相的上、下白垩统地层界线的研究提供连续的地质记录。本文基于松辽盆地国际大陆科学钻探松辽盆地南部松科3井全取心资料,通过对岩石类型、岩性序列和沉积相研究,于井深1191.6 m处的泉头组二段上部滨浅湖相沉积序列中发现灰色、灰绿色流纹质岩屑晶屑沉凝灰岩。通过同沉积期岩浆锆石U-Pb测年获得年龄(96.8±2.9)Ma,时代属于塞诺曼中期。结合前人资料得到研究区登娄库组—泉头组沉积速率为90.54~110 m/Ma,由此确定出上、下白垩统界线位于松科3井泉一段中部(井段1526.6~1598.6 m)。本文在考虑测年结果误差的情况下,另外计算出松科3井上、下白垩统界线介于泉二段中部至登四段上部(井段1279.6~1917.6 m)。其他学者基于松辽盆地北部松科1井和松科2井年代学研究结果,推测该界线应位于登娄库组内部。松科3井连续取心结果揭示的登娄库组和泉头组为连续发育的河流相和湖泊相沉积序列。地震反射层位对比结果显示,在整个松辽盆地内普遍发育登娄库组—泉头组的地层和连续沉积记录,因此在松辽盆地其他地区的登娄库组—泉头组地层中也应存在上、下白垩统界线的连续沉积的地质记录。本文为在松辽盆地及邻区探寻上、下白垩统陆相地层界线的全球“金钉子”提供了基础资料和探索方向。

Relationship between sequence stratigraphical boundary and chronostratigraphical boundary

Sequence stratigraphy is a science studying the genetically related facies within achronostratigraphic framework. Sequence is the basic unit of sequence stratigraphy,which is a 'succession of genetically related, essentially conformable strata bounded

基于精确划分地层边界的三维地质体模型构建

为解决人机交互建模只是定性考虑地层缺失的影响,且存在成本高、周期长、模型无法更新、大面积快速构建模型时精度要求高、以及自动建模未考虑地层缺失的影响从而导致模型精度低的问题。针对以上问题,在当前自动建模技术的基础上,采用离散化的薄板样条函数法插值,精确合理生成地层厚度DEM确定地层边界,定量分析地层形态,构建多要素复杂三维地质体模型。以广州1 500 km2边界范围为例进行实效性验证,经实际钻孔数据对比,三维地质体模型合理、准确,极大地提高了大面积建模效率,大幅减少了建模时间和成本,且利于模型的快速更新。

准噶尔盆地阜东斜坡区侏罗系层序地层格架的建立

综合阜东斜坡区侏罗系钻测井及地震资料 ,将侏罗系划分为六套层序。层序边界识别标志包括不整合面、古生物化石突变面、底砾岩及冲刷面等标志。体系域划分的关键是确定首次湖泛面和最大湖泛面的位置。研究区侏罗系沉积时期存在较为明显的地形坡折带 ,因此能够确定首次湖泛面的位置 ,建立起具有地形坡折带的层序地层模型。研究了侏罗系层序形成的主要控制因素 ,即构造沉降、物质供应速率、气候和基准面升降等。

鄂尔多斯盆地中三叠统与上三叠统地层界线讨论

针对延长组地层划分的争议,开展了延长组孢粉组合、岩石学特征、湖盆演化规律等对比分析,结果显示长8—长10油层组与长1—长7油层组差异显著。其中,长8—长10油层组沉积期,地势平坦,河流、三角洲和滨浅湖广泛发育,岩石成分成熟度低,孢粉组合中蕨类植物孢子占优势,中三叠世的重要分子Punctatisporites、Verrucosisporites含量较高;长7油层组沉积期深湖范围宽广,盆地西南、西部地区长7油层组砂岩中石英含量明显提高,岩石类型发生较大的改变,西缘和西南缘沉积体系也由辫状河、辫状河—三角洲体系演化成冲积扇、扇三角洲沉积体系,该段地层孢子花粉含量相近,以具有晚三叠世色彩的Duplexisporites大量出现为特征。此外,在盆地西部、西南及湖盆中部地区,长7油层组底部稳定分布的一套凝灰岩薄层,记录了同期的火山、岩浆活动等地质事件,为早印支运动的重要表现形式,因此长7与长8油层组之间地层界线为中三叠统与上三叠统界线。

杭锦旗地区上古生界层序及沉积体系发育特征

目的建立杭锦旗地区太原组—下石盒子组层序地层格架,明确沉积体系的发育特征。方法以岩心和测井资料为基础,通过层序界面的识别进行层序划分。结果杭锦旗地区晚古生代可划分为早、中及晚3个沉积演化阶段,分别对应LSC1-LSC3,LSC4-LSC5,LSC6长期旋回,主要发育障壁海岸沉积体系、扇三角洲沉积体系、冲积扇沉积体系和河流沉积体系。结论层序控制着沉积体系类型及特征,气藏主要分布在LSC4-LSC5的低位体系域的上部和水进体系域的下部。

厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地东北部区块白垩系层序地层格架及发育模式

白垩系是厄瓜多尔Oriente盆地东北部区块目前油气勘探的主要目的层位,但研究区目前勘探程度不均,对白垩系层序地层划分方案尚未形成系统的认识,极大制约了进一步的油气勘探。因此在研究区白垩系全面开展层序地层学研究具有重要的理论及实践意义。运用经典层序地层学原理与方法,依据岩芯、钻测井、地震等资料,通过识别地震反射终止关系、岩性突变及地层叠置样式变化,对Oriente盆地东北部地区白垩系各级层序边界进行识别,确定了三级层序发育II型层序边界,并建立了全区对比的精细等时地层格架,将白垩系Hollin组和Napo组划分为1个二级层序、6个三级层序、16个四级层序、34个五级层序。各级层序边界识别特征明显。白垩系作为一个较为完整的二级层序,经历了相对海平面的下降—上升—下降完整的沉积旋回,三级层序也具有明显的海进—海退旋回,响应的沉积环境经历了多期潮坪环境过渡到局限台地、内陆棚水下浅滩、外陆棚泥,随后海平面下降,演变为内陆棚灰质滩及局限台地沉积。白垩系精细等时层序地层格架的建立将为下一步有利砂体的分布及预测提供科学依据。

南苏门答腊盆地北部新生代层序地层格架及有利储层分布

南苏门答腊盆地是在欧亚、印度洋-澳大利亚、太平洋三大板块交汇处发育起来的新生代弧后裂谷沉积盆地,经历了一次完整的海进—海退旋回。应用层序地层学的原理和方法,综合研究盆地北部钻井、测井及地震资料,确定4种层序界面识别标志,在盆地北部新生代始新世—中新世识别出2种类型层序界面:不整合面和沉积作用转换面。南苏门答腊盆地北部新生代始新世—中新世发育8个具有等时意义的层序界面,将其划分为7个三级层序。分析层序格架内基准面上升期与下降期地层叠加样式及沉积相构成特征,认为冲积扇、河流、三角洲和盆底低位扇等沉积体系是南苏门答腊盆地北部最重要的勘探目标,有利的岩性储集相带主要分布在基准面上升期,为后期盆地勘探的潜在领域,特别要重视对邻近不整合面或沉积作用转换面位置的储集层精细描述,选择有利相带进行钻探与评价。

海南岛泥盆—石炭系界线研究

通过对新建立的海南岛上泥盆统昌江组及其下石炭统南好组多重地层的综合研究 ,并以首次发现的南好组底部的河流相砾岩和砂砾岩为标志 ,指出海南岛在泥盆纪末期曾发生大规模海退事件 ,这恰好与泥盆纪—石炭纪之交的全球海平面下降事件完全一致。不仅确认了昌江组与南好组为平行不整合接触关系 ,而且两者以I型层序界面相隔分别构成 2个三级层序 ,因而认为海南岛泥盆—石炭纪年代地层界线已与层序界面重合为一个共同的分界面———平行不整合面。

松辽盆地庆深气田营城组火山地层格架特征及储层地质意义

以庆深气田密井网区营城组火山岩为例,开展火山地层精细地层格架地质—地球物理综合研究,分析火山地层界面和充填单元的特征。XS1-XS6井区火山地层界面系统由3个喷发间断不整合界面、数十个喷发不整合和少量喷发整合界面构成。在XS1-XS6井区识别出5个火山机构和13个冷却单元。总体上该区火山地层具有由南向北、由东向西再向东迁移的特征。早期形成了厚度大、范围小的锥状火山机构1和2,以熔岩型冷却单元充填为主;中后期形成厚度中等、分布面积大的席状—盾状火山、喷发中心不明显的火山机构3、4和5,以碎屑岩型冷却单元为主。界面、流动单元或堆积单元共同控制高孔隙带分布位置,流动单元和堆积单元还控制储层的类型和规模;总体上火山地层界面可为油气勘探提供重要线索。

中东地区阿普特阶Shuaiba组碳酸盐岩沉积体系特征及模式探究

中东地区主力产油层系Shuaiba组的勘探及研究逐渐以地层岩性圈闭为主,笔者通过总结Bab盆地阿普特阶Shuaiba组沉积相类型,多油田地层格架及空间展布特征的对比,为系统恢复Shuaiba组沉积演化过程及模式提供地质依据。研究表明,阿普特阶Shuaiba组共发育开阔台地、台地边缘、台缘斜坡及盆地相4种沉积相单元和6种亚相类型,各相带单元受控于四个三级层序且沿Bab盆地周缘呈带状展布。开阔台地一侧,主要沉积了第二个三级层序对应的Lower Shuaiba地层;台地边缘往Bab台内盆地区域,则以第三和第四个三级层序对应的Upper Shuaiba地层为主。Shuaiba组生物礁、滩建造集中发育在第二个三级层序的高位域阶段,滩间海、缓坡及盆地相受控于海进和低位体系域。阿普特阶Shuaiba台地边缘生物建隆、台内浅滩在空间上相互叠置并成带展布,符合弱镶边型缓坡台地沉积模式,该类型台地具备深水陆棚性质的非常宽缓的斜坡,且缓坡往盆地一侧发育一个镶边台地边缘。

大同煤田构造特征及太原组赋煤边界

为了总结大同煤田构造特征及二叠系太原组赋煤边界形成条件,结合野外露头、钻孔岩性、三维地震等资料,分析了大同煤田构造区带划分、地层结构样式、构造演化及应力场特征,明确了二叠系赋煤边界成因机制。研究表明:晚古生代以来,大同煤田主要经历了印支、燕山和喜山期3期构造运动,其中燕山期构造最为复杂,具有幕式、挤压伸展交替演化特征,控制了煤田现今的构造格局;煤田由东部逆冲断裂构造带,中部向斜–单斜构造带和西部隆起构造带组成,煤田内部断裂多为NW-NWW和NE-NEE向,前者形成时期早,规模普遍较大;不同构造期应力作用控制着二叠系煤层的赋存特征,印支早期NS向挤压作用,控制煤田东北部边界,燕山期控制煤田东缘、西缘和西南缘边界。