Preliminary Studies on Inheritance of Seed Color in Black Wheat

[Objective]The aim was to study the inheritance property of the color of seed in black wheat.[Method]Segregation for seed coat colors was studied in F1,F2 and F3 population from eight crosses of four black-seed wheat cultivars（Heixiaomai76,Heixiaomai18,96-45 and S-1）with four white-seed wheat cultivars（9-231,Ningchun16,Ningchun17 and Xinchun22）.[Result]The results showed that the color of Heixiaomai 76 maternal genetic traits is controlled by two incompletely dominant genes,the segregation in F3 populations fits 9（dark）∶7（white）ratio.Color of S-1,96-45,and Heixiaomai 18 is controlled by two Independent and complementary genetic genes,the segregation for black kernel color in F2 populations fits 9（dark）∶7（white）ratio.[Conclusion]Different kinds of new species can be breed through the hybrid of black wheat and white wheat varieties.

Inheritance of Seed Color and Luster in Mungbean(Vigna radiata)

The inheritance of seed color and seed luster of mungbean was studied by using accessions/varieties with different seed color,black (Bkck),green (KPS1) and green (KPS2).In KPS2×Bkck combination,the p2 seed color was shiny black.The F3 data indicated the following genotype:3B-for black seed color,and 1 bb for green seed color.Plant purple petiole gene and black seed color gene were very close linkage.There was no segregation between them.Perhaps the same gene B controlled the color of purple petiole.Moreover in KPS1X Bkck combination F3 seed color popuktion showed a wide rang of phenotypic variability.Perhaps seed luster was controlled by more than two genes.

Seed Germination and Callus Induction in Leymus chinensis of Different Seed Colors

[ Objective] To explore the effects of different seed colors on seed germination and callus induction of Leymus chinensis. [ Method ] According to the color of mature seeds of Leymus chinensis, they were divided three color types, namely, pale yellow, yellow and black. Their seed germination and callus induction were observed. [ Result] The pale yellow Leymus chinensis seeds had higher germination rate （32.5%） and rate of callus induction （28.5%）. Based on the results of the TI＇C method and electrical conductivity, the seed viability was decreased with the deepening seed color. [ Conclusion] The study laid the foundation for establishing highly efficient plant regeneration system of Leymus chinensis.

Fine-mapping and primary analysis of candidate genes associated with seed coat color in mung bean(Vigna radiata L.)

Seed coat color affects the appearance and commodity quality of mung beans(Vigna radiata L.).The substances that affect mung bean seed coat color are mainly flavonoids,which have important medicinal value.Mapping the seed coat color gene in mung beans would facilitate the development of new varieties and improve their value.In this study,an F2 mapping population consisting of 546 plants was constructed using Jilv9(black seed coat)and BIS9805(green seed coat).Using bulk segregated analysis(BSA)sequencing and kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers,the candidate region related to seed coat color was finally narrowed to 0.66 Mb on chromosome(Chr.)4 and included eight candidate genes.Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that three of the eight candidate genes(LOC106758748,LOC106758747,and LOC106759075)were differentially expressed,which may have caused the differences in flavonoid metabolite content between Jilv9 and BIS9805.These findings can provide a research basis for cloning the genes related to seed coat color and accelerate molecular markerassisted selection breeding in mung beans.

Effects of Baking, Roasting and Frying on Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity in Colored Chickpea Seeds

Chickpea lines with colored testa (seed coat) contain high levels of polyphenolic compounds that exhibit high levels of antioxidant activity. In a previous study, we showed that common processing procedures, such as soaking and cooking, decrease the levels of these bioactive compounds and subsequent overall antioxidant activity. The observed reduction in total phenolic content was due to the movement of polyphenols from the seed coat to the soaking or cooking water. Here, the effects of baking, roasting and frying processes were examined in relation to total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and ferric-reducing ability of plasma antioxidant activity (FRAP AA) of colored chickpea seeds. Baked, fried and roasted colored chickpea seeds had significantly higher levels of TPC, TFC and FRAP AA than regular cream- and beige-colored seeds subjected to the same treatments. In contrast to our previous results with soaking and cooking, baking, frying and roasting retained most of the TPC, TFC and FRAP AA in the final products. Thus, colored chickpeas subjected to these three processing methods might be considered a functional food in addition to its traditional role of providing dietary proteins.

大豆巢式关联作图(NAM)群体构建及花色和种皮色遗传分析

巢式关联作图(Nested Association Mapping,NAM)群体在作物学遗传与育种研究中具有广泛的应用。本研究在前期大豆种质资源评价基础上,利用35份不同地区来源的代表性种质与中豆41(公共母本)杂交,构建了一套大豆NAM群体。PCA和聚类分析发现,不同亲本组合的RIL群体基本聚在一起,显示出清晰的遗传结构。利用该NAM群体亲本间花色和种皮色具有显著差异的RIL群体进行全基因组关联分析,定位到1个主要位点qFC13-1与花色显著关联,该位点与W1位点重合;定位到12个位点与种皮色显著相关,其中9个位点为3种以上方法共定位,3个位点为2种方法共定位,包括4个已知位点和8个新位点。研究结果表明,构建的NAM群体适于进行大豆相关性状遗传分析,为大豆复杂性状的遗传解析和育种实践提供了良好的基础材料。

Comparison of Five Selection Procedures for Seed Coat and Hilum Color in Interspecific Crossing of Soybeans

Five selection procedures for seed coat and hilum color were studied with F4 progenies in two interspecific crossing of soybeans. The seed coat and hilum color indicated that pedigree, 5% and 10% mass selection method were equally successful, and were better than picking-pod and 25% mass selection in cross S17. However, no significant differences in seed coat and hilum color were found in cross G18.

非酿酒酵母与酿酒酵母混合发酵对薏米酒醪色泽及风味的影响

该研究分别考察了商业酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)(SC)单菌发酵,商业酿酒酵母(SC)分别与非酿酒酵母德尔布有孢圆酵母(Torulaspora delbrueckii)(TD)、东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia orientalis)(IO)、粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomyces pombe)(SP)混合发酵对薏米酒醪基础理化特性、颜色和挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明,与SC组发酵相比,混合发酵降低了薏米酒醪的酒精度、pH和还原糖含量,可增加酒醪的亮度;混合发酵增加挥发性风味物质的种类,SC组、TD+SC组、IO+SC组和SP+SC组分别检出43种、49种、48种和48种挥发性风味物质,可显著增加酯类化合物含量(P<0.05),其中,SP+SC组显著增加了苯乙醛、壬醛和3-羟基-2-丁酮的含量(P<0.05),SC组的标志性化合物为正戊醇、2,3-丁二醇、苯乙醇等;TD+SC组为正癸醇、2-甲基丁醇、丁二酸二乙酯等;IO+SC组为异戊酸、苯甲酸乙酯、苯乙酸乙酯等;SP+SC组为乙酸异丁酯、丁酸乙酯、苯乙醛等。综上,非酿酒酵母和商业酿酒酵母混合发酵有助于提高薏米酒醪的色泽及风味品质。

白菜种子cDNA酵母文库的构建及BrTTG1互作蛋白的筛选及分析

【目的】通过构建白菜种子的cDNA文库,筛选WDR 40蛋白TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA 1(TTG1)的互作蛋白,探究TTG1参与MBW三元复合体调控种皮原花青素形成的分子机制。【方法】以棕籽白菜自交系‘B147’的种子为材料,提取总RNA并建立cDNA文库,通过gateway技术构建诱饵载体pGBKT7-TTG1并进行酵母双杂交筛库。【结果】酵母文库库容为1.2×10^(7)CFU,文库滴度是5.0×10^(7)CFU/mL,插入片段平均长度大于1000 bp,诱饵载体在酵母中无自激活活性。通过构建的诱饵载体pGBKT7-TTG1与构建的cDNA文库杂交,共获得了38个阳性互作蛋白,功能预测显示其中一个蛋白注释为MYB转录因子,注释为MYB73,序列分析结果显示该基因含有R2R3-MYB型抑制子保守基序C1和C2,推测该基因为白菜中参与种皮颜色形成的R2R3-MYB型抑制子,暗示着白菜中可能存在不同MYB转录因子参与的调控网络,影响着原花青素的形成。【结论】本研究构建了白菜种子组织的酵母双杂交cDNA文库,获得了38个TTG1阳性互作蛋白,首次挖掘到了可能影响白菜种皮颜色原花青素形成的R2R3-MYB型抑制子MYB73,为后期探究白菜种皮原花青素的调控网络奠定良好的基础。

叶面喷施硒肥对彩色小麦种子活力影响

【目的】彩色小麦是通过远缘杂交等方式培育出的营养组分的含量优于普通小麦的一种优质的功能性小麦,提升彩色小麦种子活力对于提高彩色小麦产量,推动彩色小麦产业化发展具有重要的意义。【方法】选取蓝粒小麦品系蜀蓝麦2001和紫粒小麦品系蜀紫麦1801为研究对象,以白皮小麦蜀麦691为对照,设置3种亚硒酸钠浓度进行喷施,通过测定彩色小麦活力相关性状明确硒对彩麦种子活力的影响。【结果】Se2处理使白皮小麦和蓝粒小麦的发芽势、发芽率、SOD酶活显著提高了12.66%、6.90%、14.07%、7.13%、68.70%和12.82%、9.76%、22.13%、42.00%、37.14%,老化发芽率降幅和电导率显著降低32.43%、12.92%和70.83%、14.00%;Se3处理使紫粒小麦发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和SOD酶活显著提高了29.17%、14.46%、32.87%、36.97%和46.38%,老化发芽率降幅和电导率显著降低了31.67%、22.70%,种子的活力与耐藏性增强;Se2使白皮小麦和蓝粒小麦的幼苗根长、苗长增长了8.73%、8.83%和71.20%、14.86%;Se1使紫粒小麦幼苗根长增长了2.00%,Se3使紫粒小麦苗长增长了3.72%;Se2处理使小麦幼苗干重显著提高了9.71%~28.25%;小麦花后各时期的4种抗氧化酶基因的表达量发生不同程度提高,其中Fe-SOD和Mn-SOD基因在灌浆前期、Cu/Zn-SOD和GR基因在灌浆中期的相对表达量上调幅度最大,彩色小麦的SOD相关基因和GR基因表达量在整个灌浆时期高于白皮小麦。【结论】喷施硒肥能够引起种子活力相关的抗氧化酶相关基因上调表达,增强抗氧化系统的活力,最终显著提高彩色小麦种子活力和耐藏性。

红花草莓育种及花瓣呈色机制研究进展

草莓属植物均开白花。红花草莓是一种新型草莓,其果红花亦红,能观赏兼鲜食,可作为多年生草本花卉,用于地栽、盆栽等景观美化,具有较高的经济价值和观赏价值。概述了红花草莓的起源、育种历史和现状及新近育成的种子型品种的研究进展,并对红花草莓花瓣呈色物质、转录调控等分子机制研究进展进行了综述,期望能为红花草莓新品种选育和种质创新提供新思路。

不同颜色百蕊草种子生物学特性研究

为探究不同种皮颜色的百蕊草种子生物学特性,本研究以野生百蕊草种子为实验材料,开展种子表型特征、重量和大小、吸水率和含水量、生活力和萌发率、贮藏物质及生物酶活性等方面研究。结果表明,百蕊草黄色种子生物学特性指标表现较好,生活力94.51%、长2.69 mm、宽2.04 mm、厚2.03 mm,百粒重0.5406 g、五百粒重2.7072 g、裂口率45.90%。黄色种子可溶性蛋白含量最高为2.13 mg/g,显著(p<0.05)高于绿色种子;绿色种子可溶性糖和粗脂肪含量最高分别为8.75 mg/g和0.36 g/g;黄色种子POD酶、β-淀粉酶含量最高分别为204.33 U/g和11.83 U/g;黄绿色种子SOD含量为13201.83 U/g,显著(p<0.05)高于绿色种子;绿色种子的CAT含量最高为41.46 U/g。本研究初步明确了百蕊草种子的生物学特性,不同种皮颜色(黄色、黄绿色、绿色)的种子其生理指标差异较大,黄色和黄绿色种子萌发特性较好,可为以后百蕊草种子采收和制定质量标准提供依据。

基于颜色分割和PSO-RELM算法的花生种子筛选研究

针对花生种子人工筛选存在工作量大、效率低等的问题,提出一种基于颜色分割和改进ELM的花生种子筛选算法。根据花生图像的聚类特性,采用限定RGB和HSV颜色空间中颜色范围的方法对花生图像进行颜色分割,获取花生种子图像目标区域。采用颜色、形状、改进HU矩特征对花生图像进行描述,结合改进HU矩平移、旋转和缩放不变性,对提取到的花生图像特征进行数量扩充,获得花生图像数据集。采用黄金分割法,确定隐含层神经元个数。引入正则化参数,提高ELM算法隐含层神经元与输出层之间连接权值矩阵的稳定性;采用PSO算法,获取最优输入权值和隐含层神经元阈值,构建PSO-RELM算法模型,并与BP、ELM、RELM算法进行比较。试验结果表明,PSO-RELM算法不仅对完好花生有很高的识别准确率(100%),还对破损花生也有很高的识别准确率(96.71%),平均测试时间为0.0068 s,均方根误差为0.0520,决定系数达0.9874,能够满足花生种子筛选的实时性要求。

Maturity indices of Indian horse-chestnut (Aesculus indica Colebr.) seeds under temperate Kashmir conditions

Our study on maturity indices of Aesculus indica Colebr. seeds was conducted under temperate Kashmir conditions in 2006. Seed collection was started from 15 July and continued until the maturation of seeds in December. The seeds were harvested fortnightly from identified trees and on each collection date maturity indices, viz. seed color, seed weight, moisture content, seed dimension, specific gravity and germination percentage were recorded. The study revealed that at the time of maturity （Nov.-Dec.） the seed color was a shiny chocolate brown, with a moisture content of 58.37% and a specific gravity of 0.82. Germination was maximum （80%） at its maturity with a maximum seed weight of 52.03 g per seed. We recommend that the seeds should be collected before their natural disposal.

不同采收期及后熟期对野生西瓜种子质量的影响

为解决野生西瓜制种时间较长的问题,以野生西瓜砧木‘野壮101’为材料,通过研究果实不同发育时间及种子后熟时间的发芽率等种子质量相关性状,分析采收期及后熟期对野生西瓜砧木种子质量的影响。结果表明,果实采收期及后熟时间均影响种子质量及外观。当果实发育60 d、果实采收后种子后熟10 d时,野生西瓜砧木种子发芽率、发芽势、千粒质量均最高,分别为92%、90%、252 g。

日喀则市不同羽色藏鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质比较分析

试验旨在筛选优良藏鸡品种,将日喀则市常见藏鸡根据羽毛颜色分成黑羽、白羽、红羽和黄羽4种羽色,分别测定产蛋性能和蛋品质,为培育优良蛋用型藏鸡品种提供技术支持。选取4种羽色的150日龄藏鸡各160只,按羽色分成4个组,采用立体式3层笼养模式,每组8个重复,试验周期为30 d,4个试验组均饲喂基础蛋鸡日粮,测定指标包括产蛋性能、蛋品质以及蛋壳颜色。结果显示:4种羽色藏鸡产蛋性能比较,平均产蛋率黑羽组显著高于黄羽组和红羽组(P<0.05),平均蛋重和平均料蛋比黄羽组和红羽组显著高于黑羽组和白羽组(P<0.05),成活率差异不显著(P>0.05);蛋品质指标方面,蛋壳强度和蛋形指数指标各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),蛋壳厚度各组之间差异显著(P<0.05),蛋白高度方面,黑羽组显著高于白羽组、红羽组和黄羽组(P<0.05)。哈夫单位方面,黑羽组、白羽组和红羽组显著高于黄羽组(P<0.05),黑羽组略优于其他组;蛋壳颜色指标,亮度各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),红度和黄度红羽组显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。结果表明:黑羽藏鸡蛋壳为白色,产蛋性能和蛋品质优于其他3种羽色,适合向蛋用型藏鸡方向进一步选种选育。

Morphophysiology of Germination among Seeds of Pau-rainha （Centrolobium paraense） Collected in the State of Roraima

This work intended to characterize the seed morphology, water absorption patterns and to determine the vigor among different colored seeds of the species Centrolobium paraense （Fabaceae）. For this purpose, samaras which were opened were collected from two sites---Agua Boa （AB） and Taiano （TAI） lo^ated in the state of Roraima, and the seeds screened by the coat coloration （light brown/intermediate brown/dark brown） for four conditions （two sites and two years of collection）. Evaluation of water absorption by the seeds at different periods, mass of 1,000 seeds, water content, electrical conductivity （EC）, seedling emergence and emergence velocity （EV） were performed. The water absorption by the seeds of Centrolobium paraense indicates coat permeability to water and distinct absorptions according to coat colorations. The EC test is efficient in determining the physiological quality of seeds of Centrolobium paraense. Seed coat coloration affects the physiological quality of the seeds of Centrolobium paraense. It is possible to distinguish the seeds of AB and TAI into two degrees of physiological quality, the light brown-colored seeds being more vigorous.

莲子壳棉织物染色工艺研究

文章主要研究了莲子壳色素的水提法最佳提取工艺及对棉织物的染色性能。利用单因素试验法确定了莲子壳色素最佳的提取条件与直接染色的最佳工艺,通过测试染色棉织物K/S值,分析了不同金属媒染剂与其对应的前媒、同媒与后媒染色法的染色效果。结果表明,莲子壳色素最佳提取时间为120 min,最佳提取温度为80℃,最佳莲子壳粉末用量为5 g/50mL。在棉织物上,最佳的染色条件是:染液的浓度达到200%,温度保持在90℃,染色时间为70 min。铁离子媒染对棉织物的颜色有很大的影响,而后媒染则是对颜色深浅的影响最大的方法。所有媒染试样的干、湿摩擦、耐皂洗与耐日晒色牢度测试的数值均达到生产要求。

燕麦种子加工工艺及设备简述

燕麦种子形状奇特,加工过程曲折,没有形成一整套的种子加工体系。燕麦的清选是种子加工工艺的关键技术,裸燕麦种子中带壳燕麦,野燕麦等杂质含量较多,严重影响了种子的整体发芽率,降低了种子质量,国内主要以小麦等作物种子通用清理筛设备为主,但其生产效率低下,没有燕麦专用设备,无法形成高效且大规模化的加工体系。为提高燕麦种子质量及生产效率,实现燕麦种子科学生产、清选加工和商品化途径。建立起一套科学严谨,技术较先进的燕麦种子加工生产线工艺,经过层层分级清选、筛分、干燥、精选分级、包衣、包装等机械化作业流程,提高种子合格率及发芽率,保证作物种子质量,为燕麦种子加工产业化及商品化提供参考。

Screening of Seed Soluble Sugar Content in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>(L.) Walp)

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is a legume crop grown worldwide to provide protein, starch, soluble sugar, amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins for human consumption and animal feed. Soluble sugar is an important physiological trait in cowpea seeds. It not only plays an important role in storability and abiotic stress tolerance in seeds, but also provides energy to the human body and improves cooking quality by giving a desirable taste and mouth feel. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate variation of cowpea seed soluble sugar content, and assess the soluble sugar content of cowpea varieties with different seed coat colors for cowpea consumers. A total of 113 cowpea genotypes were used, including 89 USDA GRIN germplasm accessions and 24 advanced breeding lines developed from University of Arkansas, AR, USA. Seed soluble sugar content was measured using a Spectrophotometer by phenol-sulphuric acid method. The results showed that the seed soluble sugar contents among 113 cowpea genotypes exhibited a wide range varying from 32.6 mg/g to 86.1 mg/g with an average of 54.5 mg/g. The five highest soluble sugar contents in seeds were found in the Arkansas cultivar Empire (86.1 mg/g), USDA germplasm accession PI583202 (84.5 mg/g), Arkansas advanced breeding line 09-655 (82.1 mg/g), USDA accession PI601085 (81.6 mg/g), and Arkansas advanced breeding line 09-529 (80.9 mg/g), and they can be used in cowpea breeding programs to develop new cowpea cultivars with higher seed soluble sugar content. It was also observed that the soluble sugar contents in Arkansas commercial cultivars and advanced breeding lines were higher than those in USDA germplasm and the seeds with colorful coat may have soluble sugar levels desirable by consumers.