Preliminary investigation on the antibacterial activity of mango(Mangifera indica L:Anacardiaceae) seed kernel

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of mango(Mangifera indica L) seed kernel.Methods:Chokanan mango seed kernel and seed kernels from assorted mango varieties were collected,cleaned,dried and powered.Crude methanolic extracts of mango seed kernel were analyzed for the phytochemical constituents.The free radical scavenging activity was determined by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) assay.Antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion assay with three medically important bacterial pathogens such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)(MRSA),Escherichia coli(E.coli) and Vibrio vulnificus(V.vulnificus).Results:Qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of important phytochemical compounds such as glycosides,saponins,flavanoids, tannins and alkaloids.There was no significant difference in the phytochemical content between the single and assorted mango seed kernels.However,the free radical scavenging study indicated that the assorted mango kernels showed slighdy higher activity than the single species(P【0.05). The crude methanolic extract of mango seed kernel at a concentration of 100 mg/mL is found to have potential antimicrobial activity against MRSA and E.coli compared to V.vulnificus. Study on the antibacterial activity also indicated that there was no significant difference in the antibacterial activity of the single and assorted mango seed kernel extracts.Conclusions:The present study conclusively demonstrates the free radical scavenging activity and antibacterial activities of mango seed kernel.In addition,the results also indicated that there is no significant difference in the phytochemical content and biological activity of mango kernels from single and assorted mango varieties.

Relationships between changes of kernel nutritive components and seed vigor during development stages of F_1 seeds of sh_2 sweet corn

The changes of kernel nutritive components and seed vigor in F1 seeds of sh2 sweet corn during seed development stage were investigated and the relationships between them were analyzed by time series regression (TSR) analysis. The results show that total soluble sugar and reducing sugar contents gradually declined, while starch and soluble protein contents increased throughout the seed development stages. Germination percentage, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index gradually increased along with seed development and reached the highest levels at 38 d after pollination (DAP). The TSR showed that, during 14 to 42 DAP, total soluble sugar content was independent of the vigor parameters determined in present experiment, while the reducing sugar content had a significant effect on seed vigor. TSR equations between seed reducing sugar and seed vigor were also developed. There were negative correlations between the seed reducing sugar content and the germination percentage, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index, respectively. It is suggested that the seed germination, energy of germination, germination index and vigor index could be predicted by the content of reducing sugar in sweet corn seeds during seed development stages.

Effect of AAPH oxidation on digestion characteristics of seed watermelon(Citrullus lanatus var)kernels protein isolates

Seed watermelon kernel is a typical complex food with high fat and protein contents.During storage and processing,it is often affected by various factors to undergo interactions between components,which lead to its quality change.In this experiment,seed watermelon kernels were used as research objects,and the effects of 2-Azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride(AAPH)on seed watermelon kernel protein isolates(WMP)were investigated.The structure and digestion characteristics of WMP after oxidation were studied.The results showed that with the increase of AAPH concentration(0.05−5 mol/L),WMP showed obvious aggregation,and its solubility decreased from 6.76 mg/mL to 9.59 mg/mL.The free sulfhydryl content of WMP was 18.24 mmol/g decreased to 11.25 mmol/g,α-helix decreased andβ-sheet decreased in secondary structure,and its disulfide bond increased by 43.06 mmol/g from 39.57 mmol/g,enthalpy(H)and denaturation temperature increased(Td)(P<0.05).By mass spectrometry results of simulated gastric digestion products,it was found that oxidation adversely affected the digestion characteristics of WMP.It can be seen that the lipid oxidation product APPH of seed watermelon kernel can significantly affect the structure and function of the protein extracted from the seed kernel.

Mechanical Properties of Sunflower Seed and Its Kernel, Azargol Variety as a Case Study, under Compressive Loading

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of moisture content, size and loading orientation on mechanical properties such as force, deformation and energy absorbed per unit volume for fracturing Iranian sunflower seed and its kernel （Azargol as a case study） under quasi-static loading. Sunflower seeds and their kernels were quasi-statically loaded in horizontal and vertical orientations with moisture content in three levels： 3%, 7% and 14%, and size category in three levels： small, medium and large. The obtained results showed that rupture force for both sunflower seed and its kernel decreased with increasing moisture content while the absorbed energy and deformation at rupture point increased for all size categories in both horizontal and vertical loading orientations. Also, seeds in the vertical orientation developed hull cracks at a higher level of force than those loaded in the horizontal orientation. However, for the kernels it was the opposite. In addition, the average forces required to cause kernel rupture were lower （11.64-39.9 N） than those required to rupture the seed （30.06-117.46 N） in both orientations. Seeds loaded in a vertical orientation absorbed more energy （87.67 mJ） prior to rupture than those loaded in the horizontal （46.60 mJ） orientation. However, for the kernels it was the opposite.

Antidiarrhoeal efficacy of Mangifera indica seed kernel on Swiss albino mice

Objective:To examine the antidiarrhoeal activity of alcoholic and aqueous seed kernel extract of Mangifera indica(M.indica) on castor oil-induced diarrhoeul activity in Swiss albino mice.Methods:Mango seed kernels were processed and extracted using alcohol and water. Antidiarrhoeal activity of the extracts were assessed using intestinal motility and faecal score methods.Results:Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of M.indica significantly reduced intestinal motility and faecal score in Swiss albino mice.Conclusions:The present study shows the traditional claim on the use of M.indica seed kernel for treating diarrhoea in Southern parts of India.

Anti-enteric bacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of the seed kernel extract of Mangifera indica Linnaeus against Shigella dysenteriae(Shiga,corrig.) Castellani and Chalmers

Objective:To evaluate the phytochemical and anti-bacterial efficacy of the seed kernel extract of Mangifera indica(M.indica) against the enteropathogen,Shigella dysenteriae(S.dysenteriae), isolated from the diarrhoeal stool specimens.Methods:The preliminary phytochemical screening was performed by the standard methods as described by Harborne.Cold extraction method was employed to extract the bioactive compounds from mango seed kernel.Disc diffusion method was adopted to screen antibacterial activity.Minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) was evaluated by agar dilution method.The crude extracts were partially purified by thin layer chromatography(TLC) and the fractions were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography(HFTLC) to identify the bioactive compounds.Results:Phytochemical scrutiny of M.indica indicated the presence of phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids,gums, flavanoids,phenols,saponins,steroids,tannins and xanthoproteins.Antibacterial activity was observed in two crude extracts and various fractions viz.hexane,benzene,chlor of orm,methanol and water.MIC of methanol fraction was found to be(95±11.8)μg/mL.MIC of other fractions ranged from 130-380μg/mL Conclusions:The present study confirmed that each crude extracts and fractions of M.indica have significant antimicrobial activity against the isolated pathogen 5. dyserUeriae.The antibacterial activity may be due to the phytochemical constituents of the mango seed kernel.The phytochemical tannin could be the reason for its antibacterial activity.

Effect of mango seed kernel extract on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in rats fed a high fat diet

Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) are one of the most important tropical foods. The seed is one of the main by-products of mango processing. Therefore, it is important to find an economically viable use for this waste (e.g., as a food additive or supplement with high nutraceutical value). We investigated the anti-obesity effects of mango seed kernel extract with hot water (MSKE-W) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in a high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity rat model. MSKE-W caused a significant decrease in the activity of glycerol 2-phosphate dehydrogenase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without eliciting cell cytotoxicity and inhibited cellular lipid accumulation through down-regulation of transcription factors such as PPARγ and C/EBPα. In the animal model, rats fed an HFD containing 1% MSKE-W gained less weight than rats fed an HFD alone. The visceral fat mass in rats fed an HFD containing 1% MSKE-W tended to be lower than that in rats fed an HFD alone. Furthermore, histological examination of rat livers from an HFD showed steatohepatitis. However, rats on an HFD containning 1% MSKE-W showed no histopathological changes in liver tissue. Our results indicate that MSKE-W influences anti-obesity effects, both in vitro and in vivo, and suggest that MSKE-W provides a novel preventive potential against obesity.

Synthesis and Characterization of Bio-Glycerol from Cameroon Palm Kernel Seed Oil

Bio-glycerol was synthesized from Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO) through the transesterification procedure. Palm kernel oil extracted from palm kernel seeds using mechanical expression and solvent extraction was purified and characterized by physico-chemical methods and used in the transesterification process to give biodiesel and bio-glycerol. The biodiesel was purified and characterized as reported in previous articles. Our focus in this article is on glycerol, an important by-product of the transesterification process which has potential pharmaceutical, cosmetic and engineering applications. The bio-glycerol was purified by acidification and the purified glycerol was subjected to physical and chemical characterization. The specific gravity of glycerol was obtained as 1.2 kg/L, viscosity at 40&degC gave 1500 cSt and 500 cSt at 100&degC;pH was 7.4;the flash point was 160&degC, and the ASTM color was 2.0 before purification and zero after purification. The sulfur content was 0.016%w/v. This sulfur content is low thus posing no environment threat. The chemical composition of the synthesized bio-glycerol determined using IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed the known chemical structure of glycerol. The purification and analysis of bio-glycerol is important as it can find applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries inter alia.

Rapid Determination of Seed Number and Thousand Kernel Weight of Asparagus officinalis L.Using Image Processing Method

Asparagus officinalis L.is favored by its high health function,but its hybrid seeds are expensive.The amount of seed,seed plumpness and germination rate are related to the production costs of breeding enterprises and large growers.Therefore,it is necessary to investigate the seed number and thousand kernel weight of A.officinalis L.This study developed a quick and accurate method to measure the seed number and thousand kernel weight of A.officinalis L.using image processing technology.Seed sample of A.officinalis L.was scanned with 200 dpi resolution,and the seed number was then obtained using Image-ProPlus software.After weighing the seeds,thousand kernel weight was finally calculated.By recording‘macro’,the batch processing of the samples can also be realized.This method is simple and accurate,and can greatly save the time of investigation.

Some Engineering Properties of Sunflower Seed and Its Kernel

Some engineering properties of sunflower seed and its kernel, Shahroodi variety as a case study, were investigated at various moisture content levels （3-14% d.b.） for three size categories （large, medium and small）. With increase of moisture content from 3 to 14% d.b., all the main dimensions （length, width and thickness）, geometric mean diameter, porosity, true density, terminal velocity and static coefficient of friction increased while bulk density and rupture force for both sunflower seed and its kernel decreased for all size categories. The results showed that the highest value of static coefficient of friction for both seed and kernel was on the rubber surface, followed by plywood, polyethylene, galvanized iron, and finally aluminium surfaces. The seeds required less compressive force to dehull when loaded under the horizontal as compared to the vertical orientation. But for kernels, the trend was the opposite. Also, the compressive forces needed to initiate rupture of sunflower seed hulls were higher （47.1-94.72 N） than those required to rupture the kernel （8.5-13.4 N） in both orientations.

Frictional Behavior of Sunflower Seed and its Kernel as a Function of Moisture Content, Variety and Size

The object of this study was to investigate the frictional properties （repose angles and friction coefficient） of Iranian sunflower seed and its kernel （Fandoghi, Azargol and Shahroodi） as a function of moisture content, size and variety. The static coefficient of friction were determined on five structural surfaces including aluminium, plywood, galvanized iron, polyethylene and rubber when moisture content varied between 3 and 14 % d.b. The obtained results showed that static coefficient of friction on five studied surfaces increase linearly as moisture content increase from 3 to 14% for both seed and kernel. Among the applied surfaces, rubber showed the highest value of friction coefficient for both sunflower seed and kernel followed by plywood, polyethylene, galvanized iron and aluminium. The obtained values of emptying and filling angles of repose increase linearly with an increase in moisture content. Furthermore, the values of empting and filling angles of repose for small sizes were higher than big sizes in all levels of moisture content for both seed and kernel. Also, the emptying angle of repose assumed higher values than the filling angle of repose for all varieties and categories.

超声处理对杜仲籽仁蛋白结构及理化特性的影响

旨在为杜仲籽仁蛋白的开发与应用提供参考,以杜仲籽仁粕为原料,采用碱溶酸沉法提取蛋白,采用500 W、35 kHz超声波对杜仲籽仁蛋白处理不同的时间(0、10、20、30 min和40 min),探究超声处理对杜仲籽仁蛋白微观结构、理化特性(粒径、Zeta-电位、内源荧光光谱、溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、乳化性、乳化稳定性)的影响。结果表明:超声处理可改变杜仲籽仁蛋白的微观结构、粒径、Zeta-电位和荧光强度;超声处理20 min时,杜仲籽仁蛋白溶解度达到75.35%;超声处理10 min时,杜仲籽仁蛋白乳化性最大,达到72.12 m^(2)/g;超声处理40 min时,杜仲籽仁蛋白持水性、持油性、起泡性和起泡稳定性最大,分别达到4.32 g/g、3.46 g/g、23.12%和21.12%。综上,超声处理可改善杜仲籽仁蛋白的持水性、持油性、起泡性、乳化性等功能特性。

元宝枫种仁多糖提取纯化、结构表征以及降糖活性研究

对元宝枫(Acer truncatum Bunge)种仁多糖进行提取纯化,探究其理化性质和降糖活性。采用水提醇沉法提取元宝枫种仁多糖,并通过响应面法优化元宝枫种仁多糖提取工艺。通过Sevage法脱蛋白和柱层析对元宝枫种仁多糖进行纯化,通过红外光谱、热重分析及离子色谱法对其进行单糖组成和结构表征,并进一步通过建立肝癌细胞胰岛素抵抗模型(IR-HepG2),考察纯化后元宝枫种仁多糖体外降糖活性。结果表明,在提取1次、液固比为30:1 mL/g、提取温度为80℃、提取时间为3.5 h条件下,多糖(PATM)得率为18.17%。经Sevage法脱蛋白,DEAE-DE纤维素52层析柱和SephadexG-100凝胶层析柱分离纯化,得到纯化多糖(PATM-3-1)。PATM-3-1具有多糖组分红外光谱特征峰,其单糖组成为D-半乳糖醛酸、L-阿拉伯糖、D-半乳糖、L-鼠李糖、D-葡萄糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-葡萄糖醛酸、L-岩藻糖、D-核糖和D-氨基葡萄糖。体外降糖活性实验的结果表明,PATM-3-1具有较强的α-淀粉酶抑制活性,能显著(P<0.05)提高胰岛素诱导的HepG2细胞中葡萄糖消耗量、糖原含量、己糖激酶、丙酮酸激酶含量,展现出优异的降糖活性。本研究为元宝枫种仁多糖的开发和应用提供参考和数据支撑。

樟树籽仁油的遗传毒性评价

为评价樟树籽仁油的食用安全性,通过细菌回复突变试验、体外哺乳类细胞TK基因突变试验及哺乳动物红细胞微核试验探究樟树籽仁油的致突变和潜在致癌作用。结果表明:樟树籽仁油对组氨酸缺陷型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌TA1535、TA97、TA98、TA100、TA102均无致突变作用;樟树籽仁油未抑制L5178Y小鼠淋巴瘤细胞的生长,对体外哺乳类细胞TK基因无致突变作用;樟树籽仁油未导致小鼠细胞微核率上升,对哺乳动物红细胞无致突变作用,无遗传毒性。综上,樟树籽仁油无细胞致突变和潜在致癌作用,没有遗传毒性,具有一定的食用安全性。

樟树籽仁油的90 d亚慢性经口毒性评价

为评价樟树籽仁油的食用安全性,以4.0、2.0、1.0、0.0 mL/kg剂量的樟树籽仁油对4组SPF级SD大鼠(20只/组、雌雄各半)连续灌胃90 d,研究樟树籽仁油的亚慢性经口毒性,探明其剂量-反应关系,毒作用靶器官和可逆性。结果表明:90 d经口毒性试验期间,大鼠的活动和生长均正常;除高剂量组雌、雄性大鼠的血糖显著低于对照组外(p<0.05),各剂量组雌、雄性大鼠的体质量及其增量、进食量及食物利用率、脏体比、血常规、血生化、血电解质和尿液等指标与对照组均无显著性差异(p>0.05);病理检查未见樟树籽仁油对大鼠的作用靶器官产生有意义的病理变化。综上,樟树籽仁油对大鼠生长和生理的影响无剂量-反应关系,对大鼠的作用靶器官无毒害作用且无剂量-反应关系,樟树籽仁油无亚慢性经口毒性,其未观察到毒效应的剂量(NOAEL)大于4.0 mL/kg,食用安全性高。

翅果油树种仁脂肪酸合成关键基因筛选

[目的]通过翅果油树不同时期种仁的转录组学分析挖掘与脂肪酸合成相关的关键基因。[方法]观察记录翅果油树果实发育情况并以成年翅果油树果实开始膨大期(C6)、迅速膨大期(C7)和成熟期(C8)的新鲜种仁为材料,以水解-提取法测定3个时期种仁的脂肪酸组分与含量,用转录组测序技术分析C6、C7时期样品的表达差异,并寻找关键差异表达基因。[结果]3个时期的脂肪酸平均含量随时间推移呈逐渐上升趋势;C6、C7时期的种仁数据中共获得6375个上调表达基因、8124个下调表达基因;8137个差异表达基因在GO数据库中获得注释;4275个差异表达基因在KEGG数据库中获得注释,主要涉及代谢途径、次生代谢物的生物合成、激素传导和氨基酸合成途径等通路,其中,脂肪酸生物合成、不饱和脂肪酸生物合成等与脂肪酸相关的通路均被富集,并重点挖掘出8个与脂肪酸合成相关的候选基因,发现与果实膨大时期(C6)相比,EmBCCP1、EmSAD1、EmFAD2-1、Em-FAD3-1、EmPDCT1基因上调表达,同时EmFAbG1、EmPDAT1、EmKASI1基因下调表达。[结论]EmBCCP1、EmSAD1、EmFAD2-1、EmFAD3-1、EmPDCT1、EmKASI1、EmFAbG1、EmPDAT1基因促进了翅果油树种仁油酸、亚油酸的合成积累,可作为翅果油树种仁脂肪酸合成的关键候选基因。

酸枣仁种皮和种仁化学成分的定性及半定量分析

酸枣仁为鼠李科植物酸枣Ziziphus jujuba Mill.var.spinosa(Bunge)Hu ex H.F.Chou的干燥成熟种子,其分为种皮、种仁两个部位,比较研究酸枣仁不同部位化学成分组成及相对含量可为合理开发利用中药酸枣仁资源提供理论依据。基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)技术,从种皮、种仁中共鉴定出57个化学成分。结合主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)对两者进行差异成分研究,以变量投影重要度(VIP)值>5为标准,筛选了差异成分17个,其中白桦脂酸、桦木酮酸、麦珠子酸和酸枣仁皂苷Ⅰ主要存在于种皮部位,斯皮诺素、酸枣仁皂苷A和6-阿魏酰斯皮诺素等13个化合物主要存在于种仁部位。通过超高效液相色谱-电雾式检测器(UPLC-CAD)结合反梯度补偿技术,建立半定量液相色谱指纹图谱,考察了6个不同结构类型的代表成分的响应一致性,其不同浓度下平均响应因子间的RSD值为7.04%,各化合物响应一致性良好,可用于酸枣仁的半定量表征分析;结果表明:种皮部位主要成分为白桦脂酸和油酸,其中白桦脂酸的含量约是种仁的7倍;种仁部位主要成分为斯皮诺素、酸枣仁皂苷A、亚油酸、白桦脂酸和油酸,其中斯皮诺素、酸枣仁皂苷A的含量分别是种皮的18倍和24倍。综上,本研究阐明了酸枣仁种皮、种仁的化学成分差异,明确了酸枣仁两个部位中各自的主要成分及其相对含量,为酸枣仁不同部位合理开发和利用奠定了基础。

10t/d双螺杆榨油机压榨油茶籽的工艺研究

为提高油茶籽油的品质,减少传统油茶籽制油工艺对油茶籽油的营养成分损失,对日处理10t双螺杆榨油机压榨油茶籽的工艺进行了研究。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:油茶籽经过分级处理后入榨油茶仁水分控制在9%、油茶仁中含壳控制在8%时,压榨饼中残油率为2.49%,且产品符合一级油的国家标准。与市场上销售的油茶籽油相比,通过本工艺获得的油茶籽油中α-生育酚的保留率更高,从而进一步提高油茶籽油的营养价值,可为我国油茶籽油的高值化加工提供了技术参考。

基于Seed集的半监督核聚类

提出了一种新的半监督核聚类算法——SKK-均值算法。算法利用一定数量的标记样本构成seed集,作为监督信息来初始化K-均值算法的聚类中心,引导聚类过程并约束数据划分;同时还采用了核方法把输入数据映射到高维特征空间,并用核函数来实现样本之间的距离计算。在UCI数据集上进行了数值实验,并与K-均值算法和核-K-均值算法进行了比较。

高压静电场处理对青皮扁桃果实采后生理与种仁品质的影响

青皮扁桃采后易褐变腐烂,种仁易出芽,品质易变劣,为了延长青皮扁桃贮藏时间,提升市场价值,该文以“晋扁一号”青皮扁桃为试验试材,采用不同强度的高压静电场对其进行处理,然后将其用0.03 mm厚的打孔聚乙烯袋包装,在(0±1)℃下贮藏,测定青皮扁桃果实的失重率、褐变指数、裂果率、色泽、呼吸强度和乙烯释放量的变化,以及种仁过氧化值、酸价、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性的变化。结果表明,通过比较100、150、200 kV/m三个电场处理组各指标的数值,发现150 kV/m的电场处理组效果最好,对青皮扁桃的失重率、褐变指数和裂果率有显著的抑制作用,抑制或推迟乙烯释放高峰及呼吸高峰,维持果皮的色泽,抑制种仁过氧化值和酸价的提高以及过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性的下降。因此,高压静电场处理可以有效保持青皮扁桃在贮藏过程中的果实品质,延缓果实衰老。