Identification of a candidate QTG for seed number per silique by integrating QTL mapping and RNA-seq in Brassica napus L.

Seed number per silique(SNPS)is one of seed yield components in rapeseed,but its genetic mechanism remains elusive.Here a double haploid(DH)population derived from a hybrid between female 6Q006with 35–40 SNPS and male 6W26 with 10–15 SNPS was investigated for SNPS in the year 2017,2018,2019 and 2021,and genotyped with Brassica 60K Illumina Infinium SNP array.An overlapping major QTL(qSNPS.C09)explaining 51.50%of phenotypic variance on average was narrowed to a 0.90 Mb region from 44.87 Mb to 45.77 Mb on chromosome C09 by BSA-seq.Subsequently,two DEGs in this interval were detected between extreme individuals in DH and F_2populations by transcriptome sequencing at7 and 14 days after pollination siliques.Of which,BnaC09g45400D encoded an adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 5(APT5)has a 48-bp InDel variation in the promoter of two parents.Candidate gene association analysis showed that this InDel variation was associated with SNPS in a nature population of rapeseed,where 54 accessions carrying the same haplotype as parent 6Q006 had higher SNPS than103 accessions carrying the same haplotype as parent 6W26.Collectively,the findings are helpful for rapeseed molecular breeding of SNPS,and provide new insight into the genetic and molecular mechanism of SNPS in rapeseed.

Identification of major QTL for seed number per pod on chromosome A05 of tetraploid peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)

The inheritance of pod-and seed-number traits(PSNT) in peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) is poorly understood. In the present study, a recombinant inbred line(RIL) population of 188 lines was used to map quantitative trait loci(QTL) for number of seeds per pod(NSP),number of pods per plant(NPP), and numbers of one-, two-, and three-seeded pods per plant(N1 PP, N2 PP, and N3 PP) in four environments. A total of 28 consensus QTL and 14 single QTL were identified, including 11 major and stable QTL. Four major and stable QTL including qN3 PPA5.2, q N3 PPA5.4, qN3 PPA5.5, and qN3 PPA5.7 each explained 12.3%–33.0% of phenotype variation. By use of another integrated linkage map for the A5 group(hereafter referred to as INT A5 group), QTL for PSNT were located in seven intervals of 0.73–9.68 Mb in length on chromosome A05, and candidate genes underlying N3 PP were suggested. These findings shed light on the genetic basis of PSNT. Major QTL for N3 PP could be used as candidates for further positional cloning.

Rapid Determination of Seed Number and Thousand Kernel Weight of Asparagus officinalis L.Using Image Processing Method

Asparagus officinalis L.is favored by its high health function,but its hybrid seeds are expensive.The amount of seed,seed plumpness and germination rate are related to the production costs of breeding enterprises and large growers.Therefore,it is necessary to investigate the seed number and thousand kernel weight of A.officinalis L.This study developed a quick and accurate method to measure the seed number and thousand kernel weight of A.officinalis L.using image processing technology.Seed sample of A.officinalis L.was scanned with 200 dpi resolution,and the seed number was then obtained using Image-ProPlus software.After weighing the seeds,thousand kernel weight was finally calculated.By recording‘macro’,the batch processing of the samples can also be realized.This method is simple and accurate,and can greatly save the time of investigation.

BR Signal Influences Arabidopsis Ovule and Seed Number through Regulating Related Genes Expression by BZR1

Ovule and seed developments are crucial processes during plant growth, which are affected by different signaling pathways. In this paper, we demonstrate that the brassinosteroid （BR） signal is involved in ovule initiation and development. Ovule and seed numbers are significantly different when comparing BR-related mutants to wild-type con-trols. Detailed observation indicates that BR regulates the expression level of genes related to ovule development, includ-ing HLL, ANT, and AP2, either directly by targeting the promoter sequences or indirectly via regulation by BR-induced transcription factor BZR1. Also, Western blot demonstrates that the dephosphorylation level of BZR1 is consistent with ovule and seed number. The intragenic bzrl-lD suppressors bzs247 and bzs248 have much fewer ovules and seeds than bzrl-lD, which are similar to wild-type, suggesting that the phenotype can be rescued. The molecular and genetic experi-ments confirm that BZR1 and AP2 probably affect Arabidopsis ovule number determination antagonistically.

Interaction of brassinosteroid and cytokinin promotes ovule initiation and increases seed number per silique in Arabidopsis

Ovule initiation is a key step that strongly influences ovule number and seed yield.Notably,mutants with enhanced brassinosteroid(BR)and cytokinin(CK)signaling produce more ovules and have a higher seed number per silique(SNS)than wild-type plants.Here,we crossed BR-and CKrelated mutants to test whether these phytohormones function together in ovule initiation.We determined that simultaneously enhancing BR and CK contents led to higher ovule and seed numbers than enhancing BR or CK separately,and BR and CK enhanced each other.Further,the BR-response transcription factor BZR1 directly interacted with the CK-response transcription factor ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR1(ARR1).Treatments with BR or BR plus CK strengthened this interaction and subsequent ARR1 targeting and induction of downstream genes to promote ovule initiation.Enhanced CK signaling partially rescued the reduced SNS phenotype of BR-deficient/insensitive mutants whereas enhanced BR signaling failed to rescue the low SNS of CK-deficient mutants,suggesting that BR regulates ovule initiation and SNS through CK-mediated and-independent pathways.Our study thus reveals that interaction between BR and CK promotes ovule initiation and increases seed number,providing important clues for increasing the seed yield of dicot crops.

Effects of Plant Spacing,Row Spacing and Seedling Number Allocation on the Growth Dynamics of Different Populations of Two Types of Rice Varieties

[Objectives]This study was conducted to construct high-yielding,high-quality,and high-light-efficiency population structures of different types of rice varieties.[Methods]The effects of plant spacing,row spacing and seedling number allocation on stems and tillers,leaf area and dynamic traits of high-yielding rice populations(more than 9750 kg/hm^(2))and low-yielding populations(less than 9750 kg/hm^(2))were studied by two kinds of representative rice varieties with different tiller ability and panicle sizes in cold regions.[Results]Decreasing the plant and row spacing and increasing the number of planted seedlings per hole advanced the heading date and made the number of stems and tillers in the population increase.The impact on the super rice variety with fewer tillers and heavier panicles was greater than that of conventional variety with more tillers and lighter panicles.The stems and tillers of the high-yielding high-quality populations grew steadily in the early stage of development,until an appropriate number of panicles was reached at the critical leaf age for productive tillers(June 25),and the peak seedlings should appear in the jointing stage(July 9)with a small number(that value of Longjing 21,the super rice variety with fewer tillers and heavier panicles,was about 1.2 times the expected panicle number,and that of the conventional variety with more tillers and lighter panicles,Kongyu 131,was about 1.1 times the expected panicle number).The populations gradually declined since then,until reaching an appropriate number of panicles at the heading stage.The high-yielding high-quality populations had a higher leaf area index at the heading stage.The value of Longjing 21,the super rice variety with fewer tiller and heavier panicles,reached about 6.0,and that of Kongyu 131,the conventional variety with more tillers and lighter panicles,reached about 4.5.The values decreased thereafter.At the maturation stage,the leaf area index of Longjing 21 remained above 2.5,and that of Kongyu 131 remained above 2.0.[Conclusions]This study has an important guiding role and significance for their high-yielding and high-quality supporting cultivation in cold regions.

Effects of Seed Viability and Number of Generations on Genetic Integrity of Soybean Germplasm Zhonghuang 18 by AFLP Markers

The seeds of a soybean cultivar Zhonghuang 18 were subjected to accelerated aging for 0(population G_0-1), 112(population G_0-2), 154(population G_0-3) and 196 d(population G_0-4), whose germination percentage was found to be 98.0%, 95.0%, 81.0%, and 79.0%, respectively. Then, the four populations were regenerated twice in the field. The first descendant populations were marked as G_1-1, G_1-2, G_1-3 and G_1-4, and the second were marked as G_2-1, G_2-2, G_2-3 and G_2-4, respectively. The genetic variation between the control population(G_0-1) and the experimental populations was analyzed using 12 AFLP primer combinations. The results showed that there was no significant difference in genetic similarity between the 11 experimental populations and the control population G_0-1. The genetic similarity between population G_2-4 and G_0-1 was still as high as 0.933 3, indicating that the F_2 generation of the population whose germination percentage was only 79.0% still had a high genetic similarity to the control population. The results of t-tests revealed that the populations G_1-1, G_2-1, G_1-2 and G_2-2 showed no significant difference from the control population G_0-1 in effective number of alleles per locus(Ae), genetic diversity index(H) and Shannon's diversity index(I), while these indices of populations G_0-3, G_0-4, G_1-3, G_1-4, G_2-3 and G_2-4 were significantly reduced. χ~2 tests indicated that the populations G_1-1 and G_2-1 showed little difference, and the populations G_0-2, G_0-3, G_0-4, G_1-2, G_1-3, G_1-4, G_2-2, G_2-3, and G_2-4 showed great difference in allele frequency distribution from the control population G_0-1, and the difference was greater when the seed viability was lower. Compared with the control population G_0-1, the number of rare alleles(Nr) of the populations G_0-2, G_1-1, G_2-1, G_1-2 and G_2-2 showed no significant difference, while that of the populations G_0-3, G_0-4, G_1-3, G_1-4, G_2-3 and G_2-4 declined obviously. These results revealed that compared with the control population, the genetic diversity and Nr for the descendant populations of the populations with 98.0% and 95.0% germination percentages did not change significantly, but declined greatly for the descendant populations of the populations with 81.0.% and 79.0% percentages. The results suggested that the decline in seed viability has a greater impact than the number of generations on genetic structure of soybean germplasm. So, it is suggested that soybean seed with an initial germination percentage of 98.0% should be regenerated before its germination percentage declines to 81.0%.

大豆株型与产量相关性状QTL定位及候选基因预测

为探究与大豆株型和产量相关QTL位点及候选基因,对以东农42(♀)和东农50(♂)为亲本,与168个家系构建的F_(2:12)、F_(2:13)重组自交系(Recombination inbred lines,RILs)群体的株高、分枝数、四粒荚数、百粒重性状测定表型数据,运用IBM SPSS Statistics、R语言进行统计和相关性分析,并利用完备区间作图法(Inclusive composite interval mapping,ICIM)进行加性效应及上位效应分析,共计定位到43个QTL位点,贡献率超过10%的主效位点为14个,包括株高3个、分枝数8个、四粒荚数1个和百粒重2个;其中11个位点与前人已报道位点重合,分别位于4、6、8、16和19号染色体上;qBN-6-2(13.21%)、qBN-6-5(19.96%)和qBN-6-6(13.69%)为3个环境重复定位到的位点,qHSW-19-1与多个已报道位点均有重合。通过上位性分析,获得株高、分枝数、四粒荚数和百粒重位点分别为3、6、6和62对。根据所定位到的物理区间和定量预测,筛选到Glyma.04G238800、Glyma.03G181600、Glyma.08G271900、Glyma.18G278800和Glyma.19G187000等5个与株高、分枝数、四粒荚数和百粒重性状相关的候选基因,为分子辅助育种奠定基础。

截干强度对红松结实的影响

为探讨截干强度对红松人工林结实的影响,2017年在通化县三棚林场19年生红松人工林内设置了4个截干强度(截干3轮枝、截干4轮枝、截干5轮枝,CK),2022年和2023年分别对所有处理下结实情况进行调查和分析。结果表明:截干后,红松结实株率、单株平均球果数量和产量与对照相比,均有显著增加(P<0.05),红松单个球果平均质量无明显变化。截干3轮枝时,红松结实株率最高,比CK提高了145.56%;截干5轮枝时,单株平均球果数量和产量最高,比CK分别提高了300.34%和468.04%。

Effects of grazing intensity on seed production of Caragana stenophylla along a climatic aridity gradient in the Inner Mongolia Steppe,China

As the increases of climatic aridity and grazing intensity, shrubs play an increasingly important role in grassland ecosystem in arid and semi-arid regions, and its abundance also generally increases. However, the effects of climatic aridity and grazing intensity on sexual reproduction of shrubs in grassland remain largely unclear. In order to understand the effects of grazing intensity and climatic drought stress, and their interaction on seed production of shrub species, we examined the seed number, seed weight and seed yield of Caragana stenophylla under three grazing intensities （fenced, mild grazing and severe grazing） across a climatic aridity gradient （semi-arid, arid, very arid and intensively arid zones） in the Inner Mongolia Steppe, northern China during 2012-2013. The seed number, seed weight and seed yield gradually increased from the semi-arid to the very arid zones, but decreased from the very arid to the intensively arid zones in fenced plots. The seed number and seed yield decreased from the semi-arid to the intensively arid zones in mild and severe grazing treatment plots, therefore, grazing enhanced the suppression effect of climatic aridity on seed production of C. stenophylla. The seed number and seed yield gradually decreased as grazing intensity increased. The seed weight was highest in severe grazing plots, followed by the mild grazing plots and then the fenced plots. Precipitation varied interannually during the study period. We observed that the seed number seed weight and seed yield were lower in the low precipitation year （2013） than in the high precipitation year （2012）. As climatic drought stress increased, the negative effects of grazing on seed production of C. stenophylla also gradually increased. Our results indicated that climatic drought stress may contribute to the encroachment of C. stenophylla shrub in arid zones by promoting its seed production. However, grazing had negative effects on sexual reproduction of C. stenophylla, and the combined effects of drought stress and grazing seriously suppressed sexual reproduction of C. stenophylla in the intensively arid zone.

Effective Seed Distribution Pattern of an Upward Shift Species in Alpine Tundra of Changbai Mountains

The vegetation of alpine tundra in the Changbai Mountains has experienced great changes in recent decades. Narrowleaf small reed(Deyeuxia angustifolia), a perennial herb from the birch forest zone had crossed the tree line and invaded into the alpine tundra zone. To reveal the driven mechanism of D. angustifolia invasion, there is an urgent need to figure out the effective seed distribution pattern, which could tell us where the potential risk regions are and help us to interpret the invasion process. In this study, we focus on the locations of the seeds in the soil layer and mean to characterize the effective seed distribution pattern of D. angustifolia. The relationship between the environmental variables and the effective seed distribution pattern was also assessed by redundancy analysis. Results showed that seeds of D. angustifolia spread in the alpine tundra with a considerable number(mean value of 322 per m2). They were mainly distributed in the low elevation areas with no significant differences in different slope positions. Effective seed number(ESN) occurrences of D. angustifolia were different in various plant communities. Plant communities with lower canopy cover tended to have more seeds of D. angustifolia. Our research indicated reliable quantitative information on the extent to which habitats are susceptible to invasion.

芥菜型油菜每角籽粒数QTL的上位性互作和环境互作分析

【目的】为揭示芥菜型油菜及芸薹属作物每角籽粒数形成的分子机理,提高和改良芥菜型油菜产量和育种工作奠定基础。【方法】研究以包含221个芥菜型油菜株系的重组自交系(recombinant inbred line,RIL)群体为材料,在5个环境条件下对每角籽粒数性状进行加性QTL、加性×加性上位互作及环境互作分析。【结果】(1)共检测到7个与每角籽粒数相关的加性QTL,主要分布在芥菜型油菜A02、A03、A05、A08、B02和B03等染色体上,其加性效应分布在(-11.6424)~4.5246之间,其中qSS2-71的加性效应和遗传率均最大,分别达到-11.6424和14.44%,其余6个加性QTL的加性效应和遗传率均较小;(2)检测到7对影响每角籽粒数的加性×加性QTL上位互作效应及其与环境的互作效应,上位性QTL互作效应值分布在(-4.9308)~4.1936之间,7对上位性QTL与不同环境互作的遗传力均接近0;(3)每角籽粒数性状的广义遗传率为80.98%,狭义遗传率为30.98%。【结论】综合分析,芥菜型油菜每角籽粒数受一定环境影响,但控制该性状的加性效应受环境影响较小,且其加性×加性上位性QTL互作效应不明显。

Ectopic expression of VvFUS3,B3-domain transcription factor,in tomato influences seed development via affecting endoreduplication and hormones

FUSCA3(FUS3)is a member of B3-domain transcription factor family and master regulator of seed development.It has potential roles in hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and therefore plays diverse roles in plant life cycle,especially in seed germination,dormancy,embryo formation,seed and fruit development,and maturation.However,there is limited information about its functions in seed and fruit development of grapevine.In this study,we expressed VvFUS3 in tomato for its functional characterization.Overexpression of VvFUS3 in tomato led to a reduction in seed number and seed weight without affecting the fruit size.Histological analysis found that both cell expansion and cell division in transgenic seed and fruit pericarp have been affected.However,there were no obvious differences in pollen size,shape,and viability,suggesting that VvFUS3 affects seed development but not the pollen grains.Moreover,the expression of several genes with presumed roles in seed development and hormone signaling pathways was also influenced by VvFUS3.These results suggest that VvFUS3 is involved in hormonal signaling pathways that regulate seed number and size.In conclusion,our study provides novel preliminary information about the pivotal roles of VvFUS3 in seed and fruit development and these findings can potentially serve as a reference for molecular breeding of seedless grapes.

2023年皖西南地区水稻新品种筛选试验

为筛选适宜皖西南地区种植的水稻新品种,本研究对Y两优9826等24个水稻新品种的生育期、种植表现以及产量等进行比较,研究分析其综合表现。结果表明,各品种生育期120~138d,多数品种生育期130d,有效穗数200.1万~330.3万/hm^(2),结实率70.4%~92.8%;各品种实际产量为7851.0~12426.0 kg/hm^(2)。综合各品种生长表现,品种林两优1771、荃优879、万丰优818、玮两优8612和晶两优8612的产量较高,综合性状好,可在该地区进行推广种植。

DOF transcription factors in developing peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) seeds

DNA binding with one finger (DOF) transcription factors play important roles in storage material accumulation and morphogenesis of developing seeds. Oil and protein contents varied in different cultivars in important oil crop peanut. DOF proteins have not been studied in this crop. In this paper, we analyzed all the DOF genes expressed in developing seeds from a cDNA library with 20,000 transcripts, cloned and compared similar genes of GW391729 from eight peanut cultivars, and analyzed similar genes expressed in root and leave with control and inoculated with Ralstonia solanacearum. The results indicate that total eight types of DOF genes were expressed in developing seeds of cultivar 063103. Most of DOF transcription factors expressed involved in developmental process in a complicated way. Among them, GW391729 is possible related to the seed number in fruit, and also is possible related to leafspot resistance. Detailed function of these DOF proteins need to be further studied.

13个玉米品种萌发期耐旱性鉴定与筛选

种子萌发期的抗旱能力可在一定程度上反映该作物的耐旱性,种子萌发期是评价作物耐旱性的一个重要时期。为筛选出耐旱玉米品种,以清水作对照,用高渗溶液PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,对13个玉米品种进行发芽培养试验。结果表明:综合考虑发芽率、芽长、根长、须根数4个指标,以鑫禾528的抗旱性最强,其次为珍棒511和中科玉509。该结果可以有效反映其在后期生长过程中的抗旱性,为生产上选用抗旱品种提供参考依据。

甘蓝型油菜每角果粒数全基因组关联分析

为挖掘甘蓝型油菜每角果粒数显著关联单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点及相关候选基因。本研究以300份甘蓝型油菜自交系为试验材料,对甘蓝油菜每角果粒数进行一年两地表型考察,并结合该群体前期开发的201817个SNPs标记,采用一般线性模型(GLM)和混合线性模型(MLM)进行全基因组关联分析(GWAS),此外,对性状显著关联SNP位点两侧100 kb区域内相关候选基因进行功能预测。300份甘蓝型油菜每角果粒数在两地均表现出广泛的表型变异,筛选出2份每角果粒数较多的油菜种质资源。基于GLM模型检测到39个与油菜每角果粒数显著关联SNPs,采用MLM分析发现,两地共检测到的3个每角果粒数显著关联SNPs位点均在GLM检测到。8个位点附近找到CIK,ERF022和EDE1等19个拟南芥已报道角果籽粒发育相关的同源基因。研究结果有助于解析甘蓝型油菜每角果粒数的遗传基础,为研究每角果粒数的调控机制、指导每角果粒数的遗传改良奠定基础。

白三叶种子的适宜收获时期研究

为了明确哈尔滨地区白三叶(Trifolium repens)种子的适宜收获时期,试验以“菁牧2号”白三叶新品种为对象,采用田间观测和室内测定相结合的方法进行了不同收获期(初花期后第35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70天)白三叶的花序数、成熟花序数、花序小花数、花序荚果数、荚果种子数、种子产量(表现种子产量、实际种子产量)、千粒重、发芽率及活力指数等指标的比较与分析。结果表明:收获时期对白三叶种子产量和质量影响明显,随着收获时期的延长,白三叶的花序数、成熟花序数、花序小花数、花序荚果数、荚果种子数、表现种子产量、实际种子产量、千粒重、发芽率和种子活力指数等基本上都呈现出先增加后降低的趋势。所有指标都是在初花后第60天和65天达到或接近最大值,此时的实际种子产量较高,在34.80~36.91 g/m^(2)之间,发芽率为87.3%~91.8%,并且显著高于前期收获(初花期后第35~55天)。说明在哈尔滨地区,白三叶种子的最佳收获期为初花期后第60~65天。

Multi-Seed Key Distribution Scheme Test

The key problem of securing multieast is to generate, distribute and update Session Encryption Key（SEK）. Polynomial expansion with multi-seed （MPE） scheme is an approach which is based on Polynomial expansion （PE） scheme and overcomes PE＇s shortage. Its operation is demonstrated by using multi-seed, the group member is partitioned to many subgroups. While updating the SEK, computation is needed only in one of subgroups, the other of them will use the computation history to update their SEK. The key problems to design a MPE scheme application includes to find a feasible one way function as well as to generate a Strict Prime Number （SPN）. Those technologies with multi-seed and computation history concepts make MPE as a good choice in practical applications. A prototype test system is designed and solutions of all above mentioned problems are included in this proposed paper.

氮磷钾镁硼肥对子莲产量形成的影响

验证江西省广昌县子莲产量的土壤养分限制因子,为指导子莲生产中肥料的合理施用提供科学依据。采用微区(2.25 m~2)试验,研究了低镁低硼的莲田土壤上氮磷钾镁硼肥对子莲产量及其构成因素形成的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾镁硼配施(BF)显著提高了通芯莲子产量,与BF处理相比,BF处理基础上不施用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、镁肥和硼肥处理的子莲产量分别减少了52.4%、9.5%、21.9%、36.2%和15.7%,低镁低硼土壤上不同肥料对子莲产量的影响为氮肥>镁肥>钾肥>硼肥>磷肥。产量动态结果表明,氮磷钾镁硼肥缺乏缩短了子莲快速增产期,收获中后期产量增幅减小。为保证子莲获得较高的产量,需延长快速增产期并提高增长期的增长速率。子莲产量构成因子结果表明,氮磷钾镁硼任一养分的缺乏都会降低子莲的有效莲蓬数、旬均心皮数、旬均结实率和旬均单粒重。施用氮肥显著增加通芯莲子的有效莲蓬数、旬均心皮数和旬均单粒重,施用硼肥增加了有效莲蓬数和旬均单粒重,施用磷肥、钾肥和镁肥增加了通芯莲子的有效莲蓬数。综上所述,低镁低硼莲田氮磷钾镁硼配施可显著提高子莲产量,通过提高子莲有效莲蓬数、旬均心皮数、旬均结实率和旬均单粒重来实现增产,在子莲的收获过程中,通过延长子莲产量快速增产期、提高增长速率可实现子莲产量的提升。