Intraspecific floral colour variation in three Pedicularis species

Flower constancy describes the phenomenon that pollinators tend to successively visit flowers of a single species during foraging,reducing reproductive interference in natural communities.The extent of flower constancy is largely determined by the floral traits of co-flowering species.Both higher inter-specific and lower intraspecific differences of floral traits should contribute to a higher level of flower constancy.However,previous studies mainly focused on interspecific difference,and the intraspecific variation(consistency)of floral traits received much less attention.We hypothesise that selection may favour lower intraspecific floral trait variation in communities composed of multiple co-flowering congeners.We investigated the floral colour variation of three focal Pedicularis species that share pollinators in 19communities composed of either single or multiple Pedicularis species.Colour was quantified using image-based colour analysis as perceived by pollinators.We found that most of the intrapopulation floral colour variation was below the colour discrimination threshold of bumblebees,implying strongly constrained by the visual selection by pollinators.Contrary to the hypothesis,there is no significant difference in intraspecific floral colour variation between different community contexts.It may be due to the relatively large interspecific floral colour differences of most co-flowering species.The influence of community context on intraspecific variation may be reflected in floral traits other than colours.

The Evaluation of the Dietary Habits Influence on the Microhardness of Gingiva-Coloured Composite and Acrylic Denture Base Materials

Purpose: The study investigated the impact of dietary habits, specifically soda, milk kefir, water kefir, almond milk, and distilled water (control) consumption, on the microhardness of gingiva-coloured composite and acrylic denture bases. Methods: Materials included gingiva-coloured composite (Fusion Universal G1), acrylic (Imicryl), and subdivided Procryla group. Subgroups comprised 15 and 30-minute heat polymerized (Pro15, Pro30), and 1 wt% (Pro1Z) and 3 wt% (Pro3Z) zirconium added groups. Immersed in beverages for 1, 7, and 14 days, pH and microhardness were assessed. SEM examined random samples. Statistical analysis used repeated measures ANOVA, and post hoc tests (p Results: The gingiva-coloured composites displayed noteworthy time-associated microhardness changes (p 0.05). Despite variable pH levels in beverages, no substantial group interaction effects were observed (p > 0.05). Initial microhardness rankings shifted after a 14-day immersion. Conclusions: Gingiva-coloured composite exhibited the highest microhardness pre- and post-immersion, followed by Procryla30 and Imicryl groups. .

敦煌三危山出产多色颜料的矿物学及谱学特征研究

敦煌三危山火焰沟发现一处古代多色颜料开采遗址,该遗址的发现对研究我国西北地区古代矿物颜料的来源有着一定的学术意义。为判断三危山出产颜料的矿物种属及其谱学特征,本文应用偏光显微镜、X射线衍射、激光拉曼光谱、X射线荧光光谱多种光谱分析手段对所出产多色颜料矿物开展科学分析。结果表明,三危山古矿出产矿物颜料属天然矿物,主要化学成分为Fe_(2)O_(3)(平均含量66%)和SiO_(2)等,部分样品呈现富硅铝的特征,且均存在不同程度的烧失;主要物相以赤铁矿、针铁矿为主,少许铁矾类,脉石矿物包括石英、高岭石及少许黏土矿物。同时进一步通过拉曼光谱对矿物颜料的显色物相进行分析,2号亮黄色矿物显色物相和前述主要物相一致,均为铁矾类(黄钾铁矾和黄钠铁矾)。除4号样品外,所有呈红棕色的样品主要显色物相均为α-Fe_(2)O_(3)即赤铁矿,而4号样品显色物相为针铁矿,呈色本应为黄色,但致其呈色变为红棕色是由于和赤铁矿伴生存在,且赤铁矿显色能力远强于针铁矿,故改变了4号样品的呈色。综上,该古矿遗址所出产的红色矿物颜料主要为赤铁矿,黄色矿物颜料为黄钾铁矾和黄钠铁矾。黄钾铁矾作为优良的颜料,在岩画及壁画也多有使用,但在莫高窟目前已研究的壁画上暂未发现使用,三危山古矿实证了铁矾类颜料矿物的存在,该发现在一定程度上拓宽了对西北地区黄色矿物颜料的维度。同时也为后续研究该矿冶遗址出产颜料的流向,提供了基础性的数据支撑。

关于正整数有序分拆的一些恒等式和n-colour有序分拆的两个组合性质

研究了正整数的无序分拆与有序分拆的关系.给出了正整数的无序分拆与有序分拆的一些恒等式.并且利用菲波拉契数与正整数n分拆成不含分部量1的有序分拆数的关系给出了n-colour有序分拆的两个组合性质.

柚木抽提物对杉木光老化的影响

采用柚木(Tectona grandis L.f.)抽提物对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.))表面进行涂敷,将处理后的样本与对照组样本一同置于紫外老化箱中进行100 h的光老化试验。对比分析光老化前后两组样本的表面颜色、表面粗糙度、红外光谱特征,评估柚木抽提物对于提高速生木材杉木耐光老化性能的效果。结果表明:对照组杉木表面颜色的总色差值(ΔE*)为17.66;经过柚木抽提物处理后的杉木样本的颜色稳定性有显著改善,ΔE*仅为6.85。在仅受紫外线照射的条件下,两组样本的表面粗糙度未出现明显差异;紫外辐射100 h后,两组样本的粗糙度值(R_(a))分别为4.12、4.18。红外光谱分析显示,处理组的木质素相关峰面积减少程度较对照组更低。柚木抽提物能够有效抑制木质素等关键成分的降解,从而延缓木材因光照引起的光老化速率。

多糖对红葡萄酒颜色稳定性的影响研究进展

红葡萄酒颜色是判断葡萄酒品质的重要指标之一,在葡萄酒酿造和存储过程中由于光照、温度和pH等各种因素导致葡萄酒的颜色消退品质下降。多糖是存在于葡萄酒中的一大类复杂大分子,来源于葡萄细胞壁破碎和酵母细胞壁自溶。研究发现多糖对葡萄酒颜色稳定具有潜在应用价值,如何利用多糖在不影响葡萄酒品质的前提下提高葡萄酒颜色稳定性,对提升葡萄酒品质具有重要意义。该文针对多糖对葡萄酒颜色稳定性影响的相关研究进展进行综述,阐述了葡萄酒中多糖种类、结构及多糖对葡萄酒颜色影响的作用机制研究进展,最后对未来研究重点进行展望,旨在为利用多糖稳定红葡萄酒颜色工艺开发提供参考。

鸡公山野生木本观赏植物资源及开发利用策略分析

采用实地调研与文献结合的方法,根据生活型、花色、花期、果色、果实类型、观果季节和叶色,将鸡公山的野生木本观花、观果和观叶植物进行分类,分析其数量和应用情况。结果表明,研究区野生木本观花植物157种,以灌木、白色系花朵数量较多,主要在春季观花;观果植物50种,以乔木、红色果实和核果数量较多,多在秋季观果;观叶植物35种,其中槭树科、漆树科树种最多,秋色叶树种较多。关于野生木本观赏植物开发利用提出了适地适树和强化种质资源保护的策略。本研究为研究区乡土木本观赏植物应用提供参考。

基于孟塞尔色彩体系的通山县传统村落色彩风貌控制研究——以宝石村为例

湖北省咸宁市通山县位于鄂、湘、赣三省交界,其聚落布局、结构、工艺、色彩风貌皆体现出多元融合的发展态势,并最终形成极具地域特色的聚落面貌。在当代乡村振兴的国家战略背景下,针对传统村落的色彩风貌控制策略研究,有助于凝练村落特色、提升环境和谐度,尤其在部分新建民居建筑进入到传统聚落环境中时,由于建筑材料与建造工艺的改变,在最终呈现出的色彩风貌上面临着新旧关系衔接的问题。该文以通山县13个传统村落作为主要调研样本,结合通山县传统村落文献记载和实地照片等定性分析,利用孟塞尔色彩体系的色彩表达方法进行色相、彩度、明度的定量分析,解析通山县传统民居的色彩现状。以宝石村为重点研究对象,选取村落中具有代表性的街巷与典型民居建筑,根据民居搭建年代筛选出可保留的民居色彩,提出推荐色谱,为宝石村提炼出更具地域特色的色彩组成,为其后续修复与发展提供色彩风貌控制的方向与策略。

都用What colour吗?

英语中表示颜色的形容词很多，同学们学过的有black，red，yellow，blue，white，green，purple，brown，orange，grey等词。由于这些词在句中所作的成分不同，故提问的方式也不同。请看下面三道对划线部分提问的题：

Effect of Seed-coating Agents on Rice Seeds with Dehiscent Glumes

In order to improve the utilization efficiency of hybrid rice seeds, the effects of seed-coating agents on hybrid rice seeds with dehiscent glumes were investigated. Total six kinds of seed-coating agents were selected, i.e., 20.5% imidacloprid ·prochloraz FS, 30.5% imidacloprid oprochloraz FS, 23.0% thiamethoxam · hymexazol·prochloraz FS, Ruisheng WS, Shileshi FS and Liangdun FS, and their effects of seeds of Longliangyou Huazhan and T You 272 were investigated. The results showed that when the percentage of glume-dehiscent seeds reached 10%, 20.5% imidacloprid .prochloraz significantly improved the germination rate of Longliangyou Huazhan, which was 4.33% higher than that in the control group, and the seedling rate of Longliangyou Huazhan remained unchanged; 30.5% imidacloprid. prochloraz did not improved the germination rate of T You 272, but improved its seedling rate, which was 7.66% higher than that in the control group. When the percentage of glume-dehiscent seeds reached 20%, 20.5% imidacloprid ·prochloraz and 30.5% imidacloprid.prochloraz improved the germination rate of T You 272 by 3.50% and 4.83%, respectively, and its seedling rate did not decline. In conclusion, seed-coating agents have certain repair effect on glume-dehiscent rice seeds; 20.5% imidacloprid ·prochloraz and 30.5% imidacloprid ·prochloraz could improve the efficiency of Longliangyou Huazhan and T You 272 with small amounts of glume-dehiscent seeds.

An Analysis of the Melancholy Colour in Robert Frost’s Poerty

Although a man stricken numerous times by pains and sufferings, Robert Frost had made the most excellent works in his lifetime. By carrying out a retrospection to Frost's rough life experiences and his times in light of their inseparable connection to and influence on his writing and analyzing the melancholy color presented in the main themes of "time"、"barrier"and "alienation and loneliness"which are concrete embodiments supporting the main element"melancholy", this thesis argues that Frost influenced his readers by inputting the element of melancholy into minds invisibly. With all the above efforts, the author of this thesis attempts to show a different side of Frost in a more specific and systematical way, and hopes it can help Frost readers understand him and read his poetry from a new angle.

Response of colour and hygroscopic properties of Scots pine wood to thermal treatment

The effect of heat treatment on the surface colour and hygro- scopic properties of pine wood were investigated in this study. Boards of Scots pine wood （Pinus sylvestris L.） were subjected to thermal treatment at 200℃, for 4, 6, and 8 h. The change of equilibrium moisture content and density values of the specimens in order to facilitate the understand- ing of the treated material behavior. The colour parameters L＊ a＊ and b＊, used to depict the total colour change （dE） of wood surface, were shown to change proportionally to the treatment intensity. Moreover, swelling in the tangential and radial directions and absorption of the specimens ap- peared to be enhanced in great extent by the thermal treatment process. The mean value of swelling percentage in the tangential direction de- creased 10.26%, 17.22%, and 19.60% for specimens treated for 4, 6, and 8 h, respectively, referring to the final measurement after 72 h of immer- sion. In radial direction, mean value of swelling percentage decreased 19.56%, 32.75%, and 34.65% for treated for 4, 6 and 8 h, respectively, after 72 h immersion, which attests the decrease in swelling and im- provement in the hygroscopic behavior of Scots pine wood.

Colour and organic removal of biologically treated coffee curing wastewater by electrochemical oxidation method

The treatment of biologically treated wastewater of coffee-curing industry by the electrochemical oxidation using steel anode was investigated. Bench-scale experiments were conducted for activated sludge process on raw wastewater and the treated effluents were further treated by electrochemical oxidation method for its colour and organic content removal. The efficiency of the process was determined in terms of removal percentage of COD, BOD and colour during the course of reaction. Several operating parameters like time, pH and current density were examined to ascertain their effects on the treatment efficiency. Steel anode was found to be effective for the COD and colour removal with anode efficiency of 0.118 kgCOD\5h -1\5A -1\5m -2 and energy consumption 20.61 kWh\5kg -1 of COD at pH 9. The decrease in pH from 9 to 3 found to increase the anode efficiency from 0.118 kgCOD\5h -1\5A -1\5m -2 to 0.144 kWh\5kg -1 of COD while decrease the energy consumption from 20.61 kWh\5kg -1 of COD to 12.86 kWh\5kg -1 of COD. The pH of 5 was considered an ideal from the present treatment process as it avoids the addition of chemicals for neutralization of treated effluents and also economical with respect to energy consumption. An empirical relation developed for relationship between applied current density and COD removal efficiency showed strong predictive capability with coefficient of determination of 96.5%.

与n-colour有序分拆相关的两个组合恒等式

给出了正整数ν分拆成m个分部量的n-colour有序分拆数的递推公式,并由这些递推关系得到了两个组合恒等式.

Colour stabilities of three types of orthodontic clear aligners exposed to staining agents

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the colour stabilities of three types of orthodontic clear aligners exposed to staining agents in vitro. Sixty clear orthodontic aligners produced by three manufacturers （Invisalign, Angelalign, and Smartee） were immersed in three staining solutions （coffee, black tea, and red wine） and one control solution （distilled water）. After 12-h and 7-day immersions, the aligners were washed in an ultrasonic cleaner and measured with a colourimeter. The colour changes （△E＊） were calculated on the basis of the Commission Internationale de I＇Eclairage L＊a＊b＊ colour system （CIE L＊a＊b＊）, and the results were then converted into National Bureau of Standards （NBS） units. Fourier transformation infrared （FT-IR） spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were conducted to observe the molecular and morphologic alterations to the aligner surfaces, respectively. The three types of aligners exhibited slight colour changes after 12 h of staining, with the exception of the Invisalign aligners stained with coffee. The Invisalign aligners exhibited significantly higher AE＊ values （ranging from 0.30 to 27.81） than those of the Angelalign and Smartee aligners （AE＊ values ranging from 0.33 to 1.89 and 0.32 to 1.61, respectively, P〈O.05）. IFT-IR analysis confirmed that the polymer-based structure of aligners did not exhibit significant chemical differences before and after the immersions. The SEM results revealed different surface alterations to the three types of aligner materials after the 7-day staining. The three types of aesthetic orthodontic appliances exhibited colour stability after the 12-h immersion, with the exception of the Invisalign aligners stained by coffee. The Invisalign aligners were more prone than the Angelalign and Smartee aligners to pigmentation. Aligner materials may be improved by considering aesthetic colour stability properties.

正整数有序分拆的几个计数公式及n-colour有序分拆的一些新的组合性质

本文首先给出了正整数分别恰含一个奇分部量和一个偶分部量的有序分拆数的计数公式.其次还利用正整数的"偶-奇"无序分拆给出了正整数的n-colour有序分拆的几个新的组合性质.

The effect of dehydrogenase enzyme activity in glycolysis on the colour stability of mutton during postmortem storage

This study investigated the influence of activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH） and lactate dehydrogenase-B （LDH-B） on the colour stability of mutton. From 60 sheep （Bayannur mutton sheep）, 15 Iongissimus dorsi （LD） muscles were selected on the basis of colour stability （R630/580 and a＊ value） during the storage and classified into three groups （5 for each group） as high colour stability （HCS）, intermediate colour stability （ICS） and low colour stability （LCS）. The activities of GAPDH and LDH-B, muscle colour attributes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleuotide （NADH） concen- tration and lactate concentration were measured. The samples in HCS had higher activities of GAPDH and LDH-B than the samples in the LCS, and the samples in the HCS group also possessed higher NADH and lower lactate concentration. The higher activity of dehydrogenase enzyme may result in higher NADH concentrations and colour stability in muscle tissue. The results suggest that the activity of GAPDH and LDH-B may also play a role in maintaining colour stability.

Effect and Mechanism of Cold Tolerant Seed-Coating Agents on the Cold Tolerance of Early Indica Rice Seedlings

To better understand the effect and mechanism of cold tolerant seed-coating agents on the cold tolerance of rice seedlings, the physiological and biochemical effects of four cold tolerant seed-coating agents （HET, YKJ, YKZYJ, and the ABA seed coating agents） on two early indica rice varieties were studied under chilling stress. The results showed that the rice seedlings treated with cold tolerant seed-coating agents under chilling stress maintained dramatically higher root vigor, POD, CAT and SOD activities, and chlorophyll content, had lower MDA content and electrolyte leakage, and accumulated more soluble sugar and free proline, when compared with the control without the treatment, and finally showed lower plant injury rate. It was indicated that the cold tolerant seed coating agent improved the ability of rice seedlings in resisting to chilling stress. YKZYJ was ranked the first in terms of the efficiency in cold tolerance among the four cold tolerant seed-coating agents tested.

Upper bound for the time derivative of entropy for a dynamical system driven by coloured cross-correlated white noises

It is shown how the cross-correlation time and strength of coloured cross-correlated white noises can set an upper bound for the time derivative of entropy in a nonequilibrium system. The value of upper bound can be calculated directly based on the Schwartz inequality principle and the Fokker-Planck equation of the dynamical system driven by coloured cross-correlated white noises. The present calculations can be used to interpret the interplay of the dissipative constant and cross-correlation time and strength of coloured cross-correlated white noises on the upper bound.

Stochastic resonance driven by time-modulated correlated coloured noise sources in a single-mode laser

This paper investigates the phenomenon of stochastic resonance in a single-mode laser driven by time-modulated correlated coloured noise sources. The power spectrum and signal-to-noise ratio R of the laser intensity are calculated by the linear approximation. The effects caused by noise self-correlation time τ1, τ2 and cross-correlated time τ3 for stochastic resonance are analysed in two ways： τ1, τ2 and τ3 are taken to be the independent variables and the parameters respectively. The effects of the gain coefficient F and loss coefficient K on the stochastic resonance are also discussed. It is found that besides the presence of the standard form and the broad sense of stochastic resonance, the number of extrema in the curve of R versus K is reduced with the increase of the gain coefficient Г.